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T U E
HISTORY OF ENGLAND
FROM
$f)c Jnyosion of Jnlins QTccaar
TO
THE ABDICATION OF I AMES THE SECOND,
1688.
By DAVID HUME, Esq.
A NEW EDITION,
«vrn> niK author's last corrections and improvements
TO WHICH IS PREFIXED
A SHORT ACCOUNT OF HIS LIFE,
WRITTEN BY HIMSELF.
VOL. VI.
NEW YORK:
HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS,
339 &. 331 PEARL STREET,
FRANKLIN SQUARE
in
/it
H
CONTENTS
OF THE SIXTH VOLUME.
CHAPTER LXIII,
CHARLES II
%.. D. t^B
1680 New Ministry, 2
Act of Indemnity, 3
Settlement of the Revenue, 4
Trial and Execution of the Regicides, 6
Death of the Duke of Gloucester, 7
Dissolution of the Convention Parliament, 8
The Army disbanded, . . 9
Wise and moderate Counsels of Clarendon, 9
Prelacy restored, 10
Insurrection of the Millenarians, 11
Affairs of Scotland, 12
1661 Resolution to restore Prelacy there, 13
Condemnation and Execution of Argyle, 14
Conference at the Savoy, 16
Arguments for and against a Comprehension, 16
A new Parliament ; Predominance of the Royalists, .... 17
Bishops' Seats restored, 18
r- All Military Power vested in the King, 19
Corporation Act, 20
166£ Act of Uniformity, .' 20
The King's Marriage, 22
Execution of three Regicides, 24
Trial of Lambert and Vane, 2$
<P
^50
VI CONTENTS.
»• •*- c»a«
Execution of Vane, 2tf
The Presbyterian Clergy ejected, 27
Dunkirk sold to the French, 28
Declaration of Indulgence, 29
1663 Disagreeable to Parliament, 31
Clarendon arraigned by the Earl of Bristol, 33
Decline of his Influence, 33
The King's Neglect of the Cavaliers, 34
CHAPTER LXIV.
864 A new Session ; Repeal of the Triennial Act, 35
Rupture with Holland, 36
Rivalship in Commerce, 36
The Court and Parliament inclined to a Dutch War, ... 37
New York taken. 38
De Rnyter attacks the English on the Coast of Guinea, . 38
A new Session ; the Clergy taxed by Parliament, 39
1665. Naval Victory of the English, 40
Rupture with France, 42
Rupture with Denmark, 43
A new Session ; the Five Mile Act, 45
1666. Sea Fight of Four Days, 46
Victory of the English, 46
Fire of London, 5(1
Advances towards Peace, 51
1 667. Negotiations at Breda, 53
Disgrace at Chatham, 54
Peace at Breda, 55
Clarendon's Fall, 56
His Impeachment, 57
His Banishment, 59
i«68 State of France, 60
Character of Lewis XIV., , 60
French Invasion of the Low Countries, 61
Haughty Conduct of Lewi? 62
Negotiations ; De Wit and Sir William Temple, 63
Triple League, 65
Displeasure of the French King, 65
CONTENTS. VII
Treaty cf A ix-!a-Chapeiie, , . 66
Affairs of Scotland. i>7
Condemnation oi' Lord Lome, 67
Act of Indemnity ; grievous Fines, 68
Rcestablishment of Episcopacy, 69
Insurrection suppressed, 71
Insurgents executed, 71
Affairs of Ireland, 72
Difficulty of satisfying the various Claimants, 73
Unsuccessful Attempt to surprise Dublin Castle, 73
Prohibition of the Importation of Irish Cattle into Eng-
land, 74
CHAPTER LXV.
|l»68. The King dependent on the People for Supplies, 76
His uncertain Conduct and Profuseness, 77
A Parliament; Severity against Nonconformists, 77
Dissension between the two Houses, 78
1669. Examination of the Public Accounts, 79
»670. Supply granted ; Sale of the Royal Demesnes, 80
Act against Conventicles, 80
Attempt to effect a Union with Scotland, 83
Charles rejects the Proposal of divorcing his Queen, .... 81
The Cabal ; their Characters, 82
Their Counsels, 83
The King inclines to an Alliance with France, 8o
De Wit apprised by Puffendorf of the French Intrigues, 85
The Duchess of Orleans pays a Visit to the King, 36
Her sudden Death, 87
Sir William Temple recalled from Holland, 88
A Parliament ; Supply granted. 88
Death of Monk, Dake of Albemarle. 89
1671. Sarcasm of Sir John Coventry, 90
Coventry Act, 90
Bloods Crimes ; his Attack on Ormond, 90
He attempts to carry off the Crown from the Tower, ... 91
Is pardoned by the King, 92
The Duke of York declares himself a Catholic, 92
VUl CONTENTS.
*• o Pl«?S
The Ministers evade Negotiation with the Dutch 93
1672. The Exchequer shut, 95
Declaration of Indulgence, 95
Navigation Act suspended, 96
Attack of the Smyrna Fleet, , 97
War declared against the Dutch by England, 98
War declared against the Dutch by France, 98
Weakness of the States, 99
Laudable Conduct of the Prince of Orange, 1 00
De Wit's Party rely on the Navy, 101
Battle of Solebay, 102
Sandwich killed, 103
Progress of the French ; Lewis passes the Rhine, 104
The Prince of Orange retires, and Lewis enters Utrecht, . 105
Consternation of the Dutch, 105
Resolution of Amsterdam : the Province laid under Water, 1 06
Violent Counsels of Lewis, 106
Charles's Apprehensions from the French King's Ambi-
tion, 108
Rigorous Terms offered by the Kings reduce the Dutch to
Despair, 1 09
The Prince of Orange declared Stadtholder, 109
Massacre of the De Wits, Ill
Good Conduct of the Prince, Ill
He rejects the offers of the Combined Princes, 112
1 6?.* A Parliament ; the King's Attempts at Conciliation, ... 113
The Commons issue Writs for New Elections, 115
Declaration of Indulgence recalled, 116
Shaftesbury goes over to the Country Party, 117
Abjuration of Transubstantiation, 117
Bea Fight on the Coast of Holland, 118
Another Sea Fight, 119
Another Sea Fight at the Mouth of the Texcl, 120
The Contest severe, and the Issue doubtful, 1 20
Successes of the Hollanders by Land, 121
Congress of Cologne, 121
A Parliament ; Duke of York's Marriage, 121
Abrupt Prorogation of Parliament, 122
674 It again assembles, and arraigns the Counsels of the 122
Cabal 123
CONTENTS. |t
The King resolves to conclude a separate Peace wi'.h the
Dutch, 1 23
Peace with Holland, 1 2*4
CHAPTER LXVI.
$674 Incongruous and impracticable Schemes of the Cabal, .. 12o
Proofs of their Intention to establish Popery in England, 127
They conspire with the King against the Liberties of the
People, 127
Remonstrances of Sir William Temple, . . J 29
Ardor of the Allies for continuing the War, 130
Battle of Scneffe, 131
Successes of the French Arms, 132
Partial Changes in the English Ministry, 132
ltf.7o. A Parliament; Jealousy of the King's Measures, 132
Attempt by the Court Party to establish Passive Obedi-
ence, 133
Dispute between the two Houses respecting Dr. Shirley
and Sir John Fag, 136
Are prorogued by the King, 135
Reassemble, and grant a Supply for building Ships, .... 13£
Proclamation for suppressing Political Conversation in
Coffee-Houses, 136
It is recalled, 137
Turenne opposes Montecuculi on the Upper Rhine, .... 137
Is killed by a random Shot, 137
Mareschal Crequi defeated by the Germans, 138
The Garrison of Treves capitulates, 138
The Swedes are driven from Pomerania, 139
France becomes formidable as a Naval Power, 139
1C76. Congress of Nimeguen, 140
Bouchaine taken by the French, 140
1677. Enfeebled State of Holland and Spain, 141
Uncertain Conduct of Charles, 142
His plausible Speech to the Parliament, 143
Progress of the French Arms, 144
Parliament is alarmed, and addresses the King, 14a
Their Distrust of the King, 146
& CO.MKiNTS.
a. d r*ai
Division of (he Commons into the Court and Country Parly, 147
The King loses the Confidence of the People, 145
Marriage of the Prince of Orange with the Lady Mary, 150
Plan of Peace with France, 151
Ineffectual Negotiations with Lewis, 15?
1 671? An Army raised for a War with France, 154
A Treaty concluded with the States General, 1 55
Intrigues of the French Ministers with Lord Russcl, Al-
gernon Sydney, and others, 15b
Peace concluded at Nimeguen, 1 58
Affairs of Scotland ; unsuccessful Schemes of Compre-
hension and Indulgence, 1 60
A Parliament at Edinburgh ; favorable to the King's
Views, 162
A severe Law against Conventicles, 1 63
Lauderdale's arbitrary Administration, 165
Mitchel attempts to assassinate Archbishop Sharpe, .... 165
Is executed, 1 67
Rigorous Proceedings against Conventicles, 167
The Military live at free Quarters on the People, 168
Lauderdale's conduct approved by the King and the Con-
vention of Estates, 170
CHAPTER LXVII.
.678 The Popish Plot, 171
Oates's Narrative, 173
His History and infamous Character, 175
Coleman arrested ; the Contents of his Letters, 177
General Panic, 178
Murder of Godfrey, 179
Uncertainty as to the Perpetrators of this Act, 180
Zeal of the Parliament in investigating the Plot, 183
Oates protected and encouraged by a Pension, 183
Bcdloe's Narrative, 184
The King obliged to coultenancc the general Delusion,. 186
A new Test Act passed, 187
Charles protects the Queen when accused by the In-
formers, 187
CONTENTS. XJ
fe » PAaa
Accusation of Danby, 1S8
His Impeachment, 189
The Long Parliament dissolved-, 190
Trial of Coleman, 191
Trial of Ireland, 192
1679 Three Men condemned for the Murder of Godfrey, 193
New Election ; the Zealous Party prevail, 194
James, Duke of Monmouth, declared by Charles to bo
illegitimate, 196
The Duke of York withdraws to Brussels, 196
Dissension between the King and House of Commons
about the Choice of a Speaker, 196
Danby's Impeachment revived, 197
Further Proceedings in Regard to the Popish Plot, 198
A new Council appointed on the Suggestion of Sir Wil-
liam Temple, 200
Limitations on a Popish Successor, 202
Bill of Exclusion passes the Lower House, 203
Attempt to exclude from the House of Commons all who
possessed any lucrative Office, 204
The Habeas Corpus Bill passed, 204
The Commons deny the Right of the Bishops to vote on
the Validity of Danby's Pardon, 205
The House of Lords admit their Right, 206
The Parliament dissolved, 207
Trial and Execution of the five Jesuits, 207
Trial and Execution of Langhorne. 208
Wakcman acquitted, 208
Murder of Archbishop Sharpe, 209
Battle of Bothwel Bridge, 211
CHAPTER LXVIII.
% 1ft% State of Parties, 213
General Disposition favorable to the King, 214
Alarm occasioned by his Sickness at Windsor, 215
The Duke of York retires to Scotland, 216
The King prorogues the Parliament, 21 ti
Meal-tub Plot, 217
XU v-UNTKNTS
A. D •"*<>*
16S(>. Origin of the Terms Petition^ .% \cp *r« Wlii^' and
Tory. ...219
The Duke of York presented u u* Grand Jury of Mid-
dlesex as a Popish Recusal*:, 220
A Parliament ; the King's conciliau.-g Speech, 22C
The Commons proceed violently against tlie Abhorrers, 221
And in the Prosecution of the Popish riot, 223
An Exclusion Bill again brought in, 225
Arguments for and against the Exclusion, 225
Exclusion Bill is passed by the Commons, 22s
Is rejected by the House of Peers, 228
Trial of Viscount Stafford. 229
Doubt as to the King's Power of remitting Part of his
Sentence, 231
His Execution, 232
A.ct passed for the Relief of Protestant Dissenters, 233
Impeachment of three of the Judges, 233
Violent Proceedings of the Commons, 234
1681 Parliament dissolved, 235
Extraordinary Votes passed in a tumultuous Manner, . . 235
A new Parliament summoned to meet at Oxford, 236
The King addresses them in an authoritative Style, .... 237
The Commons proceed with their usual Violence, 237
The Case of Fitzharris and Everard, 238
Dissolution of the Parliament, 240
Victory of the Royalists, 240
Fitzharris tried and convicted, 24 1
The Spies and Informers offer their Service to the Minis-
ters, 242
Trial and Conviction of College, 241
CHAPTER LXIX.
1581 State of Affairs in Ireland, 24S
The Dake of Ormond appointed Lord Lieutenant, ...... 245
His Behaviour and Character, 245
Lord Ossory's keen Reply in Defence of his Father, 246
Shaftesbury committed to Prison and indicted, 248
He is acquitted, 249
CONTENTS. Xm
»,». va<ix
Scotch Parliament ; the Covenant renounced, passive
Obedience assented to, 250
The Earl of Argyle indicted and convicted of High Trea-
son, 25 1
Seditious Spirit of the Zealots in Scotland, 2oi
1882. The Duke York's severe Administration there, 253
State of the Ministry in England, 255
Dispute about the Nomination of Sheriffs for London, . . . 250
Pilkington sued by the Duke of York for Defamation, . . . 257
• 683, A Writ of Quo Warranto issued against the City of Lon-
don, 258
The Charter restored under certain Regulations 259
Great Power of the Crown, 26i'
A Conspiracy entered into by Shaftesbury and oihcrs, . . 201
Shaftesbury retires to Holland, and dies, - 262
Rye-house Plot, 2GA
The Conspiracy is discovered, 264
Execution of the Conspirators, $65
Trial of Lord Russel, 26^
He is condemned, 26J
Applications for a Pardon unsuccessful, 269
His Execution, 270
Trial of Algernon Sidney, 270
He is executed, 27 2
Howard and others convicted and punished, 212
Remarkable Trial of Rosewel, 274
Monmouth received at Court, and afterwards banished,. 275
IC84 The Lady Anne married to Prince George of Denmark, 277
Foreign Affairs ; the haughty Conduct of Lewis, 27?
Charles returns to his former Connections with the French
Court, 279
Lewis's great Power and Vanity, 279
. «86. King Charles's Sickness and Death, 28 1
His Character 28 i
XIV CONTENTS.
CHAPTER LXX.
JAMES II.
a. n PAca
I68i The King's first Transactions, 285
Openly attends Mass, 286
Sends an Agent to make Submissions to the Pope, 286
The chief Offices continued in the Hands of Protestants, 287
Is influenced by the Queen, the Jesuits, and Mrs. Scd-
ley, 287
A Parliament ; the King's imperious Speech, 288
Reasons for and against a Revenue during Life, 289
Compliant Disposition of both Houses, 292
Oates convicted of Perjury, 29"!
Monmouth's Invasion ; he lands in Dorsetshire, 293
He enters Taunton, 294
Is defeated at Sedgemoor, 295
His Execution, 29ti
Cruelty of Colonel Kirke, 297
Rigorous Violence of Jefferies, 298
Execution of Mrs. Gaunt, 298
Execution of Lady Lisle, 299
Unjust Condemnation of Cornish, 300
Affairs of Scotland ; servile Disposition of the Parlia-
ment, 30f
Argyle's Invasion and Defeat, 3 r ,:
His Execution, 30;'
A Parliament ; the King asserts his Power of dispensing
with the Test Act, 302
Symptoms of Opposition displayed by both Houses, .... 303
The King's Imprudent Precipitancy, 30-J
Revocation of the Edict of Nantz, and Dispersion of the
French Protestants, 30~
I6fcti James attempts to establish his Dispensing Power by a
Judicial Decision, 30fe
Displaces four of the Judges, 309
Four Catholic Lords brought into the Privy Council.. . . '<lfl
CONTENTS. xv
State of Scotland; ;everal Noblemen embrace th* Court
Religion, 311
State of Ireland; the chief Power committed to tra Earl
of Tyrconnel, 311
The precipitate Measures of James blamed by judicious
Catholics, 312
Breach between the King and the Church, 313
The Court of High Commission reestablished, 311
Sentence against the Bishop of London, .. . 3 1 i
A Declaration issued suspending the Penal Laws, . . . . 315
1 681 James pays Court to the Dissenters, . . 316
Grants full Permission to attend Conventicles, 317
Violent Proceedings against the Protestants in Ireland, . 318
Ambassador sent to Rome; is coldly received, 319
The Pope's Nuncio received, and Catholic Bishops con-
secrated, 319
Mandate to the University of Cambridge disobeyed, .... 321
Attempt upon Magdalen College, 322
1688 Declaration of Indulgence ordered to be read in Churches, 32.J
Six Bishops present a Petition to the King, 324
They are imprisoned, 325
Tried, 326
Acquitted, 327
Joy of the Army ; Displeasure of the King, 327
Birth of the Prince of Wales, 328
CHAPTER LXX1.
1688. Conduct of the Prince of Orango, 320
Is solicited by the King to consent to the Repjfil of the
Penal Statutes and of the Test, 331
He forms a League against France, 331
Refuses to concur with the King, 332
The Reasons assigned by Fagel for his Refusal, 333
Resolves to oppose the King, 334
Sends Dykvelt to encourage the Protestants, . 334
Is applied to by the English, 335
Coalition of Parties. 33G
1 be Prince's Preparations, 33?
Vfl CONTENTS.
4. ft MCI
Offers of Lewis to King James rejected, . . 339
Disavowal of any secret Alliance with France, 34C
The King retracts his Measures, 34 1
The Prince's Declaration, 3-12
Arrives with his Fleet in Torbay, 344
General Commotion, and Desertion of the Army, 344
Desertion of Prince George and the Princess Anne, .... 34.5
The King's Consternation, 340
His Commissioners refused a personal Conference by the
Prince, 348
The Disaffection extends to Scotland, 348
The King's Flight, 349
He is seized at Feversham, and return* to Whitehall, . . 351
His second Escape, 352
His Character, 352
Convention summoned, 354
488 Settlement of Scotland, 355
The English Convention meets, 355
Views of the Tcvy Party, 356
Views of the Whig Party, 357
Free Conferences between the Houses, 359
Vote passed that the King had abdicated the Throne, . . 360
Settlement of the Crown on the Prince and Princess of
Orange, 362
Review of the History of the last four reigns, 363
Revenue, 366
Military and Naval Force, ,. , 368
Commerce, 369
Arts and Sciences, 372
Celebrated Writers • J?3
HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
CHAPTER LXIII.
CHARLES II.
CONTEMPORARY MONARCHS.
Eur. or Germ
Leopold I.
Kino of France.
Lewis XIV.
Kings of
Spain.
Popes.
Alexander VII. .
Clement IX. . . .
Innocent XL
Charles 11.
1GTO
.1678
[1660.] Charles II., when he ascended the throne of hia
ancestors, was thirty years of age. He possessed a vigorous
constitution, a fine shape, a manly figure, a graceful air ; and
though his features were harsh, yet was his countenance in
the main lively and engaging. He was in that period of life
when there remains enough of youth to render the person
amiable, without preventing that authority and regard which
attend the years of experience and maturity. Tenderness was
excited by the memory of his recent adversities. His present
prosperity was the object rather of admiration than of envy.
And as the sudden and surprising revolution which restored
him to his regal rights, had also restored the nation to peace,
law, order, and liberty, no prince ever obtained a crown in
more favorable circumstances, or was more blessed with the
cordial affection and attachment of his subjects.
This popularity the king, by his whole demeanor and be-
havior, was well qualified to support and to increase. To a
lively wit and quick comprehension, he united a just under-
standing and a general observation both of men and things.
The easiest manners, the most unaffected politeness, the most
engaging gayety, accompanied his conversation and address.
Accustoraed during his exile, to live among his courtiers rather
like a companion than a monarch, he retained, even while rn
vol. vi. — A
2 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A D. 166
the throne, that open affability which was capable of lecou
ciling the most determined republicans to his royal dignity
Totally devoid of resentment, as well from the natural lenit)
as carelessness of his temper, he insured pardon to the most
guilty of his enemies, and left hopes of favor to his most vio-
lent opponents. From the whole tenor of his actions and
discourse, he seemed desirous of losing the memory of past
animosities, and of uniting every party in an affection for theii
prince and their native country.
Into his council were admitted the most eminent men of ihe
nation, without regard to former distinctions : the Presbyteri-
ans, equally with the royalists, shared this honor. Annesley
was also created earl of Anglesey; Ashley Cooper, Lord Ash-
ley ; Denzil Hollis, Lord Hollis. The earl of Manchester
was appointed lord chamberlain, and Lord Say, privy seal.
Calamy and Baxter, Presbyterian clergymen, were even made
chaplains to the king.
Admiral Montague, created earl of Sandwich, was entitled
from his recent services to great favor ; and he obtained it.
Monk, created duke of Albemarle, had performed such signal
services, that, according to a vulgar and malignant observa-
tion, he ought rather to have expected hatred and ingratitude ;
yet was he ever treated by the king with great marks of dis-
tinction. Charles's disposition, free from jealousy, and the
prudent behavior of the general, who never overrated his
merits, prevented all those disgusts which naturally arise in
so delicate a situation. The capacity, too, of Albemarle was
not extensive, and his parts were more solid than shining.
Though he had distinguished himself In inferior stations, he
was imagined, upon familiar acquaintance, not to be wholly
equal to those great achievements which fortune, united to
prudence, had enabled him to perform ; and he appeared unfit
for the court, a scene of life to which he had never been ac-
customed. Morrice, his friend, was created secretary of state,
and was supported more by his patron's credit than by hi»
own abilities or experience.
But the choice which the king at first made of his prin-
cipal ministers and favorites, was the circumstance which
chiefly gave contentment to the nation, and prognosticated
future happiness and tranquillity. Sir Edward Hyde, created
earl of Clarendon, was chancellor and prime minister ; the
marquis, created duke of Ormond, was steward of the house-
hold : the earl of Southampton, high treasurer; Sir Edward
A.D. 16G0.] CHARLES II. S
Nicholas, secretary of state. These men, united together in
friendship, and combining in the same laudable inclinations,
supported each other's credit, and pursued the interests of the
public.
Agreeable to the present prosperity of public affairs was
the universal joy and festivity diffused throughout the nation.
The melancholy austerity of the fanatics fell into discredit
together with their principles. The royalists, who had ever
affected a contrary disposition, found in their recent success
new motives for mirth and gayety ; and it now belonged to
them to give repute and fashion to their manners. From past
experience it had sufficiently appeared, that gravity was very
distinct from wisdom, formality from virtue, and hypocrisy
from religion. The king himself, who bore a strong propen-
sity to pleasure, served, by his powerful and engaging exam-
ple, to banish those sour and malignant humors which had
hitherto engendered such confusion. And though the just
bounds were undoubtedly passed, when men returned from
their former extreme, yet was the public happy in exchanging
vices pernicious to society, for disorders hurtful chiefly to the
individuals themselves who were guilty of them.
It required some time before the several parts of the state,
disfigured by war and faction, could recover their former ar-
rangement ; but the parliament immediately fell into good
correspondence with the king ; and they treated him with the
same dutiful regard which had usually been paid to his pre-
decessors. Being summoned without the king's consent, they
received, at first, only the title of a convention ; and it was not
till he passed an act for that purpose, that they were called by
the appellation of parliament. All judicial *>roceedings, trans
acted in the name of the commonwealth jr protector, were
ratified by a new law. And both houses, acknowledging the
guilt of the former rebellion, gratefully received, in their own
name, and in that of all the subjects, his majesty's gracious
pardon and indemnity.
The king, before his restoration, being afraid of reducing
any of his enemies to despair, and at the same time unwilling
that such enormous crimes as had been committed should re-
ceive a total impunity, had expressed himself very cautiously
in his declaration of Breda, and had promised an indem-
nity to all criminals, but such as should be excepted by par-
liament. He now issued a proclamation, declaring that suci
of the late king's judges as did not yield themselves pris-
4 EUSTOSY OF ENGLAND. [A.D. 16G0
oners within fourteen days, should receive no pardon. Nino
teen surrendered themselves ; some were taken in their flight;
others escaped beyond sea.
The commons seem to have been more inclined to lenity
than the lords. The upper house, inflamed by the ill usage
which they had received, were resolved, besides the late king's
judges, to except every one who had sitten in any high court
of justice. Nay, the earl of Bristol moved, that no pardon
might be granted to those who had anywise contributed to the
king's death. So wide an exception, in which every one who
had served the parliament might be comprehended, gave a
general alarm ; and men began to apprehend, that this motion
was the effect of some court artifice or intrigue. But the king
6oon dissipated these fears. He came to the house of peers,
and in the most earnest terms pressed the act of general indem-
nity. He urged both the necessity of the thing, and the obli-
gation of his former promise ; a promise, he said, which he
would ever regard as sacred ; since to it he probably owed the
satisfaction which at present he enjoyed of meeting his people
in parliament. This measure of the king's was received with
great applause and satisfaction.
After repeated solicitations, the act of indemnity passed
both houses, and soon received the royal assent. Those who
had an immediate hand in the late king's death, were there
excepted : even Cromwell, Ireton, Bradshaw, and others now
dead, were attainted, and their estates forfeited. Vane and
Lambert, though none of the regicides, were also excepted.
St. John and seventeen persons more were deprived of all
benefit from this act, if they ever accepted any public employ-
ment. All who had sitten in any illegal high court of justice
were disabled from bearing offices. These were all the
severities which followed such furious civil wars and convul-
sions.
The next business was the settlement of the king's revenue.
In this work, the parliament had regard to public freedom, as
well as to the support of the crown. The tenures of wards
and liveries had long been regarded as a grievous burden by
the nobility and gentry : several attempts had been made
during the reign of James to purchase this prerogative, to-
gether with that of purveyance : and two hundred thousand
pounds a year had been otlered that prince in lieu of them :
wardships and purveyance had been utterly abolished by tha
republican parliament; and even in the present pnrliamcutt
A. 1). IbGO.J CHARLES 11.
before the king arrived in England, a bill had been introduced,
offering him a compensation lor the emolument of these pre-
rogatives. A hundred thousand pounds a year was the sum
agreed to ; and half of the excise was settled in perpetuity
upon the crown as the fund whence this revenue should be
levied. Though that impost yielded more profit, the bargain
might be esteemed hard ; and it was chiefly the necessity ol
the king's situation which induced him to consent to it. No
request of the parliament, during the present joy, could be
refused them.
Tonnage and poundage and the other half of the exeisc,
were granted to the king during life. The parliament even
proceeded so far as to vote, that the settled revenue of the
crown for all charges should be one million two hundred thou-
sand pounds a year ; a sum greater than any English monarch
had ever before enjoyed. But as all the princes of Europe
were perpetually augmenting their military force, and conse-
quently their expense, it became requisite that England, from
motives both of honor and security, should bear some propor-
tion to them, and adapt its revenue to the new system of poli-
tics which prevailed. According to the chancellor's computa-
tion, a charge of eight hundred thousand pounds a year was
at present requisite for the fleet and other articles, which for-
merly cost the crown but eighty thousand.
Had the parliament, before restoring the king, insisted on
any further limitations than those which the constitution
already imposed, besides the danger of reviving former quar-
rels among parties, it would seem that their precaution had
been entirely superfluous. By reason of its slender and pre-
carious revenue, the crown in effect was still totally dependent
Not a fourth part of this sum, which seemed requisite for pub-
lic expenses, could be levied without consent of parliament ;
and any concessions, had they been thought necessary, might,
even after the restoration, be extorted by the commons from
their necessitous prince. This parliament showed no inten-
tion of employing at present that engine to any such pur-
poses ; but they seemed still determined not to part with if
entirely, or to render the revenues of the crown fixed and
independent. Though they voted in general, that one million
two hundred thousand pounds a year should be settled on the
king, they scarcely assigned any funds which could yield two
thirds of that sum. And they left the care of fulfilling theii
engagements to the future consideration of parliament.
6 I1IST0KY OF ENGLAND. [A.U. 1GG0.
In all the temporary supplies which they voted, they discov-
ered the same cautious frugality. To disband the army, so
formidable in itself, and so much accustomed to rebellion and
changes of government, was necessary for the security both
of king and parliament; yet the commons showed great jeal-
ousy in granting the sums requisite for that end. An assess-
ment of seventy thousand pounds a month was imposed; but
it was at first voted to continue only three months ; and all
the other sums which they levied for that purpose, by a poll-
bill and new assessments, were still granted by parcels; as
if they were not as yet well assured of the fidelity of the
hand to which the money was intrusted. Having proceeded
so Fat- in the settlement of the nation, the parliament adjourned
itself for some time.
During the recess of parliament, the object which chiefly
interested the public, was the trial and condemnation of the
regicides. The general indignation attending the enormous
crime of which these men had been guilty, made their suffer-
ings the subject of joy to the people: but in the peculiar cir-
cumstances of that action, in the prejudices of the times, as
well as in the behavior of the criminals, a mind seasoned with
humanity will find a plentiful source of compassion and in-
dulgence. Can any one, without concern for human blindness
and ignorance, consider the demeanor of General Harrison,
who was first brought to his trial? With great courage and
elevation of sentiment, he told the court, that the pretended
crime of which he stood accused, was not a deed performed
in a corner ; the sound of it had gone forth to most nations ;
and in the singular and marvellous conduct of it, had chiefly
appeared the sovereign power of Heaven : that he himself,
agitated by doubts, had often, with passionate tears, offered up
his addresses to the divine Majesty, and earnestly sought fox-
light and conviction : he had still received assurance of a heav-
enly sanction, and returned from these devout supplications
with more serene tranquillity and satisfaction : that all the na-
tions of the earth were, in the eyes of their Creator, less than
a drop of water in the bucket ; nor were their erroneous judg-
ments aught but darkness, compared with-divine illuminations:
that these frequent illapses of the divine spirit he could not
suspect to be interested illusions ; since he was conscious, that
for no temporal advantage would he offer injury to the poorest
man or woman that trod upon the earth : that all the allure-
ments of ambition, all tiic terrors of imprisonment, had not
A.D. 1GG0.J CHARLES II. 7
been able, during the usurpation of Cromwell, to shake his
steady resolution, or bend him to a compliance with that de
eeitful tyrant : and that when invited by him to sit on the right
band of the throne, when offered riches and splendor and
dominion, he had disdainfully rejected all temptations ; and
neglecting the tears of his friends and family, had still, through
every danger, held fast his principles and his integrity.
Scot, who was more a republican than a fanatic, had said
in the house of commons, a little before the restoration, that
he desired no other epitaph to be inscribed on his tombstone
than this : " Here lies Thomas Scot, who adjudged the king
to death." He supported the same spirit upon his trial.
Carew, a Millenarian, submitted to his trial, " saving to our
Lord Jesus Christ his right to the government of these king-
doms." Some scrupled to say, according to form, that they
would be tried by God and their country ; because God was
not visibly present to judge them. Others said, that they
would be tried by the word of God.
No more than six of the late king's judges, Harrison, Scot,
Carew, Clement, Jones, and Scrope, were executed ; Scrope
alone, of all those who came in upon the king's proclamation.
He was a gentleman of good family and of a decent charac-
ter : but it was proved, that he had a little before, in conver-
sation, expressed himself as if he were nowise convinced of
any guilt in condemning the king. Axtel, who had guarded
the high court of justice, Hacker, who commanded on the day
of the king's execution, Coke, the solicitor for the people of
England, and Hugh Peters, the fanatical preacher, who in-
flamed the army and impelled them to regicide ; all these
were tried, and condemned, and suffered with the king's
judges. No saint or confessor ever went to martyrdom with
more assured confidence of heaven, than was expressed by
those criminals, even when the terrors of immediate death,
joined to many indignities, were set before them. The rest
of the king's judges, by an unexampled lenity, were reprieved;
and they were dispersed into several prisons.
This punishment of declared enemies interrupted not the
rejoicings of the court : hut the death of the duke of Glouces-
ter, a young prince of promising hopes, threw a great cloud
upon them. The king, by no incident in his life, was ever
so deeply affected. Gloucester was observed to possess united
the good qualities of both his brothers : the clear judgment
ind penetration of the king; the industry and application of
8 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 166'.,
the duke of York. He was also believed to be affectionate tc
the religion and constitution of his country. He was but
twenty years of age, when the small-pox put an end to his life
The princess of Orange, having come to England in ordel
to partake of the joy attending the restoration of her family,
with whom she lived in great friendship, soon after sickened
and died. The queen mother paid a visit to her son ; and
obtained his consent to the marriage of the princess Henrietta
with the duke of Orleans, brother to the French king.
After a recess of near two months, the parliament met, and
proceeded in the great work of the national settlement. They
established the post-office, wine-licenses, and some articles
of the revenue. They granted more assessments, and soma
arrears for paying and disbanding the army. Business, being
carried on with great unanimity, was soon despatched ; and
after they had sitten near two months, the king, in a speech
full of the most gracious expressions, thought proper to dissolve
them.
This house of commons had been chosen during the reign
of the old parliamentary party ; and though many royalists
had crept in amongst them, yet did it chiefly consist of
Presbyterians, who had not yet entirely laid aside their old
jealousies and principles. Lenthal, a member, having said,
that those who first took arms against the king were as guilty
as those who afterwards brought him to the scaffold, waa
severely reprimanded by order of the house ; and the most
violent efforts of the long parliament, to secure the constitu-
tion, and bring delinquents to justice, were in effect vindicated
and applauded.* The claim of the two houses to the militia,
the first ground of the quarrel, however exorbitant a usurpa-
tion, was never expressly resigned by this parliament. They
made all grants of money with a very sparing hand. Great
arrears being due, by the protectors, to the fleet, the army, the
navy office, and every branch of service, this whole debt
they threw upon the crown, without establishing funds suffi-
cient for its payment. Yet, notwithstanding this jealous care
expressed by the parliament, there prevails a story, that Pop-
ham, having sounded the disposition of the members, under-
took to the earl of Southampton to procure, during the king'*
life, a grant of two millions a year, land tax ; a sum which,
added to the customs and excise, would forever have rendered
* Journals, vol. viii. p. 21.
A.D 1CG0.J chiles n. S
ihis prince independent of his people. Southampton , it n
said, merely from his affection to the king, had unwarily em-
braced the offer ; and it was not till he communicated the
matter to the chancellor, that he was made sensible of its per-
nicious tendency. It is not improbable, that such an offer
might have been made, and been hearkened to ; but it is
nowise probable, that all the interest of the court would ever,
with this house of commons, have been able to make it effect-
ual. Clarendon showed his prudence, no less than his integ-
rity, in entirely rejecting it.
The chancellor, from the same principles of conduct, has-
tened to disband the army. When the king reviewed these
veteran troops, he was struck with their beauty, order, disci-
pline, and martial appearance ; and being sensible, that regular
forces are most necessary implements of royalty, he expressed
a desire of finding expedients still to retain them.
But his wise minister set before him the dangerous spirit by
which these troops were actuated, their enthusiastic genius,
their habits of rebellion and mutiny ; and he convinced the
king, that, till they were disbanded, he never could esteem
himself securely established on his throne. No more troops
were retained than a few guards and garrisons, about one
thousand horse and four thousand foot. This was the first
appearance, under the monarchy, of a regular standing army
in this island. Lord Mordaunt said, that the king, being pos-
sessed of that force, might now look upon himself as the most
considerable gentleman in England.* The fortifications of
Gloucester, Taunton, and other towns, which had made resist
ance to the king during the civil Avars, were demolished.
Clarendon not only behaved with wisdom and justice in the
office of chancellor ; all the counsels which he gave the king
tended equally to promote the interest of prince and people.
Charles, accustomed in his exile to pay entire deference to the
judgment of this faithful servant, continued still to submit to
his direction ; and for some time no minister was ever pos-
sessed of more absolute authority. He moderated the for-
ward zeal of the royalists, and tempered their appetite for
revenge. With the opposite party, he endeavored to preserve
inviolate all the king's engagements : he kept an exact regis-
* King James's Memoirs. This prince says, that Venner's insur-
rection furnished a reason or pretence for keeping up the guards,
which Mere intended at firs'; to have heen dhbanded with the «>st oi
the army.
10 UlSTOlty OF ENGLAND. [A.D. 1GG0
ter of the promises which had becu made fur any service,
he employed ail his industry to fulfil them. This good
minister was now nearly allied to the royal family. Hia
daughter, Ann Hyde, a woman of spirit and fine accomplish-
ments, had hearkened, while abroad, to the addresses of the
duks of York, and under promise of marriage, had secretly
admitted him to her bed. Her pregnancy appeared soon
after the restoration ; and though many endeavored to dis-
suade the king from consenting to so unequal an alliance
Charles, in pity to his friend and minister, who had been igno
rant of these engagements, permitted his brother to marry her."
Clarendon expressed great uneasiness at the honor which he
had obtained ; and said that, by being elevated so much above
his rank, he thence dreaded a more sudden downfall.
Most circumstances of Clarendon's administration have met
with applause : his maxims alone in the conduct of ecclesias
tical politics have by many been deemed the effect of preju-
dices narrow and bigoted. Had the jealousy of royal power
prevailed so far with the convention parliament as to make
them restore the king with strict limitations, there is no ques-
tion but the establishment of Presbyterian discipline had been
one of the conditions most rigidly insisted on. Not only that
form of ecclesiastical government is more favorable to liberty
than to royal power ; it was likeAvise, on its own account,
agreeable to the majority of the house of commons, and suited
their religious principles. But as the impatience of the people,
the danger of delay, the general disgust towards faction, and
the authority of Monk, had prevailed over that jealous project
of limitations, the full settlement of the hierarchy, together
with the monarchy, was a necessary and infallible conse-
quence. All the royalists were zealous for that mode of
religion ; the merits of the Episcopal clergy towards the king,
as well as their sufferings on that account, had been great ;
the laws which established bishops and the liturgy were aa
yet unrepealed by legal authority ; and any attempt of the
parliament, by new acts, to give the superiority to Presbyteri-
anism, had been sufficient to involve the nation again in blood
and confusion. Moved by these views, the commons had
wisely postponed the examination of all religious controversy,
and had left the settlement of the church to thi king and to
the ancient laws.
* Kin£ James's Memoirs.
A. D.J 660 CHARLES it. t.
The king at first use:l great moderation in the execution of
tho laws. Nine bishops still remained alive ; and these were
immediately restored to their sees : all the ejected clergy re-
covered their livings : the liturgy, a form of worship decent,
and not without beauty, was again admitted into the churches :
but at the same time a declaration was issued, in order to give
contentment to the Presbyterians, and preserve an air of
moderation and neutrality.* In this declaration, the king
promised, that he would provide suffragan bishops for the largei
dioceses ; that the prelates should, all of them, be regular and
constant preachers ; that they should not confer ordination, or
exercise any jurisdiction, without the advice and assistance of
presbyters chosen by the diocese ; that such alterations should
be made in the liturgy as would render it totally unexception-
able ; that, in the mean time, the use of that mode of worship
should not be imposed on such as were unwilling to receive it ;
and that the surplice, the cross in baptism, and bowing at the
name of Jesus, should not be rigidly insisted on. This decla-
ration was issued by the king as head of the church ; and he
plainly assumed, in many parts of it, a legislative authority in
ecclesiastical matters. But the English government, though
more exactly defined by late contests, was not as yet reduced
in every particular to the strict limits of law. And if ever
prerogative was justifiably employed, it seemed to be on the
present occasion ; when nil parts of the state were torn with
past convulsions, and required the moderating hand of the chief
magistrate to reduce them to their ancient order.
But though these appearances of neutrality were maintained,
and a mitigated Episcopacy only seemed to be insisted on, it
was far from the intention of the ministry always to preserve
like regard to the Presbyterians. The madness of the Fifth
Monarchy men afforded them a pretence for departing from
it. Venner, a desperate enthusiast, who had often conspired
against Cromwell, having, by his zealous lectures, inflamed
his own imagination and that of his followers, issued forth at
their head into the streets of London. They were, to the
number of sixty, completely armed, believed themselves in-
vulnerable and invincible, and firmly expected the same suc-
cess which had attended Gideon and other heroes of the Old
Testament. Every one at first fled before them. One unhappy
man, who, being questioned, said, "he was for God and King
'•'' Pari. Hist. vol. xxiii. p. 1 73.
i2 history of en<;lakd. [A D. 1660
Charles," was instantly murdered by them. They went
triumphantly from street to street, every where proclaiming
King Jesus, who, they said, was their invisible leader. Al
length, the magistrates, having assembled some train bands,
made an attack upon them. They defended themselves with
order as well as valor ; and after killing many of the assail-
ants, they made a regular retreat into Cane Wood, neal
Hampstead. Next morning, they were chased thence by a
detachment of the guards ; but they ventured again to invada
the city, which was not prepared to receive them. After
committing great disorder, and traversing almost every street
of that immense capital, they retired into a house, which they
were resolute to defend to the last extremity. Being sur-
rounded, and the house untiled, they were fired upon from
every side ; and they still refused quarter. The people rushed
in upon them, and seized the few who were alive. These
were tried, condemned, and executed ; and to the last they
persisted in affirming, that, if they were deceived, it was the
Lord who had deceived them.
Clarendon and the ministry took occasion, from this insur-
rection, to infer the dangerous spirit of the Presbyterians, and
of all the sectaries : but the madness of the attempt sufficiently
proved, that it had been undertaken by no concert, and never
could have proved dangerous. The weil-known hatred, too,
which prevailed between the Presbyterians and the other
sects, should have removed the former from all suspicion of
any concurrence in the enterprise. But as a pretence was
wanted, besides their old demerits, for justifying the intended
rigors against all of them, this reason, however slight, was
greedily laid hold of.
Affairs in Scotland hastened with still quicker steps than
those of England towards a settlement and a compliance with
the king. It was deliberated in the English council, whether
that nation should be restored to its liberty, or whether the
forts erected by Cromwell should not still be upheld, in order
to curb the mutinous spirit by which the Scots in all ages had
been so much governed. Lauderdale, who, from the battlo
of Worcester to the restoration, had been detained prisoner
in the Tower, had considerable influence with the king ; and
ho strenuously opposed this violent measure. He represented,
that it was the loyalty of the Scottish nation which had en-
gaged them in an opposition to the English rebels ; and to take
advantage of the calamities into which, on that account, they
A..D. 1661.] CHARLES II. 13
had fallen, would be regarded as the highest injustice ana
jngi atitude : that the spirit of that people was now fully sub-
dued by the servitude under which the usurpers had so long
held them, and would of itself yield to any reasonable com-
pliance with their legal sovereign, if, by this means, they
reco\ ercd their liberty and independence : that the attachment
uf thcr Scots towards their king, whom they regarded as their
native prince, was naturally much stronger than ihat of the
English ; and would afford him a sure resource, in case of
any relollion among the latter : that republican principles had
long been, and still were, very prevalent with his southern
subjects, and might again menace the throne with new tumults
and resistance : that the time would probably come, when the
king, instead of desiring to see English garrisons its Scotland,
would be better pleased to have Scottish garrisons in England ;
who, suppcitcd by English pay, would be fond to curb the
seditious genius of that opulent nation : and that a people,
such as the Scots, governed by a few nobility, would more
easily be reduced to submission under monarchy, than one
like the English, who breathed nothing but the spirit of dem-
ocratical equality.
[1661.] Thesa views induced the king to disband all the
forces in Scotland, and to raze all the forts which had been
erected. General Middleton, created earl of that name, was
sent commissioner to the parliament, which was summoned.
A very compliant spirit wns there discovered in all orders of
men. The commissioner had even sufficient influence to
obtain an act, annulling at once all laws which had passed
since the year 1633 ; on pretext of the violence which, during
that time, had been employed against the king and his father,
in order to procure their assent to tbese statutes. This was a
very large, if not an unexampled concession ; and, together
with many dangerous limitations, overthrew some useful bar-
riers which had been erected to the constitution. But the tida
was now running strongly towards monarchy ; and the Scot-
tish nation plainly discovered, that their past resistance had
proceeded more from the turbulence of their aristocracy, and
the bigotry of their ecclesiastics, than from anv fixed passion
towards civil liberty. The lords of articles were restored,
with some other branches of prerogative ; ?nd roy^l authority,
fortified with more plausible claims and preteiws wap in lU
full extent, reestablished in that kingdom.
The prelacy likewise, by the abrogating of <*v/>rv fetti^t*
14 HISTORY OF ENULAND. [A. D. 166L
enacted in favor of Presbytery, was thereby ta.utly restored
and the king deliberated what use he should make of this
concession. Lauderdale, who at bottom was a passionate
zealot against Episcopacy, endeavored to persuade him, that
the Scots, if gratified in this favorite point of ecclesiastical
government, would, in every other demand, be entirely com-
pliant with the king. Charles, though he had not so much
attachment to prelacy as had influenced his lather and grand-
father, had suffered such indignities from the Scottish Presby-
terians, that he ever after bore them a hearty aversion. He
said to Lauderdale, that Presbyterianism, he thought, was not
a religion for a gentleman ; and he could not consent to its
further continuance in Scotland. Middleton, too, and his other
ministers, persuaded him, that the nation in general was sc
disgusted with the violence and tyranny of the ecclesiastics,
that any alteration of church government would be universally
grateful. And Clarendon, as well as Ormond, dreading that,
the Presbyterian sect, if legally established in Scotland, would
acquire authority in England and Ireland, seconded the appli-
cation of these ministers. The resolution was therefore taken
to restore prelacy ; a measure afterwards attended with many
and great inconveniences : but whether in this resolution
Charles chose not the lesser evil, it is very difficult to deter-
mine. Sharp, who had been commissioned by the Presby-
terians in Scotland to manage their interests with the king,
was persuaded to abandon that party ; and, as a reward for his
compliance, was created archbishop of St. Andrews. The
conduct of ecclesiastical affairs was chiefly intrusted to him ;
and as he was esteemed a traitor and a renegade by his old
friends, he became on that account, as well as from the vio-
lence of his conduct, extremely obnoxious to them.
Charles had not promised to Scotland any such indemnity
as he had insured to England by the declaration of Breda •.
and it was deemed more political for him to hold over men's
heads, for some time, the terror of punishment, till they
should have made the requisite compliances with the new
government. Though neither the king's temper nor plan of
administration led him to severity, some examples, after such
a bloody and triumphant rebellion, seemed necessary ; and
the marquis of Argyle and one Guthry were pitched on as the
victims. Two acts of indemnity, one passed by the late king
in 1641, another by the present in 1651, formed, it was thought
invincible obstacles to the punishment of Argyle, and barred
A. D. 1GG1.] CHARLES II. 14
aii inquiry into that part of his conduct which might justly ho
regarded as the most exceptionable. Nothing remained but
to try him for his compliance with the usurpation ; a crime
common to him with the whole nation, and such a one as th<!
most loyal and affectionate subject might frequently by vio-
lence be obliged to commit. To make this compliance Kpptdic
the more voluntary and hearty, there were produced in court
letters which he had written to Albemarle, while that general
commanded in Scotland, and which contained expressions of
the most cordial attachment to the established government.
But besides the general indignation excited by Albemarle's
discovery of this private correspondence, men thought, that
even the highest demonstrations of affection might, during
jealous times, be exacted as a necessary mark of compliance
from a person of such distinction as Argyle, and could not,
by any equitable construction, imply the crime of treason.
The parliament, however, scrupled not to pass sentence upon
him ; and he died with great constancy and courage. As he
was universally known to have been the chief instrument of
the past disorders and civil wars, the irregularity of his sen-
tence, and several iniquitous circumstances in the method of
conducting his trial, seemed on that account to admit of some
apology. Lord Lome, son of Argyle, having ever preserved
his loyalty, obtained a gift of the forfeiture. Guthry was a
seditious preacher, and had personally affronted the king : his
punishment gave surprise to nobody. Sir Archibald Johnstone
of Warriston was attainted and fled ; but was seized in Franc;
about two years after, brought over, and executed. He had
been very active during all the late disorders ; and was
even suspected of a secret correspondence with the English
regicides.
Besides these instances of compliance in the Scottish par-
liament, they voted an additional revenue to the king of forty
thousand pounds a year, to be levied by way of excise. A
Email force was purposed to be maintained by this revenue, in
order to prevent like confusions with those to which the king-
dom had been hitherto exposed. An act was also passed,
declaring the covenant unlawful, and its obligation void and
null.
In England, the civil distinctions seemed to be abolished by
the lenity and equality of Charles's administration. Cavaliei
and roundhead were heard of no more : all men seemed to
concur in submitting to the king's lawful prerogati res, and in
10 HISTORY OF ENGLYND. |A. D. 1 6t> I
cherishing the just privileges of the people and of parliament.
Theological controversy alone still subsisted, and kept alive
Bome sparks of that flame which had thrown the nation into
combustion. While Catholics, Independents, and other secta-
ries were content with entertaining some prospect of tolera-
tion, Prelacy and Presbytery struggled for the superiority, and
the hopes and fears of both parties kept them in agitation.
A conference was held in the Savoy between twelve bishop*
and twelve leaders among the Presbyterian ministers, with an
intention, at least in pretence, of bringing about an accommo-
dation between the parties. The surplice, the cross in bap-
tism, the kneeling at the sacrament, the bowing at the name
of Jesus, were anew canvassed ; and the ignorant multitude
were in hopes, that so many men of gravity and learning
could not fail, after deliberate argumentation, to agree in all
points of controversy : they were surprised to see them sep-
arate more inflamed than ever, and more confirmed in their
several prejudices. To enter into particulars would be super-
fluous. Disputes concerning religious lbrms are, in them-
selves, the most frivolous of any ; and merit attention only so
far as they have influeucc on the peace and order of civil
society.
The king's declaration had promised, that some endeavors
should be used to effect a comprehension of both parties ;
and Charles's own indifference with regard to all such ques-
tions seemed a favorable circumstance for the execution of
that project. The partisans of a comprehension said, that
the Presbyterians, as well as the Prelatists, having felt by
experience the fatal effects of obstinacy and violence, were
now well disposed towards an amicable agreement : that the
bishops, by relinquishing some part of their authority, and
dispensing with the most exceptionable ceremonies, would so
gratify their adversaries as to obtain their cordial and affec-
tionate compliance, and unite the whole nation in one faith and
one worship : that by obstinately insisting on forms, in them-
selves insignificant, an air of importance was bestowed on
them, and men were taught to continue equally obstinate in
rejecting them : that the Presbyterian clergy would go every
reasonable length, rather than, by parting with their livings,
expose themselves to a state of beggary, at best of depend-
ence : and that if their pride were flattered by some seeming
alterations, and a pretence given them for affirming that they
had not abandoned their former principles, nothing furthel
A.. D. IGul.J CHARLES II 17
was wanting to produce a thorough uuioi. between those twt
parties, which comprehended the bulk of the nation.
It was alleged, on the other hand, that the difference be-
tween religious sects was founded, not on principle, but on
passion ; and till the irregular affections of men could be cor-
rected, it was in vain to expect, by compliances, to obtain a
perfect unanimity and comprehension : that the more insignifi-
cant the objects of dispute appeared, with the more certainty
might it be inferred, that the real ground of dissension was
different from that which was universally pretended : that the
love of novelty, the pride of argumentation, the pleasure of
making proselytes, and the obstinacy of contradiction, would
forever give rise to sects and disputes ; nor was it possible that
such a source of dissension could ever, by any concessions, be
entirely exhausted: that the church, by departing from ancient
practices and principles, would tacitly acknowledge herself
guilty of error, and lose that reverence, so requisite for pre-
serving the attachment of the multitude; and that if the pre-
sent concessions (which was more than probable) should prove
ineffectual, greater must still be made ; and in the issue disci-
pline would be despoiled of all its authority, and worship of all
its decency, without obtaining that end which had been so
fondly sought for by these dangerous indulgences.
The ministry were inclined to give the preference to tbe
latter arguments ; and were the more confirmed in that inten-
tion by the disposition which appeared in the parliament latel)
assembled. The royalists and zealous churchmen were at
present the popular party in the nation, and, seconded by the
eflbrts of the court, had prevailed in most elections. Not
more than fifty-six members of the Presbyterian party had
obtained seats in the lower house ; * and these were not able
either to oppose or retard the measures of the majority.
Monarchy, therefore, and Episcopacy, were now exalted to as
great power and splendor as they had lately suffered misery
and depression. Sir Edward Turner was chosen speaker.
An act was passed for the security of the king's person and
government. To intend or devise the king's imprisonment,
or bodily harm, or deposition, or levying war against him, was
declared, during the lifetime of his present majesty, to be
high treason. To affirm him to be a papist or heretic, or to
endeavor by speech. or writing to alienate his subjects' afiec-
* Carte's Answer to the Bystander, p 79
18 HISTORY OF KNGLAND. [A D. IGGl
tions from him ; these offences were made sufficient to inca
pacitate the person guilty from holding any employment m
church or state. To maintain that the long parliament is not
dissolved, or that either or both houses, without the king, are
possessed of legislative authority, or that the covenant is bind-
ing, was made punishable by the penalty of premunire.
The covenant itself, together with the act for erecting the
high court of justice, that for subscribing the engagement, and
that for declaring England a commonwealth, were ordered to
be burnt by the hands of the hangman. The people assisted
with great alacrity on this occasion.
The abuses of petitioning in the preceding reign had been
attended with the worst consequences ; and to prevent such
irregular practices for the future, it was enacted that no more
than twenty hands should be fixed to any petition, unless with
the sanction of three justices, or the major part of the grand
jury ; and that no petition should be presented to the king or
either house by above ten persons. The penalty annexed to
a transgression of this law was a fine of a hundred pounds and
three months' imprisonment.
The bishops, though restored to their spiritual authority,
were still excluded from parliament, by the law which the late
king had passed immediately belbre the commencement of the
civil disorders. Great violence, both against the king and the
house of peers, had been employed in passing this law ; and
on that account alone the partisans of the church were pro-
vided with a plausible pretence for repealing it. Charles
expressed much satisfaction when he gave his assent to the
act for that purpose. It is certain that the authority of the
crown, as well as that of the church, was interested in restor-
ing the prelates to their former dignity. But those who
deemed every acquisition of the prince a detriment to the
people, were apt to complain of this instance of complaisance
in the parliament.
After an adjournment of some months, the parliament was
again assembled, and proceeded in the same spirit as belbre.
They discovered no design of restoring, in its lull extent, the
ancient prerogative of the crown : they were only anxious to
repair all those breaches which had been made, not by the
love of liberty, but by the fury of faction and civil war. The
power of the sword had in all ages been allowed to be vested
in the crown ; and though no law conferred this prerogative,
every parliament, till the last of the preceding reign, had
A. D lOGl.j CHARLES II. i*
willingly submitted to an authority more ancient, and therefore
more sacred, than that of any positive statute. It was now
thought proper sokmnly to relinquish the violent pretensions
of that parliament, and to acknowledge that neither one house
nor both houses, independent of the king, were possessed of
auy military authority. The preamble to this statute went so
far as to renounce all right even of defensive arms against the
king ; and much observation has been made with regard to a
concession esteemed so singular. Were these terms taken in
their full literal sense, they imply a total renunciation of limi-
tations to monarchy, and of all privileges in the subject, inde-
pendent of the will of the sovereign. For as no rights can sub-
sist without some remedy, still less rights exposed to so much
invasion from tyranny, or even from ambition ; if subjects must
never resist, it follows that every prince, without any effort,
policy, or violence, is at once rendered absolute and uncon-
trollable ; the sovereign needs only issue an edict abolishing
every authority but his own ; and all liberty from tbat moment
is in effect annihilated. But this meaning it were absurd to
impute to the present parliament, who, though zealous royalists,
showed in their measures that they had not east off' all regard
to national privileges. They were probably sensible, that to
suppose in the sovereign any such invasion of public liberty,
is entirely unconstitutional ; and that therefore expressly to
reserve, upon that event, any right of resistance in the sub-
ject, must be liable to the same objection. They had seen
that the long parliament, under color of defence, had begun
a violent attack upon kingly power ; and after involving the
kingdom in blood, had finally lost that liberty for which they
had so imprudently contended. They thought, perhaps erro-
neously, that it was no longer possible, after such public and
such exorbitant pretensions, to persevere in that prudent
silence hitherto maintained by the laws ; and that it was
necessary, by some positive declaration, to bar the return of
like inconveniences. When they excluded, therefore, the
right of defence, they supposed that the constitution, remain-
ing firm upon its basis, there never really could be an attack
made by the sovereign. If such an attack was at any time
made, the necessity was then extreme ; and the case of ex-
treme and violent necessity, no laws, they thought, could com-
prehend ; because to such a necessity no laws could before-
hand point out a proper remedy.
. The other measures of this parliament stiF discovered a
2U HISTORY OF ENGLAND. I AD. 1 Gb2
move anxious eare to guard against rebellion in the subject
than encroachments in the crown ; the recent evils of civil
war and usurpation had naturally increased the spirit of sub-
mission to the monarch, and had thrown the nation into that
dangerous extreme. During the violent and jealous govern
ment of the parliament and of the protectors, all magistrate?
iiable to suspicion had been expelled the corporations ; and
none had been admitted who gave not proofs of affection tc
the ruling powers, or who refused to subscribe the covenant.
To leave all authority in such hands seemed dangerous ; an<!
the parliamant therefore empowered the king to appoint com-
missioners for regulating the corporations, and expelling such
magistrates as either intruded themselves by violence, or pro
icssed principles dangerous to the constitution, civil and eccle-
siastical. It was also enacted, that all magistrates should dis-
claim the obligation of the covenant, and should declare both
their belief that it was not lawful, upon any pretence whatso-
ever, to resist the king, and their abhorrence of the traitorous
position of taking arms by the king's authority against his per-
son, or against those who were commissioned by him.
[1662.] The care of the church was no less attended *o
by this parliament than that of monarchy ; and the bill of uni
formity was a pledge of their sincere attachment to the Epis-
copal hierarchy, and of their antipathy to Presbyterianism.
Different parties, however, concurred in promoting this bill,
which contained many severe clauses. The Independents and
other sectaries, enraged to find all their schemes subverted by
the Presbyterians, who had once been their associates, exerted
themselves to disappoint that party of the favor and indulgence
to which, from their recent merits in promoting the restoration,
they thought themselves j ustly entitled. By the Presbyterians,
said they, the war was raised ; by them was the populace firsl
incited to tumults; by their zeal, interest, and riches were the
armies supported ; by their force was the king subdued ; and
if, in the sequel, they protested against those extreme vio-
lences committed on his person by the military leaders, theii
opposition came too late, after having supplied these usurpers
with the power and the pretences by which they maintained
their sanguinary measures. They had indeed concurred with
the royalists in recalling the king ; but ought they to be
esteemed, on that account, more affectionate to the royal
cause ? Rage and animosity, from disappointed ambition,
were plainly their sole motives ; and if the king should now
A.D. 1602.] cuaiiles ii. 2
be so imprudent as to distinguish them by any particular in
diligences, he would soon experience from them the samo hatred
and opposition which had proved so fatal to his father.
The Catholics, though they had little interest in the nation,
were a considerable body at court ; and from their services
and sufferings during the civil wars, it seemed but just to bear
them some favor and regard. These religionists dreaded an
entire union among the Protestants. Were they the sole non-
conformists in the nation, the severe execution of penal laws
upon their sect seemed an infallible consequence ; and they
used, therefore, all their interest to push matters to extremity
against the Presbyterians, who had formerly been their most
severe oppressors, and whom they now expected for their
companions in affliction. The earl of Bristol, who, from con-
viction, or interest, or levity, or complaisance for the company
with whom he lived, had changed his religion during the
king's exile, was regarded as the head of this party.
The church party had, during so many years, suffered such
injuries and indignities from the sectaries of every denomina-
tion, that no moderation, much less deference, was on this
occasion to be expected in the ecclesiastics. Even the laity
of that communion seemed now disposed to retaliate upon their
enemies, according to the usual measures of party justice.
This sect or faction (for it partook of both) encouraged the
rumors of plots and conspiracies against the government ;
crimes which, without any apparent reason, they imputed to
their adversaries. And instead of enlarging the terms of com
munion, in order to comprehend the Presbyterians, they gladly
laid hold of the prejudices which prevailed among that sect, in
order to eject them from their livings. By the bill of uniform-
ity, it was required, that every clergyman should be reordained,
if he had not before received Episcopal ordination ; should de-
clare his assent to every thing contained in the Book of Com-
mon Prayer ; should take the oath of canonical obedience ;
should abjure the solemn league and covenant ; and should
renounce the principle of taking arms on any pretence what-
soever against the king.
This bill reinstated the church in the same condition in
which it stood before the commencement of the civil wars ;
and as the old persecuting laws of Elizabeth still subsisted in
their full riser, and new clauses of a like nature were now
enacted, nil the king's promises of toleration and of indulgence
tf> tender consciences were therebv eluded and broken. It is
S2 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1G62
true. Charles, in his declaration from Breda, had expressed hii
intention of regulating that indulgence hy the advice and
authority of parliament ; but this limitation could never rea-
sonably be extended to a total infringement and violation of
his engagements. However, it is agreed that the king did not
voluntarily concur with this violent measure ; and that the
zeal of Clarendon and of the church party arming the com-
mons, seconded by the intrigues of the Catholics, was the
chief cause which extorted his consent.
The royalists, who now predominated, were very ready to
signalize their victory, by establishing those high principles of
•Monarchy which their antagonists had controverted : but when
any real power or revenue was demanded for the crown, they
were neither so forward nor so liberal in their concessions as
the king would gladly have wished. Though the parliament
passed laws for regulating the navy, they took no notice of the
army, and declined giving their sanction to this dangerous
innovation. The king's debts were become intolerable ; and
the commons were at last constrained to vote him an extraor-
dinary supply of one million two hundred thousand pounds, to
be levied by eighteen monthly assessments. But besides that
this supply was much inferior to the occasion, the king was
obliged earnestly to solicit the commons, before he could
obtain it ; and, in order to convince the house of its absolute
necessity, he desired them to examine strictly into all his re-
ceipts and disbursements. Finding, likewise, upon inquiry,
that the several branches of revenue fell much short of the,
sums expected, they at last, after much delay, voted a new
imposition of two shillings on each hearth ; and this tax they
settled on the king during life. The whole established reve
nue, however, did not lor many years exceed a million ; * a
sum confessedly too narrow for the public expenses. A very
rigid frugality at least, which the king seems to have wanted,
would have been requisite to make it suffice for the dignity
and security of government. After all business was despatch'
ed, the parliament was prorogued.
Before the parliament rose, the court was employed in
making preparations for the reception of the new queen,
Catharine of Portugal, to whom the king was betrothed, and
who had just landed at Portsmouth. During the time that tha
protector carried on the war with Spain, he was naturally led
* I) EsliuuVs, July 35, 1G01. Mr. Ralph's History. W»l. i. p. 176.
A. D. 1GG2.J ciiakles a. 88
to support the Portuguese in their revolt ; and he engaged hint
self by treaty to supply them with ten t housand men for theii
defence against the Spaniards. On the king's restoration, ad
vances were made by Portugal for the renewal of the alliance ;
and in order to bind the friendship closer, an offer was made
of the Portuguese princess, and a portion of five hundred thou-
sand pounds, together with two fortresses, Tangiers in Africa,
and Bombay in the East Indies. Spain, who, after the peaco
of the Pyrenees, bent all her force to recover Portugal, now
in appearance abandoned by France, took the alarm, and en-
deavored to fix Charles in an opposite interest. The Catholic
king offered to adopt any other princess as a daughter of Spain,
either the princess of Parma, or, what he thought more popular,
some Protestant princess, the daughter of Denmark, Saxony,
or Orange ; and on any of these he promised to confer a dowry
equal to that which was offered by Portugal. But many
reasons inclined Charles rather to accept of the Portuguese
proposals. The great disorders in the government and finances
of Spain made the execution of her promises be much doubted ;
and the king's urgent necessities demanded some immediate
supply of money. The interest of the English commerce
likewise seemed to require that the independency of Portugal
should be supported, lest the union of that crown with Spain
should put the whole treasures of America into the hands of
one potentate. The claims, too, of Spain upon Dunkirk and
Jamaica, rendered it impossible, without further concessions,
to obtain the cordial friendship of that power ; and on the other
hand, the oiler, made by Portugal, of two such considerable
fortresses, promised a great accession to the naval force of
England. Above all, the proposal of a Protestant princess
was no allurement to Charles, whose inclinations led him
strongly to give the preference to a Catholic alliance. Ac-
cording to the most probable accounts,* the resolution of
marrying the daughter of Portugal was taken by the king
* Carte's Ormorul, vol. ii. p. 254. This account seems better sup-
ported than that in Abla.'icourt's Memoirs, that the chancellor chiefly
pushed the Portuguese alliance. The secret transactions of the court
p| England could not be supposed to be much known to a French resident
it Lisbon : and whatever opposition the chancellor might make, he
would certainly endeavor to conceal it from the queen and all her
family; and even in the parliament and council would support tha
resolution already taken. Clarendon himself says, in his Mcmoin, thai
ke never cither opposed or p oinoted lite Portuguese match.
24 HISTORY OF EXGLANP [A D. lGG^J
unknown to all his ministers ; anil no remonstrances could
prevail with him to alter his intentions. When the mattei
was laid before the council, all voices concurred in approving
the resolution ; and the parliament expressed the same com-
plaisance. And thus was concluded, seemingly with universal
consent, the inauspicious marriage with Catharine, a princess
of virtue, but who was never able, either by the graces of her
person or humor, to make herself agreeable to the king. The
report, however, of her natural incapacity to have children,
geems to have been groundless, since she was twice declared
to be pregnant.*
The festivity of these espousals was clouded by the trial and
execution of criminals. Berkstead, Cobbet, and Okey, three
regicides, had escaped beyond sea ; and after wandering some
time concealed in Germany, came privately to Delft, having
appointed their families to meet them in that place. They
were discovered by Downing, the king's resident in Holland,
who had formerly served the protector and commonwealth in
the same station, and who once had even been chaplain to
Okey's regiment. He applied for a warrant to arrest them.
It had been usual for the states to grant these warrants ;
though at the same time, they had ever been careful secretly
to advertise the persons, that they might be enabled to make
their escape. This precaution was eluded by the vigilance
rind despatch of Downing. He quickly seized the criminals,
hurried them on board a frigate which lay off the coast, and
eent them to England. These three men behaved with more
moderation and submission than any of the other regicides who
had suffered. Okey in particular, at the place of execution,
prayed for the king, and expressed his intention, had he lived,
of submitting peaceably to the established government. He
had risen, during the wars, from being a chandler in London,
to a high rank in the army ; and in all his conduct appeared
to be a man of humanity and honor. In consideration of his
good character and of his dutiful behavior, his body was given
to his friends to be buried.
The attention of the public was much engaged by the trial
of two distinguished criminals, Lambert and Vane. These
men, though none of the late king's judges, had been excepted
from the general indemnity, and committed to prison. The
* Lord Lonsdowne's Defence of General Monk. Templo, vol 11,
p. 154
A. I). 1662.] CHARLES u. 2$
convention parliament, however, was so favorable to tnem, as
to petition the king, if they should be found guilty, to suspend
their execution : but this new parliament, more zealous ibr
monarchy, applied for their trial and condemnation. Not to
revive disputes which were better buried in oblivion, the in-
dictment of Vane did not comprehend any of his actions
during the war between the king and parliament : it extended
only to his behavior after the late king's death, as member of
the council of state, and secretary of the navy, where fidelity
to the trust reposed in him required his opposition to monarchy.
Vane wanted neither courage nor capacity to avail himself
of this advantage. He urged, that, if a compliance with the
government at that time established in England, and the
acknowledging of its authority, were to be regarded as crim-
inal, the whole nation had incurred equal guilt, and none would
remain whose innocence could entitle them to try or condemn
him for his pretended treasons : that, according to these max
ims, wherever an illegal authority was established by force, a
total and universal destruction must ensue ; while the usurpers
proscribed one part of the nation for disobedience, the lawful
prince punished the other for compliance : that the legislature
of England, foreseeing this violent situation, had provided for
public security by the famous statute of Henry VII. ; in which
it was enacted, that no man, in case of any revolution, should
ever be questioned for his obedience to the king in being :
that whether the established government were a monarchy or
a commonwealth, the reason of the thing was still the same ;
nor ought the expelled prince to think himself entitled to
allegiance, so long as he could not afford protection ; that it
belonged not to private persons, possessed of no power, to dis-
cuss the title of their governors ; and every usurpation, even
the most flagrant, would equally require obedience with the
most legal establishment : that the controversy between the
late king and his parliament was of the most delicate nature ;
and men of the greatest probity had been divided in their
choice of the party which they should embrace : that the par-
liament, being rendered indissoluble but by its own consent,
was become a kind of coordinate power with the king ; and
m the case was thus entirely new and unknown to the consti-
tution, it ought not to be tried rigidly by the letter of the
ancient laws : that for his part, all tlfe violences which had
been put upon the parliament, and upon the person of the
60vercign, he had ever condemned ; nor had he once appeared
vol. vi — B
26 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1662
in the house for some time before and after the execution of
the king : that, finding the whole government thrown into dis-
order, he was still resolved, in every revolution, to adhere to
the commons, the root, the foundation, of all lawful authority :
that in prosecution of this principle, he had cheerfully under-
gone all the violence of Cromwell's tyranny ; and would now,
with equal alacrity, expose himself to the rigors of perverted
law and justice : that though it was in his power, on the king's
restoration, to have escaped from his enemies, he was deter-
mined, in imitation of the most illustrious names of antiquity,
to perish in defence of liberty, and to give testimony with his
blood for that honorable cause in which he had been enlisted ;
and that, besides the ties by which God and nature had bound
him to his native country, he was voluntarily engaged by tho
most sacred covenant, whose obligation no earthly power
should ever be able to make him relinquish.
All the defence which Vane could make was fruitless. The
court, considering more the general opinion cf his active guilt
in the beginning and prosecution of the civil wars, than the
articles of treason charged against him, took advantage of the
letter of the law, and brought him in guilty. His courage
deserted him not upon his condemnation. Though timid by
nature, the persuasion of a just cause supported him against
the terrors of death, while his enthusiasm, excited by the
prospect of glory, embellished the conclusion of a life, which,
through the whole course of it, had been so much disfigured
by the prevalence of that principle. Lest pity for a coura-
geous sufferer should make impression on the populace, drum-
mers were placed under the scaffold, whose noise, as he began
to launch out in reflections on the government, drowned his
voice, and admonished him to temper the ardor of his zeal.
He was not astonished at this unexpected incident. In all his
behavior there appeared a firm and animated intrepidity ; and
lie considered death but as a passage to that eternal felicity
which he believed to be prepared for him.
This man, so celebrated for his parliamentary talents, and
for his capacity in business, has left some writings behind him :
they treat, all of them, of religious subjects, and are absolutely
unintelligible : no traces cf eloquence, or even of common sense,
appear in them. A strange paradox ! did we not know, that
men of the greatest genius, where they relinquish by princi-
ple the use of their reason, are only enabled, by their vigor
of mind, to work themselves tho deeper uito error and absurd-
A. D. 16G2.] ciiARLEs ii. £7
ity. It was remarkable, that as Vane, by being - the chief
instrument (f Strafford's death, had first opened the way for
that destruction which overwhelmed the nation, so by his death
he closed the scene of blood. He was the last that suffered on
account of the civil wars. Lambert, though condemned, was
reprieved at the bar ; and the judges declared, that if Vane's
behavior had been equally dutiful and submissive, he would
have experienced like lenity in the king. Lambert survived
his condemnation near thirty years. He was confined to the
Isle of Guernsey, where he lived contented, forgetting all his
past schemes of greatness, and entirely forgotten by the nation.
He died a Homan Catholic.
However odious Vane and Lambert were to the Presbyte-
rians, that party had no leisure to rejoice at their condemna-
tion. The fatal St. Bartholomew approached ; the day when
the clergy were obliged, by the late law, either to relinquish
their livings, or to sign the articles required of them. A com-
bination had been entered into by the more zealous of the
Presbyterian ecclesiastics to refuse the subscription, in hopes
that the bishops would not venture at once to expel so great a
number of the most popular preachers. The Catholic party
at court, who desired a great rent among the Protestants,
encouraged them in this obstinacy, and gave them hopes that
the king would protect them in their refusal. The king him-
self, by his irresolute conduct, contributed, either from design
or accident, to increase this opinion. Above all, the terms of
subscription had been made strict and rigid, on purpose id
disgust all the zealous and scrupulous among the Presbyte
rians, and deprive them of their livings. About two thousand
of the clergy, in one day, relinquished their cures ; and, to
the astonishment of the court, sacrificed their interest to their
religious tenets. Fortified by society in their sufferings, they
were resolved to undergo any hardships, rather than openly
renounce those principles, which, on other occasions, they
were so apt. from interest, to warp or elude. The church
enjoyed the pleasure of retaliation ; and even pushed, as
usual, the -vengeance farther than the offence. Luring the
dominion of the parliamentary party, a fifth of each living had
been left to the ejected clergyman ; but this indulgence, though
at first insisted on by the house of peers, was now refused
to the Presbyterians. However difficult to conciliate peace
among theologians, it was hoped by many, that some relaxa-
tion in the terms of communion might have kept the I'rcsby
iB niSTOKV OF ENGLAND f A. D IG62
tenans united to the church, and have cured those ecclesiastic
cal factions which had been so fatal, and were still so danger-
ous. Bishoprics were offered to Calamy, Baxter, and Rey-
nolds, leaders among the Presbyterians : the last only could bo
prevailed on to accept. Deaneries and other preferments were
refused by many.
The next measure of the king has not had the good fortune
to be justified by any party, but is often considered, on what
grounds I shall not determine, as one of the greatest mistakes,
if not blemishes, of his reign. It is the sale of Dunkirk to the
French. The parsimonious maxims of the parliament, and
the liberal, or rather careless disposition of Charles, were ill
suited to each other ; and notwithstanding the supplies voted
him, his treasury was still very empty and very much indebt-
ed. He had secretly received the sum of two hundred thou-
sand crowns from France for the support of Portugal, but the
forces sent over to that country, and the fleets maintained in
order to defend it, had already cost the king that sum, and,
together with it, near double the money which had been paid
as the queen's portion.* The time fixed for payment of his
sister's portion to the duke of Orleans was approaching. T an-
glers, a fortress from which great benefit was expected, was
become an additional burden to the crown ; and Rutherford,
who now commanded in Dunkirk, had increased the charge
of that garrison to a hundred and twenty thousand pounds a
year. These considerations had such influence, not only on
the king, but even on Clarendon, that this (incorrupt minister
was the most forward to advise accepting a sum of money in
iieu of a place which, he thought, the king, from the narrow
state of his revenue, was no longer able to retain. By the
treaty with Portugal, it was stipulated that Dunkirk should
never be yielded to the Spaniards ; France was therefore the
only purchaser that remained. D'Estrades was invited over
by a letter from the chancellor himself, in order to conclude
the bargain. Nino hundred thousand pounds were demanded :
one hundred thousand were offered. The English by degrees
lowered their demand ; the French raised their offer : and the
bargain was concluded at four hundred thousand pounds. The
artillery and stores were valued at a fifth of the sum.t The
* D»Estiad< s. 1 7th of August, 1C>62. There was above half nf fiva
hundred thoosSAt pounds really paid as tho queen's portion.
! D'Estrades, 21st of August, 12th of September. 1GG3.
A. D. 1662.] Charles n. 23
importance of this sale was not, at this time, sufficiently
known, either abroad or at home.* The French monarch
himself, so fond of acquisitions, and so good a judge of his
own interests, thought that he had made a hard bargain ; *
and this sum, in appearance so small, was the utmost which
he would allow his ambassador to offer.
A new incident discovered such a glimpse of the king's
character and principles as, at first, the nation was somewhat
at a loss how to interpret, but such as subsequent events, by
degrees, rendered sufficiently plain and manifest. He issued
a declaration on pretence of mitigating the rigors contained in
the act of uniformity. After expressing his firm resolution to
observe the general indemnity, and to trust entirely to the
affections of his subjects, not to any military power, for the
support of his throne, he mentioned the promises of liberty
of conscience contained in his declaration of Breda. And he
subjoined, that, " as in the first place he had been zealous to
settle the uniformity of the church of England, in discipline,
ceremony, and government, and shall ever constantly main
tain it, so, as for what concerns the penalties upon those who,
living peaceably, do not conform themselves thereunto, through
scruple and tenderness of misguided conscience, but modestly
and without scandal perform their devotions in their own way,
he should make it his special care, so far as in him lay, with-
out invading the freedom of parliament, to incline their wis-
dom, next approaching sessions, to concur with him in making
some such act for that purpose, as may enable him to exercise,
with a more universal satisfaction, that power of dispensing,
* It appears, however, from many of D'Estrade's letters, particu-
larly that of the 21st of August, 1GG1, that the king might have trans-
ferred Dunkirk to the parliament, who would not have refused to
bear the charges of it, but were unwilling to give money to the
king for that purpose. The king, on the other hand, was jealous lest
the parliament should acquire any separate dominion or authority in
a branch of administration which seemed so little to belong to them ;
a proof that the government was not yet settled into that compo-
sure and mutual confidence which is absolutely requisite for con-
ducting it.
t DTEstrades, 3d of October, 1662. The chief importance, indeed,
of Dunkirk to the English was, that it was able to distress their trade
when in the hands of the French : but it was Lewis XIV. who first
made it a good seaport. If ever England have occasion to transport
armies to the continent, it must be in support of some ally whoso
towns serve to the same purpose as Dunkirk wo-^d if in the hands of
the English.
80 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1 GCU
which he conceived to be inherent in him."* Here a most
important prerogative was exercised by the king ; but under
such artful reserves and limitations as might prevent the full
discussion of the claim, and obviate a breach between him and
his parliament. The foundation of this measure lay much
deeper, and was of the utmost consequence.
The king, during his exile, had imbibed strong prejudices
in favor of the Catholic religion ; and, according to the most
probable accounts, had already been secretly reconciled in
( brm to the church of Rome. The great zeal expressed by
the parliamentary party against all Papists, had always, from
a spirit of opposition, inclined the court and all the royalists to
adopt more favorable sentiments towards that sect, which,
through the whole course of the civil wars, had strenuously
supported the rights of the sovereign. The rigor, too, which
the king, during his abode in Scotland, had experienced from
the Presbyterians, disposed him to run into the other extreme,
and to bear a kindness to the party most opposite in its genius
to the severity of those religionists. The solicitations and
importunities of the queen mother, the contagion of the com-
pany which he frequented, the view of a more splendid and
courtly mode of worship, the hopes of indulgence in pleasure ,
all these causes operated powerfully on a young prince, whose
.careless and dissolute temper made him incapable of adhering
closely to the principles of his early education. But if the
thoughtless humor of Charles rendered him an easy convert
to Popery, the same disposition ever prevented the theological
tenets of that sect from taking any fast hold of him. During
his vigorous state of health, while his blood was warm and his
spirits high, a contempt and disregard to all religion held pos-
session of his mind ; and he might more properly be denom-
inated a deist than a Catholic. But in those revolutions of
temper, when the love of raillery gave place to reflection, and
his penetrating, but negligent understanding was clouded with
fears and apprehensions, he had starts of more sincere con-
viction ; and a sect which always possessed his inclination,
was then master of his judgment and opinion. t
But though the king thus fluctuated, during his whole reign,
between irreligion, which he more openly professed, and
* Kennet's Register, p. S.10.
t The author confesses, that the king's zeal lor Popery was apt at
intervals to go further than is here supposed, as appears from many
passages in James II. 'a Memoirs.
A.D I6b3.| CHARLES II. 31
Popery, to which he retained a secret propensity, his brother
the duke oi' York, had zealously adopted all the principles of
that theological party. His eager temper and narrow under-
standing made him a thorough convert, without any reserve
from interest, or doubts from reasoning and inquiry. By his
application to business, he had acquired a great ascendant over
the king ; who,, though possessed of more discernment, was
glad to throw the burden of affairs on the duke, of whom he
entertained little jealousy. On pretence of easing the Prot-
estant dissenters, they agreed upon a plan for introducing a
general toleration, and giving the Catholics the free exercise
of their religion ; at least the exercise of it in private houses.
The two brothers saw with pleasure so numerous and popular
a body of the clergy refuse conformity ; and it was hoped that,
under shelter of their name, the small and hated sect of the
Catholics might meet with favor and protection.
[1663.] But while the king pleaded his early promises of
toleration, and insisted on many other plausible topics, tho
parliament, who sat a little after the declaration was issued,
could by no means be satisfied with this measure. The de-
clared intention of easing the dissenters, and the secret purpose
of favoring the Catholics, were equally disagreeable to them ;
and in these prepossessions they were encouraged by the
king's ministers themselves, particularly the chancellor. The
house of commons represented to the king, that his declaration
of Breda contained no promise to the Presbyterians and other
dissenters, but only an expression of his intentions, upon sup-
position of the concurrence of parliament : that even if the
nonconformists had been entitled to plead a promise, they had
intrusted this claim, as all their other rights and privileges, to
the house of commons, who were their representatives, and
who now freed the king from that obligation : that it was not
to be supposed, that his majesty and the houses were so bound
by that declaration, as to be incapacitated from making any
laws which might be contrary to it : that even at the king's
restoration, there were laws of uniformity in force, which
could not be dispensed with but by act of parliament : and
that the indulgence intended would prove most pernicious both
to church and state, would open the door to schism, encourage
faction, disturb the public peace, and discredit the wisdom of
the legislature. The king did not think proper, after this
remonstrance, to insist any further at present on the project of
indulgence.
32 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1 003
In order lo deprive the Catholics of all hopes, the two houses
concurred in a remonstrance against them. The king gave a
gracious answer ; though he scrupled not to profess his gratitude
towards many of that persuasion, on account of their faithful
services in his father's cause and in his own. A proclama-
tion, for form's sake, was soon after issued against Jesuits and
Romish priests : but care was taken by the very terms of it,
to render it ineffectual. The parliament had allowed, that
all foreign priests, belonging to the two queens, should be
excepted, and that a permission for them to remain in Eng
land should still be granted. In the proclamation, the word
foreign was purposely omitted ; and the queens were thereby
authorized to give protection to as many English priests as
they should think proper.
That the king might reap some advantage from his com
pliances, however fallacious, he engaged the commons anew
into an examination of his revenue, which, chiefly by the
negligence in levying it, had proved, he said, much inferior to
the public charges. Notwithstanding the price of Dunkirk,
his debts, he complained, amounted to a considerable sum ;
and to satisfy the commons that the money formerly granted
him had not been prodigally expended, he offered to lay before
them the whole account of his disbursements. It is, however,
agreed on all hands, that the king, though during his banish-
ment he had managed his small and precarious income with
great order and economy, had now much abated of these vir-
tues, and was unable to make his royal revenues suffice for
his expenses. The commons, without entering into too nice
a disquisition, voted him four subsidies ; and this was the last
time that taxes were levied in that manner.
Several laws were made this session with regard to trade.
The militia also came under consideration, and some rules
were established for ordering and arming it. It was enacted,
that the king should have no power of keeping the militia
under arms above fourteen days in the year. The situation
of this island, together with its great naval power, has always
occasioned other means of security, however requisite, to be
much neglected among us : and the parliament showed here
a very superfluous jealousy of the king's strictness in dis-
ciplining the militia. The principles of liberty rather require
a contrary jealousy.
The earl of Bristol's friendship with Clarendon, which
had subsisted, with great intimacy, during their exile and tha
A.D 16G3.J CHARLES II. 32l
distresses of the lijal party, had been considerably impaired,
since the restoration, by the chancellor's refusing his assent to
some grants which Bristol had applied for to a court lady : and
a little after, the latter nobleman, agreeably to the impetuosity
and indiscretion of his temper, broke out against the minister
in the most outrageous manner. He even entered a charge
of treason against him before the house of peers , but had con-
certed his measures so imprudently, that the judges, when
consulted, declared, that neither for its matter nor its form
could the charge bo legally received. The articles indeed
resemble more the incoherent altercations of a passionate
enemy, than a serious accusation, fit to be discussed by a court
of judicature; and Bristol himself was so ashamed of his con-
duct and defeat, that he absconded during some time. Not-
withstanding his fine talents, his eloquence, his spirit, and hi3
courage, he could never regain the character which he lost by
this hasty and precipitate measure.
But though Clarendon was able to elude this rash assault,
his credit at court was sensibly declining ; and in proportion
as the king found himself established on the throne, he began
to alienate himself from a minister whose character was so
little suited to his own. Charles's favor for the Catholics was
always opposed by Clarendon, public liberty was secured
against all attempts of the over-zealous royalists, prodigal
grants of the king were checked or refused, and the dignity
of his own character was so much consulted by the chancellor,
that he made it an inviolable rule, as did also his friend South-
ampton, never to enter into any connection with the royal
mistresses. The king's favorite was Mrs. Palmer, afterwards
created duchess of Cleveland ; a woman prodigal, rapacious,
dissolute, violent, revengeful. She failed not in her turn to
undermine Clarendon's credit with his master ; and her suc-
cess was at this time made apparent to the whole world.
Secretary Nicholas, the chancellor's great friend, was removed
from his place ; and Sir Harry Bennet, his avowed enemy,
was advanced to that office. Bennet was soon after created
Lord Arlington.
Though the king's conduct had hitherto, since his restoration,
been in the main laudable, men of penetration began to observe,
that those virtues by which he had at first so much dazzled
and enchanted the nation, had great show, but not equal solid-
ity. His good understanding lost much of its influence by hia
want of application ; his bounty was more the result of a
34 HISTORY OF ENGLAND [A. D. 1663
facility of disposition than any generosity of character ; his
social humor led him frequently to neglect his dignity ; his
love of pleasure was not attended with proper sentiment and
decency ; and while he seemed to bear a good will to every
one that approached him, he had a heart not very capable of
friendship, and he had secretly entertained a very bad opinion
and distrust of mankind. But above all, what sullied his
character in the eyes of good judges, was his negligent ingrati-
tude towards the unfortunate cavaliers, whose zeal and suffer-
ings in the royal cause had known no bounds. This conduct,
however, in the king may, from the circumstances of his
situation and temper, admit of some excuse ; at least, of some
alleviation. As he had been restored more by the efforts of
his reconciled enemies than of his ancient friends, the former
pretended a title to share his favor ; and being from practice
acquainted with public business, they were better qualified to
execute any trust committed to them. The king's revenues
were far from being large, or even equal to his necessary ex
penses ; and his mistresses, and the companions of his mirth
and pleasures, gained by solicitation every request from his
easy temper. The very poverty to which the more zealous
royalists had reduced themselves, by rendering them insignifi-
cant, made them unfit to support the king's measures, and
caused him to deem them a useless encumbrance. And as
many false and ridiculous claims of merit were offered, his
natural indolence, averse to a strict discussion or inquiry, led
him to treat them all with equal indifference. The parliament
took some notice of the poor cavaliers. Sixty thousand pounds
were at one time distributed among them ; Mrs. Lane also
and the Penderells had handsome presents and pensions from
the king. But the greater part of the royalists still remained
in poverty and distress, aggravated by the cruel disappointment
in their sanguine hopes, and by seeing favor and preferment
bestowed upon their most inveterate foes. With regard to the
act of indemnity and oblivion, they universally said, that it
was an act of indemnity to the king's enemies, and of oblivion
to his friends.
A I> 1664.1 ciiahles it. 3S
CHAPTEIt LXIV.
CHARLB S II.
[1GG4.J The next session of parliament discovered a con
tinuance of the same principles which had prevailed in all
the foregoing. Monarchy and the church were still the ob-
jects of regard and affection. During no period of the present
reign did this spirit more evidently pass the bounds of reason
and moderation.
The king, in his speech to the parliament, had ventured
openly to demand a repeal of the triennial act ; and he even
went so far as to declare that, notwithstanding the law, he
never would allow any parliament to be assembled by the
methods prescribed in that statute. The parliament, without
taking offence at this declaration, repealed the law ; and in
lieu of all the securities formerly provided, satisfied themselves
with a general clause, " that parliament should not be inter-
rupted above three years at the most;" As the English par-
liament had now raised itself to be a regular check and con-
trol upon royal power, it is evident that they ought still to have
preserved a regular security for their meeting, and not have
trusted entirely to the good will of the king, who, if ambitious
or enterprising, had so little reason to be pleased with theso
assemblies. Before the end of Charles's reign, the nation had
occasion to feel very sensibly the effects of this repeal.
By the act of uniformity, every clergyman who should
officiate without being properly qualified, was punishable by
fine and imprisonment : but this security was not thought suf-
ficient for the church. It was now enacted, that, wherever
five persons above those of the same household should assem-
ble in a religious congregation, every one of them was liable,
for the first offence, to be imprisoned three months, or pay five
pounds ; for the second, to be imprisoned six months, or pay
ten pounds ; and for the third, to be transported seven years,
or pay a hundred pounds. The parliament had only in their
eye the malignity of the sectaries ; they should have carried
their attention further, to the chief cause of that malignity
the restraint under which they labored.
i<5 :IJSTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1061
Tlw commons likewise passed a vote, that the wrongs, dis-
honors, and indignities offered to the English by the subjects
of the United Provinces, were the greatest obstructions to all
foreign trade : and they promised to assist the king with their
lives and fortunes in asserting the rights of his crown against
all opposition whatsoever. This was the first open step to-
wards a Dutch war. We must explain the causes and motives
of this measure.
That close union and confederacy which, during a course
of near seventy years, has subsisted, almost without interrup-
tion or jealousy, between England and Holland, is not so much
founded on the natural, unalterable interests of these states, aa
on their terror of the growing power of the French monarch,
who, without their combination, it is apprehended, would soon
extend his dominion over Europe. In the first years of Charles's
reign, when the ambitious genius of Lewis had not as yet dis-
played itself, and when the great force of his people was in
some measure unknown even to themselves, the rivalship of
commerce, not checked by any other jealousy or apprehension,
had in England begotten a violent enmity against the neigh-
boring republic.
Trade was beginning among the English to be a matter of
general concern ; but notwithstanding ail their efforts and
advantages, their commerce seemed hitherto to stand upon a
footing which was somewhat precarious. The Dutah. who by
industry and frugality wore enabled to undersell them in every
market, retained possession of the most lucrative branches of
commerce ; and the English merchants had the mortification
to find, that all attempts to extend their trade were still turned,
by the vigilance of their rivals, to their loss and dishonor.
Their indignation increased, when they considered the supe-
rior naval power of England ; the bravery of her officers and
seamen ; her favorable situation, which enabled her to inter-
cept the whole Dutch commerce. By the prospect of these
advantages, they were strongly prompted, from motives less
just than political, to make war upon the states ; and at once
to ravish from them by force what they could not obtain, or
oould obtain but slowly, by superior skill and industry.
The careless, unambitious temper of Charles rendered him
little capable of forming so vast a project as that of engrossing
the commerce and naval power of Europe ; yet couli he not
remain altogether insensible to such obvious and such tempt-
ing prospects. His genius, happily turned towards meehanica
A.D. 1664] CHARLES II. 3?
had inclined him to study naval affairs, which, of all branehe?
of business, he both loved the most and understood the best.
Though the Dutch, during his exile, had expressed towards
him more civility and friendship than he had received from
any other foreign power, the Louvestein or aristocratic fac-
tion, which at this time ruled the commonwealth, had fallen
into close union with France ; and could that party be sub-
dued, he might hope that his nephew, the young prince of
Orange, would be reinstated in the authority possessed by his
ancestors, and would bring the states to a dependence under
England. His narrow revenues made it still requisite for him
to study the humors of his people, which now ran violently
towards war ; and it has been suspected, though the suspicion
was not justified by the event, that the hopes of diverting some
of the supplies to his private use were not overlooked by this
necessitous monarch.
The duke of York, more active and enterprising, pushed
more eagerly the war with Holland. He desired an oppor-
tunity of distinguishing himself; he loved to cultivate com-
merce : he was at the head of a new African company, whose
trade was extremely checked by the settlements of the Dutch :
and perhaps the religious prejudices by which that prince was
always so much governed, began, even so early, to instil into
him an antipathy against a Protestant commonwealth, the
bulwark of the reformation. Clarendon and Southampton,
observing that the nation was not supported by any foreign
alliance, were averse to hostilities ; but their credit was now
on the decline.
By these concurring motives, the court and parliament were
both of them inclined to a Dutch war. The parliament was
prorogued v/ithout voting supplies : but as they had been in-
duced, without any open application from the crown, to pass
that vote above mentioned against the Dutch encroachments,
it was reasonably considered as sufficient sanction for the
vigorous measures which were resolved on.
Downing, the English minister at the Hague, a man of an
insolent, impetuous temper, presented a memorial to the states,
containing a list of those depredations of which the English
complained. It is remarkable, that all the pretended depre-
dations preceded the year 1662, when a treaty of league and
alliance had been renewed with the Dutch ; and these com-
plaints were then thougnt either so ill grounded or so frivolous,
that they had not been mentioned in the treaty. Two ships
38 rll^TORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1604
alone, the Bona venture anJ. the Good Hope, had been claimed
by the English ; and it was agreed that the claim should be
prosecuted by the ordinary course of justice. The states had
consigned a sum of money, in case the cause should be decided
against them ; but the matter was still in dependence. Cary,
who was intrusted by the proprietors with the management
of the lawsuit for the Bonavcnture, had resolved to accept of
thirty thousand pounds, which were offered him ; but was hin-
dered by Downing, who told him that the claim was a matter
of state between the two nations, not a concern of private per-
sons.* These circumstances give us no favorable idea of the
justice of the English pretensions.
Charles confined not himself to memorials and remon-
strances. Sir Robert Holmes was secretly despatched with
a squadron of twenty-two ships to the coast of Africa. He
not only expelled the Dutch from Cape Corse, to which the
English had some pretensions ; he likewise seized the Dutch
settlements of Cape Verde and the Isle of Goree, together
with several ships trading on that coast. And having sailed
to America, he possessed himself of Nova Belgia, since called
New York ; a territory which James I. had given by patent
to the earl of Stirling, but which had never been planted but
by the Hollanders. When the states complained of these
hostile measures, the king, unwilling to avow what he could
not, well justify, pretended to be totally ignorant of Holmes's
enterprise. He likewise confined that admiral to the Tower ;
but some time after released him.
The Dutch, finding that their applications for redress were
likely to be eluded, and that a ground of quarrel was indus-
triously sought for by the English, began to arm with diligence.
They even exerted, with some precipitation, an act of vigor
which hastened on the rupture. Sir John Lawson and Do
Ruyter had been sent with combined squadrons into the Med-
iterranean, in order to chastise the piratical states on the coast
of Barbary ; and the time of their separation and return was
now approaching. The states secretly despatched orders to
De Buyter, that he should take in provisions at Cadiz ; and
sailing towards the coast of Guinea, should retaliate on the
English, and put the Dutch in possession of those settlements
whence Holmes had expelled them. De Buyter, having a
considerable force on board, met with no opposition in Guinea.
* Teinplo, vol. ii. p. 42.
A.D. 16b4] charles n. 39
A.L tlie now acquisitions of the English, except Cape Corse,
were recovered from them. They were even dispossessed of
some old settlements. Such of their ships as fell into hia
hands were seized by De Ruyter. That admiral sailed next
to America. He attacked Barbadoes, but was repulsed. Ho
afterwards committed hostilities on Long Island.
Meanwhile the English preparations ibr war were advancing
with vigor and industry. The king had received no supplies
from parliament ; but by his own funds and credit he was
enabled to equip a fleet : the city of London lent him one
hundred thousand pounds : the spirit of the nation seconded
his armaments : he himself went from port to port, inspecting
with great diligence, and encouraging the work; and in a
little time the English navy was put in a formidable condition.
Eight hundred thousand pounds are said to have been expended
on this armament. When Lawson arrived, and communicated
his suspicion of De Ruyter's enterprise, orders were issued
for seizing all Dutch ships ; and one hundred and thirty-five
fell into the hands of the English. These were not declared
prizes till afterwards, when war was proclaimed.
The parliament, when it met, granted a supply, the largest
by far that had ever been given to a king of England, yet
scarcely sufficient for the present undertaking. Near two
millions and a half were voted, to be levied by quarterly pay-
ments in three years. The avidity of the merchants, together
with the great prospect of success, had animated the whole
nation against the Dutch.
A great alteration was made this session in the method of
taxing the clergy. In almost all the other monarchies of
Europe, the assemblies, whose consent was formerly requisite
to the enacting of laws, were composed of three estates, the
clergy, the nobility, and the commonalty, which formed so
many members of the political body, of which the king was
considered as the head. In England too, the parliament was
always represented as consisting of three estates ; but their
separation was never so distinct as in other kingdoms. A con-
vocation, however, had usually sitten at the same time with
the parliament ; though they possessed not a negative voice in
the passing of laws, and assumed no other temporal power
than that of imposing taxes on the clergy. By reason of
ecclesiastical preferments, which he could bestow, the king's
influence over the church was more considerable than ovei
the laity ; so that the subsidies granted by the convocation,
♦0 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1GGA
were commonly greater than those which were voted hy par
liament. The church, therefore, was not displeased to depart
tacitly from the right of taxing herself, and allow the com-
mons to lay impositions on ccclesiastial revenues, as on tin
rest of the kingdom. In recompense, two suhsidies, which
the convocation had formerly granted, were remitted, and the
parochial clergy were allowed to vote at elections. Thus the
church of England made a barter of pov/er for profit. Their
convocations, having become insignificant to the crown, have
been much disused of late years.
The Dutch saw, with the utmost regret, a war approaching,
whence they might dread the most fatal consequences, but
which afforded no prospect of advantage. They tried every
art of negotiation, before they would come to extremities.
Their measures were at that time directed by John de Wit, a
minister equally eminent for greatness of mind, for capacity,
and for integrity. Though moderate in his private deport-
ment, he knew how to adopt in his public counsels that mag-
nanimity which suits the minister of a great state. It was
ever his maxim, that no independent government should yield
to another any evident point of reason or equity ; and that all
such concessions, so far from preventing war, served to no
other purpose than to provoke fresh claims and insults. By
his management a spirit of union was preserved in all the
provinces ; great sums were levied ; and a navy was equipped
composed of larger ships than the Dutch had ever built before
and able to cope with the fleet of England.
[1GG5.] As soon as certain intelligence arrived of De Ruy-
ter's enterprises, Charles declared war against the states. His
fleet, consisting of one hundred and fourteen sail, besides fire-
Bhips and ketches, was commanded by the duke of York, and
under him by Prince Rupert and the earl of Sandwich. It
had about twenty-two thousand men on board. Obdam, who
was admiral of the Dutch navy, of nearly equal force, declined
not the combat. In the heat of action, when engaged in close
fight with the duke of York, Obdam's ship blew up. This
accident much discouraged the Dutch, who fled towards their
own coast. Tromp alone, son of the famous admiral killed
during the former war, bravely sustained with his squadron
the efforts of the English, and protected the rear of his coun-
trymen. The vanquished had nineteen ships sunk and taken.
The victors lost only one. Sir John Lawson died soon after
of his wounds.
A.. D. 16G5] ciiarles n. 41
It is aifirmed, and with an appearance of reason, that thii
victory might have heen rendered more complete, had not
orders been issued to slacken sail by Brounker, one of the
duke's bed-chamber, who pretended authority from his master.
The duke disclaimed the orders ; but Brounker never wag
sufficiently punished for his temerity.* It is allowed, however,
that the duke behaved with great bravery during the action.
He was long in the thickest of the fire. The earl of Fal-
mouth Lord Muskerry, and Mr. Boyle, were killed by one
shot at his side, and covered him all over with their brains
and gore. And it is not likely, that, in a pursuit, where even
persons of inferior station, and of the most cowardly disposition
acquire courage, a commander should feel his spirits to flag,
and should turn from the back of an enemy, whose face he
had not been afraid to encounter.
This disaster threw the Dutch into consternation, and deter-
mined De Wit, who was the soul of their councils, to exert
his military capacity, in order to support the declining courage
of his countrymen. He went on board the fleet, which he
took under his command ; and he soon remedied all those
disorders which had been occasioned by the late misfortune.
The genius of this man was of the most extensive nature.
He quickly became as much master of naval affairs, as if he
had from his infancy been educated in them ; and he even
made improvements in some parts of pilotage and sailing
beyond what men expert in those arts had ever been able to
attain.
The misfortunes of the Dutch determined their allies to act
for their assistance and support. The king of France was
engaged in a defensive alliance with the states ; but as his
* King Jamoi, in his Memoirs, gives an account of this affair dif-
ferent from what wo meet with in any historian. He says, that,
while he was asleep, Brounker brought orders to Sir John Harman,
captain of the ship, to slacken sail. Sir John remonstrated, but
obeyed. After some time, finding that his falling back was likely to
produce confusion in the fleet, he hoisted the sail as before ; so that
the prince, coming soon after on the quarter deck, and finding all
things a* he left them, knew nothing of what had passed during his
repose. Nobody gave him the least intimation of it. It was long
liter that he heard of it, by a kind of accident; and he intended to
have punished Brounker by martial law ; but just about that time the
house of commons tock up the question, and impeached him, which
made it impossible for the duke to punish him otherwise than by dis-
missing him his service Brounker, before the house, never pretended
that ho had received anj orders from the duke.
42 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. I"). 1C65
•laval fuT3c was yet in its infancy, he was extremely averse,
at that tune, from entering into a war with so ibrmidable a
power as England. lie long tried to mediate a peace be-
tween the states, and for that purpose sent an embassy to
London, which returned without ellecting any thing. Lord
Hollis, the English ambassador at Paris, endeavored to draw
over Lewis to the side oi' England ; and, in his master's name,
made him the most tempting offers. Charles was content to
abandon all the Spauish Low Countries to the French, without
pretending to a loot of ground for himself, provided Lewis
would allow him to pursue bis advantages against the Dutch.*
But the French monarch, though the conquest oi' that valuable
territory was the chief object of his ambition, rejected the
offer as contrary to his interests : he thought, that if the Eng-
lish had once established an uncontrollable dominion over the
pea and ovo-r commerce, they would soon be able to render
nis acquisitions a dear purchase to him. When De Lionnc,
the French secretary, assured Van Beuninghen, ambassador
of the states, that this offer had been pressed on his master
during six months, " I can readily believe it," replied the
Dutchman ; " I am sensible that it is the interest of Eng-
land." t
Such were the established maxims at that time with regard
to the interests of princes. It must, however, be allowed, that
the politics of Charles, in making this offer, were not a little
hazardous. The extreme weakness of Spain would have
rendered the French conquests easy and infallible ; but the
vigor of the Dutch, it might be foreseen, would make the suc-
cess of the English much more precarious. And even were
the naval force of Holland totally annihilated, the acquisition
of the Dutch commerce to England could not be relied on as
a certain consequence ; nor is trade a constant attendant of
power, but depends on many other, and some of them very
delicate, circumstances.
Though the king of France was resolved to support the
Hollanders in that unequal contest in which they were engaged,
he yet protracted his declaration, and employed the time in
naval preparations, both in the ocean and the Mediterranean.
The king of Denmark, meanwhile, was resolved not to remain
an idle spectator of the contest between the maritime powers.
The part which he acted was the most extraordinary : he
* D'Estrailes, Decern )cr 19, 1G64.
t D'Estratles. Ausus 14. 1665.
A.D.I 665.] charles n. 43
made a secret agreement with Charles to seize all the Dutch
ships in his harbors, and to share the spoils with the English,
provided they would assist him in executing this measure
In order to increase his prey, he perfidiously invited the Dutch
to take shelter in his ports ; and accordingly the East India
fleet, very richly laden, had put into Bergen. Sandwich, who
now commanded the English navy, (the duke having gone
ashore,) despatched Sir Thomas Tiddiman with a squadron
to attack them ; but whether from the king of Denmark's
delay in sending orders to the governor, or, what is more
probable, from his avidity in endeavoring to engross the whole
booty, the English admiral, though he behaved with great
bravery, failed of his purpose. The Danish governor fired
upon him ; and the Dutch, having had leisure to fortify them-
selves, made a gallant resistance.
The king of Denmark, seemingly ashamed of his conduct,
concluded with Sir Gilbert Talbot, the English envoy, an
offensive alliance against the states ; and at the very same
time, his resident at the Hague, by his orders, concluded an
offensive alliance against England. To this latter alliance he
adhered, probably from jealousy of the increasing naval power
of England ; and he seized and confiscated all the English
ships in his harbors This was a sensible check to the advan-
tages which Charles had obtained over the Dutch. Not only
a blow was given to the English commerce ; the king of Den-
mark's naval force was also considerable, and threatened every
moment a conjunction with the Hollanders. That prince
stipulated to assist his ally with a fleet of thirty sail ; and he
received in return a yearly subsidy of one million five hun-
dred thousand crowns, of which three hundred thousand were
paid by France.
The king endeavored to counterbalance these confederacies
by acquiring new friends and allies. He had despatched Sir
Richard Fanshaw into Spain, who met with a very cold recep-
tion. That monarchy was sunk into a state of weakness, and
was menaced with an invasion from France ; yet could not
any motive prevail with Philip to enter into cordial friendship
with England. Charles's alliance with Portugal, the detention
of Jamaica and Tangiers, the sale of Dunkirk to the French ;
all these offences sunk so deep in the mind of the Spanish
monarch, that no motive of interest was sufficient to outweigh
them.
The bishop of Munster was the only ally that Charles could
44 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [ A. D. 16C5
acquire. This prelate, a man of resile-:;-' enterprise and ambi-
tion, had entertained a violent animosity against the states ,
and he was easily engaged, by the promise of subsidies from
England, to make an incursion on that republic. With a tu-
multuary army of near twenty thousand men, he invaded her
territories, and met with weak resistance. The land foroea
of the states were as feeble and ill governed, as their fleets
were gallant and formidable. But after his committing great
ravages in several of the provinces, a stop was put to the prog
ress of this warlike prelate. He had not military skill sufn
ciont to improve the advantages which fortune had put into his
hands : the king of France sent a body of six thousand mer
to oppose him : subsidies were not regularly remitted him
from England ; and many of his troops deserted for want of
pay : the elector of Brandenburgh threatened him with an
invasion in his own state ; and on the whole, he was glad t<
conclude a peace under the mediation of France. On the
first surmise of his intentions, Sir William Temple was sent
from London with money to fix him in his former alliance ;
but found that he arrived too late.
The Dutch, encouraged by all these favorable circumstances,
continued resolute to exert themselves to the utmost in their
own defence. De Ruyter, their great admiral, was arrived
from his expedition to Guinea : their Indian fleet was coma
home in safety : their harbors v/ere crowded with merchant
ships : faction at home was appeased : the young prince of
Orange had put himself under the tuition of the states of
Holland, and of De Wit, their pensionary, who executed his
trust with honor and fidelity ; and the animosity which the
Hollanders entertained against the attack of the English, so
unprovoked, as they thought it, made them thirst for revenge,
and hope for better success in their next enterprise. Such
vigor was exerted in the common cause, that, in order to man
the fleet, all merchant ships were prohibited to sail, and even
the fisheries were suspended.*
The English likewise continued in the same disposition,
though another more grievous calamity had joined itself to
that of war. The plague had broken out in London ; and
that with such violence as to cut o(F, in a year, near ninety
thousand inhabitants. The king was obliged to summon tha
parliament at Oxford.
* T romp's Life. D'Estrades, February 5, 1665.
A..D. 16GG.J charles ii. 45
A good agreement still subsisted between the king and par-
liament. They, on their part, unanimously voted him the
supply demanded, twelve hundred and fifty thousand pounds,
to be levied in two years, by monthly assessments. And he,
to gratify them, passed the five-mile act, which has given
occasion to grievous and not unjust complaints. The church,
under pretence of guarding monarchy against its inveterate
enemies, persevered in the project of wreaking her own en-
mity against the nonconformists. It Was enacted, that no dis-
senting teacher, who took not the nonrcsistance oath above
mentioned, should, except upon the road, come within five
miles of any corporation, or of any place, where he had
preached after the act of oblivion. The penalty was a fine
of fifty pounds, and six months' imprisonment. By ejecting
the nonconforming clergy from their churches, and prohibiting
all separate congregations, they had been rendered incapable
of gaining any livelihood by their spiritual profession. And
now, under color of removing them from places where their
influence might be dangerous, an expedient was fallen upon
to deprive them of all means of subsistence. Had not the
spirit of the nation undergone a change, these violences were
preludes to the most furious persecution.
However prevalent the hierarchy, this law did not pass
without opposition. Besides several peers, attached to the
old parliamentary party, Southampton himself, though Claren-
don's great friend, expressed his disapprobation of these meas-
ures. But the church party, not discouraged with this opposi-
tion, introduced into the house of commons a bill for imposing
the oath of nonrcsistance on the whole nation. It was rejected
only by three voices. The parliament, after a short session,
was prorogued.
[1666.] Alter France had declared war, England was evi
dently overmatched in force. Yet she possessed this advantage
by her situation, that she lay between the fleets of her enemies,
and might be able, by speedy and well-concerted operations, to
prevent their junction. But such was the unhappy conduct
of her commanders, or such the want of intelligence in her
ministers, that this circumstance turned rather to her preju-
dice. Lewis had given criers to the duke of Beaufort, hia
admiral, to sail from Toulon ; and the French squadron under
his command, consisting of above forty sail,* was now com-
monly supposed to be entering the Channel. The Dutch
* D'Estrades, May &1; 1666.
46 IIISTORr OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1060
fleet, to the number of seventy-six sail, was al sea, under the
command of De Iluyter and Tromp, in order to join him.
The duke of Albemarle and Prince Rupert commanded the
English fleet, which exceeded not seventy-four sail. Albe
marie, who, from his successes under the protector, had too
■nuch learned to despise the enemy, proposed to detach Prince
.Rupert with twenty ships, in order to oppose the duke ot
Beaufort. Sir George Ayscue, well acquainted with tho
bravery and conduct of De ILuyter, protested against the
temerity of this resolution : but Albemarle's authority pre-
vailed. The remainder of the English set sail to give battle to
the Dutch ; who, seeing the enemy advance quickly upon them,
cut their cables, and prepared for the combat. The battlt
that ensued is one of the most memorable that we read of in
story ; whether we consider its long duration, or the desperates
courage with which it was fought. Albemarle made hero
some atonement by his valor for the rashness of the attempt.
No youth, animated by glory and ambitious hopes, could exert
himself morG than did this man, who was now in the decline
of life, and who had reached the summit of honors. We
shall not enter minutely into particulars. It will be sufficient
to mention the chief events of each day's engagement.
In the first day, Sir William Berkeley, vice-admiral, leading
the van, fell into the thickest of the enemy, was overpowered,
and his ship taken. He himself was found dead in his cabin,
all covered with blood. The English had the weather-gage
of the enemy ; but as the wind blew so hard that they could
jiot use their lower tier, they derived but small advantage from
this circumstance. The Dutch shot, however, fell chiefly on
their sails and rigging ; and lew ships were sunk or much
damaged. Chain-shot was at that time a new invention ;
commonly attributed to De Wit. Sir John Harman exerted
himself extremely on this day. The Dutch admiral, Evertz,
was killed in engaging him. Darkness parted the combatants.
The second day, the wind was somewhat fallen, and the
combat became more steady and more terrible. The English
now found, that the greatest valor cannot compensate the
superiority of numbers, against an enemy who is well con-
ducted, and who is not defective in courage. De Ivuyter and
Van Tromp, rivals in glory and enemies from faction, exerted
themselves in emulation of each other ; and De Ruyter had
the advantage of disengaging and saving his antagonist who
had been surrounded by the English, and was in the most
A.D. 1GGC] charles n, 47
imminent danger. Sixteen fresh ships joined the Dutch fleet
during the action : and the English were so shattered, thai
their fighting ships were reduced to twenty-eight, and they
found themselves obliged to retreat towards their own coast,
The Dutch followed them, and were on the point of renewing
the combat ; when a calm, which came a little before night,
prevented the engagement.
Next morning, the English were obliged to continue their
retreat ; and a proper disposition was made for that purpose.
The shattered ships were ordered to stretch ahead ; and six-
teen of the most entire followed them in good order, and kept
the enemy in awe. Albemarle himself closed the rear, and
presented an undaunted countenance to his victorious foes.
The earl of Ossory, son of Ormond, a gallant youth, who
sought honor and experience in. every action throughout
Europe, was then on board the admiral. Albemarle confessed
to him his intention rather to blow up his ship and perish glc-
riously, than yield to the enemy. Ossory applauded this det
pcrate resolution.
About two o'clock, the Dutch had come up with their ene-
my, and were ready to renew the fight ; when a new fleet wfifl
descried from the south, crowding all their sail to reach the
scene of action. The Dutch flattered themselves that Beau-
fort was arrived to cut off the retreat of the vanquished : the
English hoped, that Prince Rupert had come, to turn the scale
of action. Albemarle, who had received intelligence of the
prince's approach, bent his course towards him. Unhappily,
Sir George Ayscue, in a ship of a hundred guns, the largest
in the fleet, struck on the Galloper sands, and could receive
no assistance from his friends, who were hastening to join the
reinforcement. He could not even reap the consolation of
perishing with honor, and revenging his death on his enemies.
They were preparing fire-ships to attack him, and he was
obliged to strike. The English sailors, seeing the necessity,
with the utmost indignation surrendered themselves prisoners.
Albemarle and Prince Rupert were now determined to face
the enemy ; and next morning, the battle began afresh, with
more equal force than ever, and with equal valor. After long
cannonading, the fleets came to a close combat; which was
continued with great violence, till parted by a mist. The
English retired first into their harbors.
Though the English, by their obstinate courage, rea] eel the
chief honor in this engagement it is somewhat uncertain whe
4^ history or KlIGLAND [A. D. 1666
obtained the victory- The Hollanders took a lew ships ; and
having some appearances of advantage, expressed their satis-
faction by all the signs of triumph and rejoicing. But as the
English fleet was repaired in a little time, and put to sea
more formidable than ever, together with many of those ships
which the Dutch had boasted to have burned or destroyed, all
Europe saw, that those two brave nations were engaged in a
contest which was not likely, on either side, to prove decisive.
I .vas the conjunction alone of the French, that could give
a decisive superiority to the Dutch. In order to facilitate this
conjunction, De Ruyter, having repaired his fleet, posted him-
self at the mouth of the Thames. The English, under prince
Rupert and Albemarle, were not long in coming to the attack.
The numbers of each fleet amounted to about eighty sail ;
and the valor and experience of the commanders, as well as
of the seamen, rendered the engagement fierce and obstinate.
Sir Thomas Allen, who commanded the white squadron of
the English, attacked the Dutch van, which he entirely routed ;
and he killed the three admirals who commanded it. Van
Tromp engaged Sir Jeremy Smith ; and during the heat of
action, he was separated from De Ruyter and the main body,
whether by accident or design was never certainly known
De Ruyter, with conduct and valor, maintained the combat
against the main body of the English ; and, though over-
powered by numbers, kept his station, till night ended the
engagement. Next day, finding the Dutch fleet scattered and
discouraged, his high spirit submitted to a retreat, which yet
he conducted with such skill, as to render it equally honorable
to himself as the greatest victory. Full of indignation, how-
ever, at yielding the superiority to the enemy, he frequently
oxciaimed, " My God ! what a wretch am I ! Among so many
thousand bullets, is there not one to put an end to my misera-
ble life ? " One De Witte, his son-in-law, who stood near,
exhorted him, since he sought death, to turn upon the English,
and render his life a dear purchase to the victors. But De
Ruyter esteemed it more worthy a brave man to persevere to
the uttermost, and, as long as possible, to render service to his
counrry. All that night and next day, the English pressed
upon the rear of the Dutch ; and it was chiefly by the re
doubled efforts of De Ruyter, that the latter saved themselves
in their harbors.
loss sustained by the Hollanders Lri this action, was not
very considerable ; but as violent animosities had broken oui
A.L). I066.J CHARLES II. 49
between the two admirals, who engaged ail the officers on
one side or other, the consternation which took place was
great among the provinces. Tromp's commission was at last
taken from him ; but though several captains had misbehaved,
they were so effectually protected by their friends in the ma-
gistracy of the towns, that most of them escaped punishment,
and many were still continued in their commands.
The English now rode incontestable masters of the sea, and
insulted the Dutch in their harbors. A detachment under
Holmes was sent into the road of Vlie, and burned a hundred
and forty merchantmen, two men-of-war, together with Bran-
daris, a large and rich village on the coast. The Dutch mer-
chants, who lost by this enterprise, uniting themselves to the
Orange faction, exclaimed against an administration which,
they pretended, had brought such disgrace and ruin on their
country. None but the firm and intrepid mind of De Wit
could have supported itself under such a complication of
calamities.
The king of France, apprehensive that the Dutch would
sink under their misfortunes, at least that De Wit, his friend,
might be dispossessed of the administration, hastened the ad-
vance of the duke of Beaufort. The Dutch fleet likewise
was again equipped ; and under the command of De R-uyter,
cruised near the Straits of Dover. Prince Rupert with the
English navy, now stronger than ever, came full sail upon
thorn. The Dutch admiral thought proper to decline the
combat, and retired into St. John's road, near Bulloigne.
Here he sheltered himself, both from the English, and from
a furious storm which arose. Prince Rupert, too, was obliged
to retire into St. Helens ; where he staid some time, in
order to repair the damages which he had sustained. Mean-
while the duke of Beaufort proceeded up the Channel, and
passed the English fleet unperceived ; but he did not find the
Dutch, as he expected. De Ruyter had been seized with a
fever : many of the chief officers had fallen into sickness : a
contagious distemper was spread through the fleet : and the
states thought it necessary to recall them into their harbors,
before the enemy should be refitted. The French king, anx-
ious for his navy, which with so much care and industry he
nad so lately built, despatched orders to Beaufort, to make tho
best of his way to Brest. That admiral had again the good
brtune to pass the English. One ship alone, 1he R iby, felJ
nto the hands of the enemy.
vol. vi — C
50 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A.Lv 1666
While the war continued without any decisive success on
either side, a calamity happened in London which threw the
people into great consternation. Fire, breaking out in a
baker's house near the bridge, spread itself on all sides with
such rapidity, that no eflbrts could extinguish it, till it laid in
ashes a considerable part of the city. The inhabitants, with-
out being able to provide effectually for their relief, were
reduced to be spectators of their own ruin ; and were pursued
from street to street by the flames, which unexpectedly gath-
ered round them. Three days and nights did the lire advance ;
and it was only by the blowing up of houses that it was at
last extinguished. The king and duke used their utmost en-
deavors to stop the progress of the flames ; hat all their industry
was unsuccessful. About four hundred streets and thirteen
thousand houses were reduced to ashes.
The causes of this calamity were evident. The narrow
*ireets of London, the houses built entirely of wood, the dry
neason, and a violent east wind which blew ; these were so
many concurring circumstances, which rendered it easy to
assign the reason of the destruction that ensued. But the
people were not satisfied with this obvious account. Prompted
by blind rage, some ascribed the guilt to the republicans,
others to the Catholics ; though it is not easy to conceive how
the burning of London could serve the purposes of either
party. As the Papists were the chief objects of public detest-
ation, the rumor which threw the guilt on them was more
favorably received by the people. No proof, however, or even
presumption, after the strictest inquiry by a committee of par-
liament, ever appeared to authorize such a calumny ; yet, in
order to give countenance to the popular prejudice, the inscrip-
tion, engraved by authority on the monument, ascribed this
calamity to that hated sect. This clause was erased by ordci
of King James, when he came to the throne ; but after the
revolution it was replaced : so credulous, as well as obstinate,
are the people in believing every thing which flatters theii
prevailing passion.
The fire of London, though at that time a great calamity,
has proved in the issue beneficial both to the city and tho
kingdom. The city was rebuilt in a very little time ; ana
care was taken to make the streets wider and more regular
than before. A discretionary power was assumed by tho
king U regulate the distribution of the buildings, and to forbid
f.lie use of lath and timber, the materials of which the house*
A. D. 1666.] CHARLES IT, 5.1
were formerly composed The necessity was bo urgent, and
the occasion so extraordinary that no exceptions were taken
at an exercise of authority which otherwise might have been
deemed illegal. Had the king been enabled to carry hi?
power still further, and made the houses be rebuilt with perfect
regularity, and entirely upon one plan, he had much con-
tributed to the convenience, as well as embellishment of the
city. Great advantages, however, have resulted from the
alterations, though not carried to the full length. London
became much more healthy after the fire. The plague, which
used to break out with great fury twice or thrice every cen-
tury, and indeed was always lurking in some corner or other
of the. city, has scarcely ever appeared since that calamity.
The parliament met soon after, and gave the sanction of
law to those regulations made by royal authority ; as well aa
appointed commissioners for deciding all such questions of
property as might arise from the fire. They likewise voted a
supply of one million eight hundred thousand pounds, to bo
levied, partly by a poll-bill, partly by assessments. Though
their inquiry brought out no proofs which could fix on the
Papists the burning of London, the general aversion against
that sect still prevailed ; and complaints were made, probably
without much foundation, of its dangerous increase. Charles,
at the desire of the commons, issued a proclamation for tho
banishment of all priests and Jesuits ; but the bad execution
of this, as well as of former edicts, destroyed all confidence in
his sincerity, whenever he pretended an aversion towards the
Catholic religion. Whether suspicions of this nature had
diminished the king's popularity is uncertain ; but it appears
that the supply was voted much later than Charles expected,
or even than the public necessities seemed to require. The in-
trigues of the duke of Buckingham, a man who wanted only
steadiness to make him extremely dangerous, had somewhat
embarrassed the measures of the court : and this was the first
time that the king found any considerable reason to complain
of a failure of confidence in this house of commons. The
rising symptoms of ill humor tended, no doubt, to quicken tho
steps which were already making towards a peace with foreign
enemies.
Charles began to be sensible, that all the ends for which
the war had been undertaken were likely to prove entirely
abortive. The Dutch, even when single, had defended them-
selves with vigor, and were every day improving in thou
62 HISTORY OF ENGLAND [A. D. 1667.
military skill and preparations. [16G7.] Though th<dr trade
hud suffered extremely, their extensive credit enabled then)
to levy great sums ; and while the seamen of England loudly
complained of want of pay. the Dutch navy was regularly sup-
plied with money and every thing requisite for its subsistence
As two powerful kings now supported them, every place, from
the extremity of Norway to the coasts of Bayonne, was become
hostile to the English. And Charles, neither fond of action,
nor stimulated by any violent ambition, earnestly sought for
means of restoring tranquillity to his people, disgusted with a
war, which, being joined with the plague and lire, had proved
bo fruitless and destructive.
The first advances towards an accommodation were made
by England. When the king sent for the body of Sir William
Berkeley, he insinuated to the states his desire of peace on
reasonable terms ; and their answer corresponded in the same
amicable intentions. Charles, however, to maintain the ap-
pearance of superiority, still insisted that the states should
treat at London ; and they agreed to make him this compli-
ment so far as concerned themselves : but being engaged in
alliance with two crowned heads, they could not. they said,
prevail with these to depart in that respect from their dignity.
On a sudden, the king went so far on the other side as to offer
the sending of ambassadors to the Hague ; but this proposal,
which seemed honorable to the Dutch, was meant only to
divide and distract them, by affording the English an opportu-
nity to carry on cabals with the disaffected party. The offer
was therefore rejected ; and conferences were secretly held
in the queen mother's apartments at Paris, where the pre-
tensions of both parties were discussed. The Dutch made
equitable proposals ; either that all things should be restored
to the same condition in which they stood before the war, or
that both parties should continue in possession of their present
acquisitions. Charles accepted of the latter proposal ; and
almost every thing was adjusted, except the disputes with
regard to the Isle of Polerone. This island lies in the East
Indies, and was formerly valuable for its produce of spices.
The English had been masters of it, but were dispossessed at
the time when the violences were committed against them at
Amboyna. Cromwell had stipulated to have it restored ; and
the Hollanders, having first entirely destroyed all tbe spice
trees, maintained that they had executed the treaty, but that
the English had bo^u anew expelled during the course of the
A. D. 1GG7.J CIIARLKS II. f>3
war. Charles renewed his pretensions to this island ; arid as
the reasons on both sides began to multiply, and seemed tc
require a long discussion, it was agreed to transfer the treaty
to some other place ; and Charles made choice of Breda.
Lord Hollis and Henry Coventry were the English ambas-
sadors. They immediately desired that a suspension of arms
should be agreed to, till the several claims should be adjusted ,
but this proposal, seemingly so natural, was rejected by the
credit of De Wit. That penetrating and active minister
thoroughly acquainted with the characters of princes and the
situation of affairs, had discovered an opportunity of striking
a blow, which might at once restore to the Dutch the honor
lost during the war, and severely revenge those injuries
which he ascribed to the wanton ambition and injustice of the
English.
Whatever projects might have been formed by Charles for
secreting the money granted him by parliament, he had
hitherto failed in his intention. The expenses of such vast
armaments had exhausted all the supplies,* and even a great
debt was contracted to the seamen. The king, therefore, was
resolved to save, as far as possible, the last supply of one million
eight hundred thousand pounds ; and to employ it for payment
of his debts, as well those which had been occasioned by the
war, as those which he had formerly contracted. He observed,
that the Dutch had been with great reluctance forced into the
war, and that the events of it were not such as to inspire them
with great desire of its continuance. The French, he knew,
had been engaged into hostilities by no other motive than that
of supporting their ally ; and were now more desirous than
ever of putting an end of the quarrel. The differences between
the parties were so inconsiderable, that the conclusion of peace
appeared infallible ; and nothing but forms, at least some vain
points of honor, seemed to remain for th.? ambassadors at
Breda to discuss. In this situation, Charles, moved by an
ill-timed frugality, remitted his preparations, and exposed Eng
land to one of the greatest affronts which it has ever received.
Two small squadrons alone were equipped ; and during a war
* The Dutch had spent on the war near forty millions of livres a
year, about three millions sterling ; a much greater sum than had been
granted by the English parliament. D'Estrades, December 24, 1G65.
January 1, 16(36. Temple, vol. i. p. 71. It was probably the want of
money which engaged the king to pay the seamen with tickets; a c«o?
trivance which proved so much to their lrss
64 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A.D. 1C67.
with such potent and martial enemies, every thing was loft
almost in the same situation as in times of the most profound
tranquillity.
De Wit protracted the negotiations at Breda, and hastened
the naval preparations. The Dutch fleet appeared in the
Thames, under the commond of De Huyter, and threw the
English into the utmost consternation. A chain had been
drawn across the River Med way ; some fortifications had
been added to Sheemess and Upnore Castle ; but all these
preparations were unequal to the present necessity. Sheerness
was soon taken ; nor could it be saved by the valor of Sir
Edward Sprague, who defended it. Having the advantage
of a spring tide and an easterly wind, the Dutch pressed on,
and broke the chain, though fortified by some ships, which
had been there sunk by orders of the duke of Albemarle.
They burned the three ships which lay to guard the chain —
the Matthias, the Unity, and the Charles V. After damaging
several vessels, and possessing themselves of the hull of the
Royal Charles, which the English had burned, they advanced
with six men-of-war and five fire-ships as far as Upnore Castle,
where they burned the Royal Oak, the Loyal London, and
the great James. Captain Douglas, who commanded on
board the Royal Oak, perished in the flames, though he had
an easy opportunity of escaping. " Never was it known,"
he said, " that a Douglas had left his post without orders."*
The Hollanders fell down the Medway without receiving any
considerable damage ; and it was apprehended, that they
might next tide sail up the Thames, and extend their hostili-
ties even to the bridge of London. Nine ships were sunk at
Woolwich, four at Blackwall : platforms were raised in many
places, furnished with artillery ; the train bands were called
out, and every place was in a violent agitation. The Dutch
sailed next to Portsmouth, where they made a fruitless attempt :
they met with no better success at Plymouth : they insulted
Harwich : they sailed again up the Thames as far as Tilbury,
where they were repulsed. The whole coast was in alarm ;
and had the French thought proper at this time to join the
Dutch fleet, and to invade England, consequences the most
Sutal might justly have been apprehended. But Lewis had no
intention to push the victory to such extremities. His interest
required that a balance should be kept between the two rnari-
* Temple, vol. ii. p. 41.
A..D. 1GG7.J CHARLES II. 00
time powers ; not that an uncontrolled superiority should be
given to either.
Great indignation prevailed amongst the English, to see an
enemy, whom they regarded as inferior, whom they had
expected totally to subdue, and over whom they had gained
many honorable advantages, now of a sudden ride undisputed
masters of the ocean, burn their ships in their very harbors,
fill every place with confusion, and strike a terror into the
capital itself. But though the cause of all these disasters
could be ascribed neither to bad fortune, to the misconduct of
admirals, nor to the ill behavior of seamen, but solely to the
avarice, at least to the improvidence, of the government, no
dangerous symptoms of discontent appeared, and no attempt
for an insurrection was made by any of those numerous sec
taries who had been so openly branded for their rebellious
principles, and who, upon that supposition, had been treated
with such severity.*
In the present distress, two expedients were embraced : an
Army of twelve thousand men was suddenly levied ; and the
parliament, though it lay under prorogation, was summoned
to meet. The houses were very thin ; and the only vote
which the commons passed, was an address for breaking the
army ; which was complied with. This expression of jealousy
showed the court what they might expect from that assembly
and it was thought more prudent to prorogue them till next
winter.
But the signing of the treaty at Breda extricated the king
from his present difficulties. The English ambassadors
received orders to recede from those demands, which, how-
ever frivolous in themselves, could not now b* relinquished
without acknowledging a superiority in the enemy. Poleronc
remained with the Dutch ; satisfaction for the ships Bonaven-
ture and Good Hope, the pretended grounds of the quarrel,
was no longer insisted on ; Acadie was yielded to the French.
The acquisition of New York, a settlement so important by its
situation, was the chief advantage which the English reaped
from a war, in which the national character of bravery had
Bhone out with lustre, but where the misconduct of the
* Some nonconformists, however, both in Scotland and England,
had kept a correspondence with the states, and had entertained pro-
jects for insurrections; "but they were too weak e\en to attempt the
execution of them. D'Estntdes, October 13, 166.1.
OS HISTORY OF ENGLAND. f A. P 1667
government, especially ic the conclusi mi, had been uo lesi
apparent.
To appease the people by some sacrifice seemed requisite
before the meeting of parliament ; and the prejudices of the
nation pointed out the victim. The chancellor was at this
time much exposed to the hatred of the public, and of every
party which divided the nation. All the numerous sectaries
regarded him as their determined enemy ; and ascribed to his
advice and influence those persecuting laws to which they
had lately been exposed. The Catholics knew, that while he
retained any authority, all their credit with the king and the
duke would be entirely useless to them, nor must they evei
expect any favor or indulgence. Even the royalists, disap-
pointed in their sanguine hopss of preferment, threw a great
load of envy on Clarendon, into whose hands the king seemed
at first to have resigned the whole power of government.
The sale of Dunkirk, the bad payment of the seamen, the
disgrace at Chatham, the unsuccessful conclusion of the war ;
all these misfortunes were charged on the chancellor, who,
though he had ever opposed the rupture with Holland, thought
it still his duty to justify what he could not prevent. A build-
li.g, likewise, of more expense and magnificence than his
slender fortune could afford, being unwarily undertaken by
him, much exposed him to public reproach, as if he had ac-
quired great riches by corruption. The populace gave it.
commonly the appellation of Dunkirk House.
The king himself, who had always more revered than loved
the chancellor, was now totally estranged from him. Amidst
the dissolute manners of the court, that minister still main-
tained an inflexible dignity, and would not submit to any con
descensions which he deemed unworthy of his age and char-
acter. Buckingham, a man of profligate morals, happy in his
talent for ridicule, but exposed in his own conduct to all the
ridicule which he threw on others, still made him the object
of his raillery, and gradually lessened in the king that regard
which he bore to his minister. When any difficulties arose,
either for want of power or money, the blame was still thrown
on him, who, it was believed, had carefully at the restoration
checked all lavish concessions to the king. And what, per-
haps, touched Charles more nearly, he found in Clarendon, it
is said, obstacles to his pleasures, as well as to his ambition.
The king, disgusted with the homely person of his consort,
and desirous of having children, had hearkened to proposal*
A. D. 1667.1 charles n. 57
of obtaining a divoroj, on pretence either of her being pro
engaged to another, or having made a vow of chastity before
her marriage. He was further stimulated by lus passion ibi
Mrs. Stuart, daughter of a Scotch gentleman ; a lady of great
beauty, and whose virtue he had hitherto found impregnable
but Clarendon, apprehensive of the consequences attending a
disputed title, and perhaps anxious for the succession of his
own grandchildren, engaged the duke of Richmond to marry
Mrs. Stuart, and thereby put an end to the king's hopes
It is pretended that Charles never forgave this disappoint
ment.
When politics, therefore, and inclination both concurred to
make the king sacrifice Clarendon to popular prejudices, the
memory of his past services was not able any longer to delay
his fall. The great seal was taken from him, and given to Si?
Orlando Bridgeman, by the title of lord keeper. Southamp-
ton, the treasurer, was now dead, who had persevered to the
utmost in his attachments to the chancellor. The last time
he appeared at the council table, he exerted his friendship
with a vigor which neither age nor infirmities could abate
" This man," said he, speaking of Clarendon, " is a true Prot-
estant, and an honest Englishman ; and while he enjoys
power, we are secure of our laws, liberties, and religion. I
dread the consequences of his removal."
But the fall of the chancellor was not sufficient to gratify
the malice of his enemies : his total ruin was resolved on.
The duke of York in vain exerted his interest in behalf of his
father-in-law. Both prince and people united in promoting
that violent measure ; and no means were thought so proper
for ingratiating the court with a parliament, which had so
long been governed by that very minister who was now to bo
the victim of their prejudices.
Some popular acts paved the way for the session ; and
the parliament, in their first address, gave the king thanks
lor these instances of his goodness ; and, among the rest,
they took care to mention his dismission of Clarendon. The
king, in reply, assured the houses, that he would never
again employ that nobleman in any public office whatso-
ever. Immediately the charge against him A*as opened in
the house of commons by Mr. Seymour, afterwards Sir Ed-
ward, and consisted of seventeen articles. The house, with-
out examining particulars, further than hearing general af
{Irmations that all would bo proved, immediately voted his
68 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [AD. 1067
impeachment. Many of the articles* we know to he eithei
false or frivolous ; and such of them as we are less acquainted
with, we may fairly presume to be no better grounded. His
advising the sale of Dunkirk seems the heaviest and truest
part of the charge ; but a mistake in judgment, allowing it
to be such, where there appear no symptoms of corruption or
bad intentions, it would be very hard to impute as a crime- to
any minister. The king's necessities, which occasioned that
measure, cannot with any appearance of reason be charged on
Clarendon ; and chiefly proceeded from the over frugal max-
ims of the parliament itself, in not granting the proper supplies
to the crown.
When the impeachment was carried up to the peers, as it
contained an accusation of treason in general, without specify-
ing any particulars, it seemed not a sufficient ground for com-
mitting Clarendon to custody. The precedents of Strafford
and Laud were not, by reason of the violence of the times
deemed a proper authority ; but as the commons still insisted
upon his commitment, it was necessary to appoint a free con-
ference between the houses. The lords persevered in their
resolution ; and the commons voted this conduct to be an
obstruction to public justice, and a precedent of evil and dan-
gerous tendency. They also chose a committee to draw up a
vindication of their own proceedings.
Clarendon, finding that the popular torrent, united to the
violence of power, ran with impetuosity against him, and that
a defence offered to such prejudiced cars would be entirely in-
effectual, thought proper to withdraw. At Calais he wrote a
paper addressed to the house of lords. He there said, that
his fortune, which was but moderate, had been gained entirely
by the lawful, avowed profits of his office, and by the volun-
tary bounty of the king ; that, during the first years after the
restoration, he had always concurred in opinion with the
other counsellors, men of such reputation that no one could
entertain suspicions of their wisdom or integrity : that his
credit soon declined ; and however he might disapprove of
some measures, he found it vain to oppose them ; that his
repugnance to the Dutch war, the source of all the public
grievances, was always generally known, as well as his disap-
probation of many unhappy steps taken :,n conducting it : and
that, whatever pretence might be made of public offences,
* See note A, at the end of the volume.
A.D 16G7.J ciiarles a. 63
his real crime 1hat which had exasperated his powcrfi.l ene-
mies, was his frequent opposition to exorbitant grants, which
the importunity of suitors had extorted from his majesty.
The lords transmitted this paper to the commons, under the
appellation of a libel ; and by a vote of both houses it was
condemned to be burned by the hands of the hangman. The
parliament next proceeded to exert their legislative power
against Clarendon, and passed a bill of banishment and inca-
pacity which received the royal assent. He retired into
France, where he lived in a private manner. He survived his
banishment six years ; and he employed his leisure chiefly in
reducing into order the History of the Civil Wars, for which
he n<id before collected materials. The performance does
honor to his memory ; and, except Whitlocke's Memorials, is
the most candid account of those times composed by any con
temporary author.
Clarendon was always a friend to the liberty and constitu
tion of his country. At the commencement of the civil wars,
He had entered into the late king's service, and was honored
with a great share in the esteem and friendship of that mon-
arch : he was pursued with unrelenting animosity by the long
parliament : he had shared all the fortunes and directed all
the counsels of the present king during his exile : he had been
advanced to the highest trust and offices after the restoration :
yet all these circumstances, which might naturally operate
with such force, either on resentment, gratitude, or ambition,
had no influence on his uncorrupted mind. It is said, that
when he first engaged in the study of the law, his father
exhorted him with great earnestness to shun the practice, too
common in that profession, of straining every point in favor
of prerogative, and perverting so useful a science to the
oppression of liberty ; and in the midst of these rational and
virtuous counsels, which he reiterated, he was suddenly seized
With an apoplexy, and expired in his son's presence. This
circumstance gave additional weight to the principles which
ne inculcated.
The combination of king and subject to oppress so good a
minister, affords to men of opposite dispositions an equal occa-
sion of inveighing against the ingratitude of princes, or igno-
rance of the people. Charles seems never to have mitigated
his resentment against Clarendon ; and the national prejudices
pursued him to his retreat in France. A company of English
soldiers, being quartered near him, assaulted his house, broke
CO HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A.D.I 668
open the doors, gave him a dangerous wound on the head, and
would have proceeded to the last extremities, had not their
officers, hearing of the violence, happily interposed.
[1C68.| The next expedient which the king embraced in
crdor to acquire popularity, is more deserving of praise ; and,
had it been steadily pursued, would probably have rendered
his reign happy, certainly his memory respected. It is the
triple alliance of which I speak ; a measure which gave entire
satisfaction to the public.
The glory of France, which had long been eclipsed, either by
jUmestic factions, or by the superior force of the Spanish mon-
archy, began now to break out with great lustre, and to engage
the attention of the neighboring nations. The independent
power and mutinous spirit of the nobility were subdued ; the
popular pretensions of the parliament restrained ; the Hugonot
party reduced to subjection : that extensive and fertile country,
enjoying every advantage both of climate and situation, was
fully peopled with ingenious and industrious inhabitants : and
while the spirit of the nation discovered all the vigor and
bravery requisite for great enterprises, it was tamed to an
entire submission under the will of the sovereign.
The sovereign wno now filled the throne was well adapted,
by his personal character, both to increase and to avail him-
self of these advantages. Lewis XIV., endowed with every
quality which could enchant the people, possessed many which
merit the approbation of the wise. The masculine beauty of
his person was embellished with a noble air : the dignity of
his behavior was tempered with affability and politeness : ele-
gant without elleminacy, addicted to pleasure without neglect-
ing business, decent in his very vices, and beloved in the midst
of arbitrary power, he surpassed all contemporary monarchs
as in grandeur, so likewise in fame and glory.
His ambition, regulated by prudence, not by justice, had
carefully provided every means of conquest ; and before he
put himself in motion, he seemed to have absolutely insured
success. His finances were brought into order ; a naval
power created ; his armies increased and disciplined ; maga-
zines and military stores provided ; and though the magnifi-
cence of his court was supported beyond all former examplo,
so regular was the economy observed, and so willingly did the
people, now enriched by arts and commerce, submit to multi-
plied taxes, that his military force much exceeded what in any
preceding age bad ever beei) employed by any European
monarch
A.D. 16bS.l CHARLES II bl
The sudden decline, and almost total ;'all of the Spanish
monarchy, opened an inviting field to so enterprising a prince,
and seemed to promise him easy and extensive conquests. The
other nations of Europe iecble or ill governed, were astonished
at the greatness of his rising empire ; and all of them cast their
eyes towards England, as the only power which could save
them from that subjection with which they seemed to be sr
nearly threatened.
The animosity which had anciently subsisted between the
English and French nations, and which had been suspended
for above a century by the jealousy of Spanish greatness, began
to revive and to exert itself. The glory of preserving the
balance of Europe, a glory so much founded on justice and
humanity, flattered the ambition of England ; and the people
were eager to provide for their own future security, by opposing
the progress of so hated a rival. The prospect of embracing
such measures had contributed, among other reasons, to render
the peace of Breda so universally acceptable to the nation.
By the death of Philip IV., king of Spain, an inviting oppor-
tunity, and some very slender pretences, had been afforded to
call forth the ambition of Lewis.
At the treaty of the Pyrenees, when Lewis espoused the
Spanish princess, he had renounced every title of succession
to every part of the Spanish monarchy ; and this renunciation
had been couched in the most accurate and most precise terms
that language can afford. But on the death of his father-in-
law, he retracted his renunciation, and pretended that natural
rights, depending on blood and succession, could not be anni-
hilated by any extorted deed or contract. Philip had left a
son, Charles II. of Spain ; but as the queen of France was
of a former marriage, she laid claim to a considerable province
of the Spanish monarchy, even to the exclusion of her brother.
By the customs of some parts of Brabant, a female of a first
marriage was preferred to a male of a second, in the succession
to private inheritances ; and Lewis thence inferred, that his
queen had acquired a right to the dominion of that important
duchy.
A claim of this nature was more properly supported by
military force than by argument and reasoning. Lewis
appeared on the frontiers of the Netherlands with an army
of forty thousand men, comiiandcd by the best generals of
the age, and provided with every thing necessary for action.
The Spaniards, though they might have foreseen this measure,
bti HISTORY OP KNGLAND. [A. D. 1668
were totally unprepared. Their towns, without magazines,
fortifications, or garrisons, fell into the hands of the French
king, as soon as he presented himself before them. Athe,
Lisle, Tournay, Oudenarde, Courtray, Charlerci, Einche, were
immediately taken : and it was visible, that no force in the
Low Countries was able to stop or retard the progress of the
French arms.
This measure, executed with such celerity and success,
gave great alarm to almost every court in Europe. It had
been observed with what dignity, or even haughtiness, Lewis,
from the time he began to govern, had ever supported all his
rights and pretensions. D'Estrades, the French ambassador,
and Watteville, the Spanish, having quarrelled in London, on
account of their claims for precedency, the French monarch
was not satisfied, till Spain sent to Paris a solemn embassy,
and promised never more to revive such contests. Crequi.
his ambassador at Rome, had met with an affront from the
pope's guards : the pope, Alexander VII., had been constrained
to break his guards, to send his nephew to ask pardon, and to
allow a pillar to be erected in Home itself, as a monument
of his own humiliation. The king of England too had ex-
perienced the high spirit and unsubmitting temper of Lewis.
A pretension to superiority in the English flag having been
advanced, the French monarch remonstrated with such vigor,
and prepared himself to resist with such courage, that Charles
found it more prudent to desist from his vain and antiquated
claims. " The king of England," said Lewis to his ambas-
sador D'Estrades, " may know my force, but he knows not
the sentiments of my heart : every thing appears to me con-
temptible in comparison of glory."* These measures of con-
duct had given strong indications of his character : but the
invasion of Flanders discovered an ambition, which, being
supported by such overgrown power, menaced the general
liberties of Europe.
As no state lay nearer the danger, none was seized with
more terror than the United Provinces. They were still
engaged, together with France, in a war against England ;
and Lewis had promised them, that he would take no step
against Spain without previously informing them : but, con-
trary to this assurance, he kept a total silence, till on the very
point of entering upon action. If the renunciation made at
* January 25, 1CC2.
A. D. 1668.] charles n. 63
the treaty of the Pyrenees was not valid, it was foreseen, tha
upon the death of the king of Spain, a sickly infant, the whole
monarchy would be claimed by Lewis ; after which it would
be vainly expected to set bounds to his pretensions. Charles,
acquainted with these well-grounded apprehensions of the
Dutch, had been the more obstinate in insisting on his own
conditions at Breda ; and by delaying to sign the treaty, had
imprudently exposed himself to the signal disgrace which he
received at Chatham. De Wit, sensible that a few weeks'
delay would be of no consequence in the Low Countries, took
this opportunity of striking an important blow, and of finishing
the war with honor to himself and to his country.
Negotiations meanwhile commenced for the saving of Flan-
ders ; but no resistance was made to the French arms. The
Spanish ministers exclaimed every where against the flagrant
injustice of Lewis's pretensions, and represented it to be the
interest of every power in Europe, even more than of Spain
itself, to prevent his conquest of the Low Countries. The
emperor and the German princes discovered evident symptoms
of discontent ; but their motions were slow and backward.
The states, though terrified at the prospect of having theii
frontier exposed to so formidable a foe, saw no resource, no
means of safety. England indeed seemed disposed to make
opposition to the French ; but the variable and impolitic con-
duct of Charles kept that republic from making him any open
advances, by which she might lose the friendship of France,
without acquiring any new ally. And though Lewis, dreading
a combination of all Europe, had offered terms of accommoda-
tion, the Dutch apprehended lest these, either from the obsti-
nacy of the Spaniards, or the ambition of the French, would
never be carried into execution.
Charles resolved with great prudence to take the first step
towards a confederacy. Sir William Temple, his resident at
Brussels, received orders to go secretly to the Hague, and to
concert with the states the means of saving the Netherlands.
This man, whom philosophy had taught to despise the world,
without rendering him unlit for it, was frank, open, sincere,
superior to the little tricks of vulgar politicians ; and meeting
in De Wit with a man of the same generous and enlarged
sentiments, he immediately opened his master's intentions,
and pressed a speedy conclusion. A treaty was from the first
negotiated between these two statesmen with the same cor-
diality as if it were a ynivate transaction between intimate
b4 HISTOEV OF ENG1 *ND. [AD. ] 068
companions. Deeming the interests of their country the same,
they gave full scope to that sympathy of character, which dis-
posed them to an entire reliance on each other's profession:)
and engagements. And though jealousy against the house of
Orange might inspire De Wit with an aversion tc a strict union
with England, he generously resolved to sacrifice all private
considerations to the public service.
Temple insisted on an offensive league between England
and Holland, in order to oblige France to relinquish all her
conquests : but De Wit told him, that this measure was too
bold and precipitate to be agreed to by the states. He said
that the French were the old and constant allies of the repub-
lic ; and till matters came to extremities, she never would
deem it prudent to abandon a friendship so well established,
and rely entirely on a treaty with England, which had lately
waged so cruel a war against her : that ever since the reign
of Elizabeth, there had been such a fluctuation in the English
councils, that it was not possible, for two years together, to
take any sure or certain measures with that kingdom : that
though the present ministry, having entered into views so con-
formable to national interest, promised greater firmness and
constancy, it might still be unsafe, in a business of such con
sequence, to put entire confidence in them : that the French
monarch was young, haughty, and powerful ; and if treated
in so imperious a manner, would expose himself to the greatest
extremities rather than submit : that it was sufficient, if he
could be constrained to adhere to the offivs which he him
self had already made, and if the remaining provinces of
the Low Countries could be thereby saved from the danger
with which they were at present threatened : and that the
other powers in Germany and the north, whose assistance
they might expect, would be satisfied with putting a stop to
the French conquests, without pretending to recover the places
already lost.
The English minister was content to accept of the terms
proposed by the pensionary. Lewis had offered to relinquish
all the queen's rights, on condition either of keeping the con-
quests which he had made last campaign, or of receiving, in
lieu of them, Franche Compte, together with Cambray, Aire,
and St Omers. De Wit and Temple founded their treaty
upon this proposal. They agreed to offer their mediation to
the contending powers, and oblige France to adhere to this
alternative, and Spain to accept of it. If Spain refused, they
A. D. 1668.] cii.vrles n. 66
agreed that France ihould not prosecute her claim by arms,
but leave it entirely to England and Holland to employ force
for making the terms effectual. And the remainder of tin*
Low Countries they thenceforth guarantied to Spain. A de-
fensive alliance was likewise concluded between Holland and
England.
The articles of this confederacy were soon adjusted by such
candid and able negotiators : but the greatest difficulty still
remained. By the constitution of the republic, all the towns
in all the provinces must give their consent to every alliance ;
and besides that this formality could not be despatched in less
than two months, it was justly to be dreaded that the influence
of France would obstruct the passing of the treaty in some ol
the smaller cities. D'Estrades, the French ambassador, a
man of abilities, hearing of the league which was on the
carpet, treated it lightly. " Six weeks hence," said he, " we
shall speak to it." To obviate this difficulty, De Wit had
the courage, for the public good, to break through the laws in
so fundamental an article ; and by his authority, he prevailed
with the states general at once to sign and ratify the league :
though they acknowledged that, if that measure should dis-
please their constituents, they risked their heads by this irreg-
ularity. After sealing, all parties embraced with great cor-
diality. Temple cried out, "At Breda, as friends: here, as
brothers." And De Wit added, that now the matter was fin-
ished, it looked like a miracle.
Boom had been left in the treaty for the accession of Swe-
den, which was soon after obtained ; and thus was concluded
in five days the triple league ; uu event received with equal
surprise and approbation by the world. Notwithstanding the
unfortunate conclusion of the last war, England now appeared
in her proper station, and, by this wise conduct, had recovered
all her influence and credit in Europe. Temple likewise re-
ceived great applause ; but to all the compliments made him
on the occasion, he modestly replied, that to remove things
from their centre, or proper element, required force and labor ;
but that of themselves they easily returned to it.
The French monarch wrs extremely displeased with this
measure. Not only bounds were at present set to his ambi-
tion , such a barrier was also raised as seemed forever impreg-
nable. And though his own offer was made the foundation
of the treaty, he had prescribed so short a time for the accept-
ance of it, that he still expected, from the delays and reluc*
66 HISTORY OF FNGLAND. [A. D. 1668
tance of Spain, to find some opportunity of eluding it. Tht
court of Madrid showed equal displeasure. To relinquish any
part of the Spanish provinces, in lieu of claims so apparently
unjust, and these urged with such violence and naughtiness,
inspired the iiighcst disgust. Often did the Spaniards threaten
to abandon entirely the Low Countries, rather than submit to
so cruel a mortification ; and they endeavored, by this menace,
to terrify the mediating powers into more vigorous measures
for their support. But Temple and De Wit were better ac-
quainted with the views and interests of Spain. They knew
that she must still retain the Low Countries, as a bond of con-
nection with the other European powers, who alone, if her
young monarch should happen to die without issue, could
insure her independency against the pretensions of France.
They still urged, therefore, the terms of the triple league, and
threatened Spain with war in case of refusal. The plenipo-
tentiaries of all the powers met at Aix-la-Chapellc. Temple,
was minister for England ; Van Beuninghen for Holland ;
D'Ohna for Sweden.
Spain at last, pressed on all hands, accepted of the alterna-
tive offered ; but in her very compliance, she gave strong
symptoms of ill humor and discontent. It had been apparent
that the Hollanders, entirely neglecting the honor of the
Spanish monarchy, had been anxious only for their own secu-
rity ; and, provided they could remove Lewis to a distance
from their frontier, were more indifferent what progress he
made in other places. Sensible of these views, the queen
regent of Spain resolved still to keep them in an anxiety,
which might for the future be the foundation of a union
more intimate than they were willing at present to enter into.
Franche Compte, by a vigorous and well-concerted plan of
the French king, had been conquered in fifteen days, during
a rigorous season, and in the midst of winter. She chose
therefore to recover this province, and to abandon all the
towns conquered in Flanders during the last campaign. By
this means Lewis extended his garrisons into the heart of the
Low Countries ; and a very feeble barrier remained to the
Spanish provinces.
But notwithstanding the advantages of his situation, the
French monarch could entertain small hopes of ever extend-
ing his conquests on that quarter, which lay the most exposed
to his ambition, and where his acquisitions were of most im-
portance. The triple Hague guarantied the remaining rrov
A.D. 1668.1 Charles n. 07
iuces to Spain ; and the emperor and other powers of Ger
many, whose interest seemed to be intimately eotieerned, wera
invited to enter into the same confederacy, Spain herself
having about this time, under the mediation of Charles, made
peace on equal terms with Portugal, might be expected to ex-
ert more vigor and opposition to her haughty and triumphant
rival. The great satisfaction expressed in England on account
of the counsels now embraced by the- court, promised the
hearty concurrence of parliament in every measure which
could be proposed for opposition to the grandeur of France.
And thus all Europe seemed to repose herself with security
under the wings of that powerful confederacy which had been
so happily formed for her protection. It is now time to give
some account of the state of affairs in Scotland and in Ireland.
The Scottish nation, though they had never been subject
to the arbitrary power of their prince, had but very imperfect
notions of law and liberty ; and scarcely in any age had they
ever enjoyed an administration which had confined itself with-
in the proper boundaries. By their final union alone with
England, their once hated adversary, they have happily at-
tained the experience of a government perfectly regular, and
exempt from all violence and injustice. Charles, from his
aversion to business, had intrusted the affairs of that country
to his ministers, particularly Middleton ; and these could not
forbear making very extraordinary stretches of authority.
There had been intercepted a letter, written by Lord Lome
to Lord DufFus, in which, a little too plainly, but veiy truly,
he complained, that his enemies had endeavored by falsehood
to prepossess the king against him. But he said, that he had
now discovered them, had defeated them, and had gained the
person, meaning the earl of Clarendon, upon whom the chief
of them depended. This letter was produced before the par
liament ; and Lome was tried upon an old, tyrannical, absurd
law against leasing-niaking ; by which it was rendered crimi-
nal to belie the subjects to the king, or create in him an ill
opinion of them. He was condemned to die : but Charle3
was much displeased with the sentence, and granted him a
pardon.*
It was carried in parliament, that twelve persons, without
crime, witness, trial, or accuser, should be declared incapable
of all trust or office ; and to render this injustice more egre-
* Burnet, p 149.
68 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. l'C(j8
gious, it was agreed, that these persons should bo named bj
Fallot ; a method of voting which several republics had adopt-
ed at elections, in order to prevent faction and intrigue ; bu (
which could serve only as a cover to malice and iniquity in
the inflicting of punishments. Lauderdale, Crawford, and Sii
Robert Murray, among others, were incapacitated : but the
king, who disapproved of this injustice, refused his assent.*
An act was passed against all persons who should move the
king for restoring the children of those who were attainted by
parliament ; an unheard-of restraint on applications for grace
and mercy. No penalty was affixed ; but the act. was but
the more violent and tyrannical on that account. The court
lawyers had established it as a maxim, that the assigning of
a punishment was a limitation of the crown ; whereas a law
forbidding any thing, though without a penalty, made the ol-
fenders criminal. And in that case, they determined that the
punishment was arbitrary ; only that it could not extend to
life. Middleton, as commissioner, passed this act ; though he
had no instructions for that purpose.
An act of indemnity passed ; but at the same time it was
voted, that all those who had offended during the late dis
orders, should be subjected to fines ; and a committee of par
liament was appointed for imposing them. These proceeded
without any regard to some equitable rules which the king
had prescribed to them.f The most obnoxious compounded
secretly. No consideration was had, either of men's riches,
or of the degrees of their guilt : no proofs were produced .
inquiries were not so much as made : but as fast as informa-
tion was given in against any man, he was marked down for a
particular fine : and all was transacted in a secret committee
When the list was read in parliament, exceptions were made
to several : some had been under age during the civil wars ;
some had been abroad. But it was still replied, that a proper
time would come when every man should be heard in his own
defence. The only intention, it was said, of setting the fines
was, that such persons should have no benefit by the act of
indemnity, unless they paid the sum demanded : every one
that chose to stand upon his innocence, and renounce the
benefit of the indemnity, might do it at his peril, it was well
known, that no one would dare so far to set at defiance so
arbitrary an administration. The king wrote to the council
* Burne', p. 159 t Burnet, p. 147.
A. D. lGGS.r CHARLES II. Ofl
ordering them to supersede the levying of those fines : bir. Mid-
dleton found means, during some time, to elude these orders.*
And at last, the king obliged his ministers to compound for
half the sums which had been imposed. In all these trans-
actions, and in most others which passed during the present
reign, we still rind the moderating hand of the king interposed
to protect the Scots from the oppressions which their own
countrymen, employed in the ministry, were desirous of exer-
cising over them.
But the chief circumstance whence were derived all the
subsequent tyranny and disorders in Scotland, was the execu-
tion of the laws for the establishment of Episcopacy ; a mode
of government to which a great part of the nation had enter-
tained an unsurmountable aversion. The rights of patrons had
lor some years been abolished ; and the power of electing
ministers had been vested in the kirk session and lay elders.
It was now enacted, that all incumbents who had been admit-
ted upon this title, should receive a presentation from the
patron, and should be instituted anew by the bishop, under the
penalty of deprivation. The more rigid Presbyterians con-
certed measures among themselves, and refused obedience .
they imagined that their number would protect them. Three
hundred and fifty parishes, above a third of the kingdom, were
at once declared vacant. The western counties chiefly were
obstinate in this particular. New ministers were sought for
all over the kingdom ; and no one was so ignorant or vicious
as to be rejected. The people, who loved extremely and
respected their former teachers ; men remarkable for the
severity of their manners, and their fervor in preaching ; were
inflamed against these intruders, who had obtained their livings
under such invidious circumstances, and who took no care, by
the regularity of their manners, to soften the prejudices enter-
tained against them. Even most of those who retained then
livings by compliance, fell under the imputation of hypocrisy,
either by their showing a disgust to the new model of ecclesi-
astical government which they had acknowledged ; or, on the
other hand, by declaring, that their former adherence to Pres-
bytery and the covenant had been the result of violence and
necessity. And as Middleton and the new ministry indulged
themselves in great riot and disorder, to which the nation had
been little accustomed, an opinion universally prevailed, that
* Burnet, p. 201 .
70 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A D. \ G68.
any form of religion, offered by such hands, must he profane
and impious.
The people, notwithstanding their discontents, were resolved
to give no handle against them, hy the least symptom of
mutiny or sedition : but this submissive disposition, instead of
procuring a mitigation of the rigors, was made use of as an
argument for continuing the same measures, which, by their
vigor, it was pretended, had produced so prompt an obedience.
The king, however, was disgusted with the violence of Mid-
dlcton;* and he made Rothes commissioner in his place
This nobleman was already president of the council; and soon
after was made lord keeper and treasurer. Lauderdale still
continued secretary of state, and commonly resided at London.
Affairs remained in a peaceable state, till the severe law
was made in England against conventicles.f The Scottish
parliament imitated that violence, by passing a like act. A
kind of high comrmVsion court was appointed by the privy
council, for executing this rigorous law, and for the direction
of ecclesiastical affairs. But even this court, illegal as it
might be deemed, was much preferable to the method next
adopted. Military force was let loose by the council. Wher-
ever the people had generally forsaken their churches, the
guards were quartered throughout the country. Sir James
Turner commanded them, a man whose natural ferocity of
temper was often inflamed by the use of strong liquors. Ho
went about, and received from the clergy lists of those who
absented themselves from church, or were supposed to fre-
quent conventicles. Without any proof or legal conviction,
he demanded a fine from them, and quartered soldiers on th«
supposed delinquents, till he received payment. As an insur-
rection was dreaded during the Dutch war, new forces were
levied, and intrusted to the command of Dalziel and Drum-
mond ; two officers who had served the king during the civil
wars, and had afterwards engaged in the service of Russia,
where they had increased the native cruelty of their disposition.
A full career was given to their tyranny by the Scottish min-
istry. Representations were made to the king against I ;
enormities. He seemed touched with the state of the country ,
and besides giving orders that the ecclesiastical commission
should be discontinued, he signified his opinion, that anothui
way of proceeding was necessary for his service. $
• Burnet, p. 202. t 1 004. 1 B'irnct, p. 213
A. D 1GGS.] CHARLES II. 71
Tliis lenity of the king's came loo late to remedy the
disorders. The people, inflamed with bigotry, and irritated
by ill usage, rose in arms. They were instigated by Guthry,
Semple, and other preachers. They surprised Turner in
Dumfries, and resolved to have put him to death ; but finding
that his orders, which fell into their hands, were more violent
than his execution of them, they spared his life. At Laneric,
after many prayers, they renewed the covenant, and pub-
lished their manifesto ; in which they professed all submission
to the king : they desired only the reestablisment of Presby-
tery, and of their former ministers. As many gentlemen of
their party had been confined on suspicion, Wallace and Lear-
mont, two officers who had served, but in no high rank, were
intrusted by the populace with the command. Their force
never exceeded two thousand men ; and though the country
in general bore them favor, men's spirits were so subdued,
that the rebels could expect no further accession by numbers.
Dalzicl took the field to oppose their progress. Their number
was now diminished to eight hundred ; and these, having
advanced near Edinburgh, attempted to find their way back
into the west by Pentland Hills. They were attacked by the
king's forces.* Finding that they could not escape, they
stopped their march. Their clergy endeavored to infuse
courage into them. After singing some psalms, the rebels
turned on the enemy ; and being assisted by the advantage of
the ground, they received the first charge very resolutely.
But that was all the action : immediately they fell into dis-
order, and fled for their lives. About forty were killed on the
spot, and a hundred and thirty taken prisoners. The rest,
favored by the night, and by the weariness, and even by the
pity of the king's troops, made their escape.
The oppressions wheh these people had suffered, the delu-
sions under which they labored, and their inoffensive behavior
during the insurrection, made them the objects of compassion :
yet were the king's ministers, particularly Sharpe, resolved to
take severe vengeance. Ten were hanged on one gibbet at
Edinburgh ; thirty-five before their own doors in different
places. These criminals might all have saved their lives, ii
they woirld have renounced the covenant. The executions
were going on, when the king put a stop to them. He said,
that blood t-.nough had already been shed ; and he wrote a
fetter to the privy council, in which he ordered, that sivih of
* November 28, 1G0G.
72 UISTORY OF ENGLAND. f A. D. 1063.
the prisoners as should simply promise to obey the laws hi
the future, should be set at liberty, and that the incorrigible
b/.ould be sent to the plantations.* This letter was brought
by Burnet, archbishop of Glasgow ; but not being immediately
delivered to the council by Sharpe, the president,! one Mac-
cail had in the interval been put to the torture, under winch
he expired. He seemed to die in an ecstasy of joy. " Fare-
well, sun, moon, and stars ; farewell, world and time ; farewell,
weak and frail body : welcome, eternity ; welcome, angels and
saints ; welcome, Savior of the world ; and welcome, God, the
Judge of all!" Such were his last words : and these animated
speeches he uttered with an accent and a manner which struck
all the bystanders with astonishment.
The settlement of Ireland, after the restoration was a work
of greater difficulty than that of England, or even of Scot-
land. Not only the power, during the former usurpations,
had there been vested in the king's enemies ; the whole prop-
erty, in a manner, of the kingdom had also been changed ;
and it became necessary to redress, but with as little violence
as possible, many grievous hardships and iniquities which were
there complained of.
The Irish Catholics had in 1648 concluded a treaty with
Ormond, the king's lieutenant ; in which they had stipulated
pardon for. their past rebellion, and had engaged, under certain
conditions, to assist the royal cause : and though the violence
of the priests and the bigotry of the people had prevented, in
a great measure, the execution of this treaty, yet were there
many, who, having strictly, at the hazard of their lives, adhered
to it, seemed on that account well entitled to reap the fruits
of their loyalty. Cromwell, having without distinction ex-
pelled all the native Irish from the three provinces of Munster,
Leinster, and Ulster, had confined them to Connaught and
the county of Clare ; and among those who had thus been for-
feited, were many whose innocence was altogether unquestion-
able. Several Protestants likewise, and Ormond among the
rest, had all along opposed the Irish rebellion ; yet having
afterwards embraced the king's cause against the parliament,
they were all of them attainted by Cromwell. And thero
were many officers who had from the commencement of the
insurrection served in Ireland, and who, because they would
not desert the king, bad been iefused all their arrears by the
English common wealth .
* Burnet, p. 237. t Wodrow's History, vol. i. p. 255
A.D. 1668.J chaules ii. 73
To all these unhappy sufferers some justice ssemed tj be
due : but the difficulty was, to find the means ®f redressing
such great and extensive iniquities. Almost all the valuable
parts of Ireland had been measured out and divided, either to
the adventurers, who had lent money to the parliament for the
suppression of the Irish rebellion, or to the soldiers, who had
received land in lieu of their arrears. These could not be
dispossessed, because they were the most powerful and only
armed part of Ireland ; because it was requisite to favor them,
in order to support the Protestant and English interest in that
kingdom ; and because they had generally, with a seeming
zeal and alacrity, concurred in the king's restoration. The
king, therefore, issued a proclamation, in which he promised
to maintain their settlement, and at the same time engaged to
give redress to the innocent sufferers. There was a quantity
of land as yet undivided in Ireland ; and from this and some
other funds, it was thought possible for the king to fulfil both
tlu'Ee engagements.
A. court of claims was erected, consisting altogether of
Ej glish commissioners, who had no connection with any of
tho parties into which Ireland was divided. Before these
wore laid four thousand claims of persons craving restitution
on account of their innocence ; and the commissioners had
found leisure to examine only six hundred. It already ap-
peared, that if all these were to be restored, the funds
whence the adventurers and soldiers must get reprisals, would
falil short of giving them any tolerable satisfaction. A great
alajm and anxiety seized all ranks of men : the hopes and
leu rs of every party were excited : these eagerly grasped at
recovering their paternal inheritance ; those were resolute to
maintain their new acquisitions.
The duke of Ormond was created lord lieutenant ; being
thy only person whose prudence and equity could compose
euch jarring interests. A parliament was assembled at Dub-
lin ; and as the lower house was almost entirely chosen by
the soldiers and adventurers, who still kept possession, it was
extremely favorable to that interest. The house of peers
showed greater impartiality.
An insurrection was projected, together with a surprisal of
the Castle of Dublin, by some of the disbanded soldiers ; but
this design was happily defeated by the vigilance of Ormond
Some of the criminals were punished. Blood, the most des
perate of them, escaped into England.
vol. vi. — D
7l HI3TGRY OF ENGLAND. |A. D. IGGS
But ailairs could not long remain in the confusion and
uncertainty into which they had fallen. All parties seemed
willing to abate somewhat of their pretensions, in order to
attain some stability; and Ormond interposed his authority
lor that purpose. The soldiers and adventurers agreed to
relinquish a third of their possessions ; and as they had pur
chased their lands at very low prices, they had reason to think
themselves favored by this composition. All those who had
been attainted on account of their adhering to the king, were
restored ; and some of the innocent Irish. It was a hard situ-
ation that a man was obliged to prove himself innocent, in
order to recover possession of the estate which he and
his ancestors had ever enjoyed : but the hardship was aug
merited by the difficult conditions annexed to this proof. If
the person had ever lived in the quarters of the rebels, he
was not admitted to plead his innocence ; and he was, for that
reason alone, supposed to have been a rebel. The heinous
guilt of the Irish nation made men the more readily overlook
any iniquity which might fall on individuals ; and it was consid-
ered that, though it be always the interest of all good govern
ments to prevent injustice, it is not always possible to remedy
it, after it has had a long course, and has been attended with
great successes.
Ireland began to attain a state of some composure, when it
was disturbed by a violent act passed by the English parlia
ment, which prohibited the importation of Irish cattle into
England.* Ormond remonstrated strongly against this law.
He said, that the present trade carried on between England
itid Ireland was extremely to the advantage of the formei
kingdom, which received only provisions or rude materials ill
return lor every species of manufacture : that if the cattle of
Ireland were prohibited, the inhabitants of that island had no
other commodity by which they could pay England for their
importations, and must have recourse to other nations for a
supply : that the industrious inhabitants of England, if deprived
of Irish provisions, which made living cheap, would be obliged
to augment the price of labor, and thereby render their manu-
factures too dear to be exported to foreign markets : that the
indolent inhabitants of Ireland, finding provisions fall almost
to nothing, would never bo induced to labor, but would per-
petuate to all generations their native sloth and barbarism :
* In 1GG0.
A D. 1G68.J CHARLES U. 7fi
that by cutting off almost entirely the trade between the
kingdoms, all the natural bands of union were dissolved, and
nothing remained to keep the Irish in their duty but ibrce
and violence : and that by reducing that kingdom to extreme
poverty, it would be even rendered incapable of maintaining
that military power, by which, during its well-grounded dis-
ontents, it must necessarily be retained in subjection.
The king was so much convinced of the justness of these
reasons, that he used all his interest to oppose the bill ; and
he openly declared, that he could not give his assent to it
with a safe conscience. But the commons were resolute in
their purpose. Some of the rents of England had fallen of
late years, which had been ascribed entirely to the importa-
tion of Irish cattle : several intrigues had contributed to in-
flame that prejudice, particularly those of Buckingham and
Ashley, who were desirous of giving Ormond disturbance in
his government : and the spirit of tyranny, of which nations
are as susceptible as individuals, had extremely animated the
English to exert their superiority over their dependent state.
No affair could be conducted with greater violence than this
was by the commons. They even went so far, in the pream-
ble of the bill, as to declare the importation of Irish cattle to
be a nuisance. By this expression they gave scope to their
passion, and at the same time barred the king's prerogative,
by which he might think himself entitled to dispense with a
law so full of injustice and bad policy. The lords expunged
the word ; but as the king was sensible that no supply would
be given by the commons, unless they were gratified in theii
prejudices, he was obliged both to employ his interest with
the peers for making the bill pass, and to give the royal assent
to it. He could not, however, forbear expressing his displeas-
ure at the jealousy entertained against him, and at the in-
tention which the commons discovered of retrenching his
prerogative.
This law brought great distress for some time upon tho
Irish ; but it has occasioned their applying with greater in-
dustry to manufactures, and has proved in \hz issue beneficial
to that kingdom.
HISTORV OF ENGLAND 'A. D. 1668
CHAPTER LXV.
CHARLES II.
[1063.] Sinck the restoration, England had attained a
situation which had never been experienced in any former
period of her government, and which seemed the only one
that could fully insure, at once, her tranquillity and her liber-
ty : the king was in continual want of supply from the parlia-
ment, and he seemed willing to accommodate himself to that
dependent situation. Instead of reviving those claims of pre-
rogative, so strenuously insisted on b) his predecessors, Charles
had strictly confined himself within the limits of law, and had
courted, by every art of popularity, the affections of his sub-
jects. Even the severities, however blamable, which he had
exercised against nonconformists, are to be considered as expe-
dients by which he strove to ingratiate himself with that party
which predominated in parliament. But notwithstanding these
promising appearances, there were many circumstances which
kept the government from resting steadily on that bottom on
which it was placed. The crown, having lost almost all its
ancient demesnes, relied entirely on voluntary grants of the
people ; and the commons, not fully accustomed to this new
situation, were not yet disposed to supply, with sufficient lib-
erality, the necessities of the crown. They imitated too strictly
the example of their predecessors in a rigid frugality of public
money ; and neither sufficiently considered the indigent con-
dition of their prince, nor the general state of Europe, where
every nation, by its increase both of magnificence and force,
had made great additions to all public expenses. Some con-
siderable sums, indeed, were bestowed on Charles ; and the
patriots of that age, tenacious of ancient maxims, loudly up-
braided the commons with prodigality ; but if we may judge
by the example of a later period, when the government has
become more regular, and the harmony of its parts has been
more happily adjusted, the parliaments of this reign seem
rather to have merited a contrary reproach.
The natural consequence of the poverty of the crown was,
A. D. ltGS.j fJHARLES EC 7/
besides feeble, irregular transactions in foreign affairs, a con-
tinual uncertainty in its domestic administration. No one
could answer with any tolerable assurance for the measures
of the house of commons. Few of the members were at-
tached to the court by any other band than that of inclination.
.Royalists indeed in their principles, but unexperienced in busi-
ness, they lay exposed to every rumor or insinuation ; and were
driven by momentary gusts or currents, no less than the popu-
lace themselves. Even the attempts made to gain an ascend-
ant over them by offices, and, as it is believed, by bribes and
pensions, were apt to operate in a manner contrary to what
was intended by the ministers. The novelty of the practice
conveyed a general, and indeed a just alarm ; while, at the
same time, the poverty of the crown rendered this influence
very limited and precarious.
The character of Charles was ill fitted to remedy those
defects in the constitution. He acted in the administration of
public affairs, as if government were a pastime, rather than a
serious occupation ; and, by the uncertainty of his conduct he
lost that authority which could alone bestow constancy on the
fluctuating resolutions of the parliament. His expenses, too,
which sometimes, perhaps, exceeded the proper bounds, were
directed more by inclination than by policy ; and while they
increased his dependence on the parliament, they were not
calculated fully to satisfy either the interested or disinterested
part of that assembly.
The parliament met after a long adjournment, and the king
promised himself every thing from the attachment of the com-
mons. All his late measures had been calculated to acquiro
the good will of his people ; and, above all, the triple league,
it was hoped, would be able to efface all the disagreeable
impressions left by the unhappy conclusion of the Dutch war.
But a new attempt made by the court, and a laudable one, too.
lost him for a time the effect of all these endeavors. Buck-
ingham, who was in great favor with the king, and carried on
many intrigues among the commons, had also endeavored to
support connections with the nonconformists ; and he now
formed a scheme, in concert with the lord keeper, Sir Orlando
Bridgeman, and the chief justice, Sir Matthew Hale, twe
worthy patriots, to put an end to those severities under which
these religionists had so long labored. It was proposed to
reconcile the Presbyterians by a comprehension, and to grant
a toleration to the Independents and other sectaries. Favor
78 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A.D.I GOB
Bocms not, by this scheme, as by others embraced during
the present reign, to have been intended the Catholics : ye 4 ,
were the zealous commons so disgusted, that they coulc
not be prevailed on even to give the king thanks for the
triple league, however laudable that measure was then, and
has ever since been esteemed. They immediately voted an
address for a proclamation against conventicles. Their re-
quest was complied with ; but as the king still dropped some
hints of his desire to reconcile his Protestant subjects, the
commons passed a very unusual vote, that no man should
bring into the house any bill of that nature. The king in vain
reiterated his solicitations for supply ; represented the neces-
sity of equipping a fleet ; and even offered, that the money
which they should grant should be collected and issued for
that purpose by commissioners appointed by the house. In-
stead of complying, the commons voted an inquiry into all the
miscarriages during the late war ; the slackening of sail after
the duke's victory from false orders delivered by Brounker,
the miscarriage at Bergen, the division of the fleet undei
Prince Rupert and Albemarle, the disgrace at Chatham.
Brounker was expelled the house, and oidered to be im
peached. Commissioner Pet, who had neglected orders is-
sued for the security of Chatham, met with the same fate.
These impeachments were never prosecuted. The house at
length, having been indulged in all their prejudices, were pre-
vailed with to vote the king three hundred and ten thousand
pounds, by an imposition on wine and other liquors ; after
which they were adjourned.
Public business, besides being retarded by the disgust of the
commons against the tolerating maxims of the court, met with
obstructions this session from a quarrel between the two houses.
Skinner, a rich merchant in London, having suffered some inju-
ries from the East India Company, laid the matter by petition
before the house of lords, by whom he was relieved in costs
and damages to the amount of five thousand pounds. The
commons voted, that the lords, in taking cognizance of this
affair, originally, without any appeal from inferior courts, had
acted in a manner not agreeable to the laws of the land, and
tending to deprive the subject of the right, ease, and benefit
due to him by these laws ; and tiiat Skinner, in prosecuting
the suit after this manner, had infringed the privileges of the
eommons ; for which offence they ordered him to be taken
into custody. Some conferences ensued between the houses ;
AD. 1069.] CHARLES n. 79
where the lords were tenacious of their right of judicature,
and maintained, that the method in which they had exercised
it was quite regular. The commons rose into a great ferment, ;
and went so far as to vote, that " whoever should he aiding or
assisting in putting in execution the order or sentence of the
house of lords, in the caseof Skinner against the East India Com-
pany, should be deemed a betrayer of the rights and liberties of
the commons of England, and an infringer of the privileges ok
the house of commons." They rightly judged, that it would not
be easy, after this vote, to find any one who would venture to
incur their indignation. The proceedings indeed of the lorrfe
seem in this case to have been unusual and without precedent.
[1G69.] The king's necessities obliged him again to assem-
ble the parliament, who showed some disposition to relieve him.
The price, however, which he must pay for this indulgence,
was his yielding to new laws against conventicles. His complai-
sance in this particular contributed more to gain the commons,
than all the pompous pretences of supporting the triple alli-
ance, that popular measure by which he expected to make
such advantage. The quarrel between the two houses was
revived ; and as the commons had voted only four hundred
thousand pounds, with which the king was not satisfied, ho
thought proper, before they had carried their vote into a law,
to prorogue them. The only business finished this short ses-
sion, was the receiving of the report of the committee ap-
pointed for examining the public accounts. On the first
inspection of this report, there appears a great sum, no less
than a million and a half, unaccounted for ; and the natural
inference is, that the king had much abused the trust reposed
in him by parliament. But a more accurate inspection of
particulars serves, in a great measure, to remove this imputa-
tion. The king indeed went so far as to tell the parliament
from the throne, " that he had fully informed himself of that
matter, and did affirm, that no part of those moneys which they
had given him had been diverted to other uses ; but, on tho
contrary, besides all those supplies, a very great sum had been
raised out of his standing revenue and credit, and a very great
debt contracted ; and all for the war." Though artificial pre-
tences have often been employed by kings in their speeches
to parliament, and by none more than Charles, it is somewhat
difficult to suspect him of a direct lie and falsehood. He
must have had some reasons, and perhaps not unplausible
ones, for this affirmation, of which all his hearers as they
SO HISTORY OF ENGLAND t A. D. 167U
had the accounts lying before them, were at that time compu
tent judges.*
The method which all parliaments had hitherto followed,
was to vote a particular sum lor the supply, without any dis-
tinction, or any appropriation to particular services. So long
as the demands of the crown were small and casual, no great
inconveniencies arose from this practice. But as all the meas-
ures of government were now changed, it must be confessed
that, if the king made a just application of public money, thi»
inaccurate method of proceeding, by exposing him to suspi
cion, was prejudicial to him. If he were inclined to act other-
wise, it was equally hurtful to the people. For these reasons,
a contrary practice, during all the late reigns, has constantly
been followed by the commons.
[1670.] When the parliament met after the prorogation,
they entered anew upon the business of supply, and granted
the king an additional duty, during eight years, of twelve
pounds on each tun of Spanish wine imported, eight on each
tun of French. A law also passed, empowering him to sell
the fee-farm rents ; the last remains of the demesnes, by
which the ancient kings of England had been supported. By
this expedient, he obtained some supply for his present neces-
sities, but left the crown, if possible, still more dependent than
before. How much money might be raised by these sales is
uncertain ; but it could not be near one million eight hundred
thousand pounds, the sum assigned by some writers.t
The act against conventicles passed, and received the royal
assent. It bears the appearance of mitigating the former per-
secuting laws ; but if we may judge by the spirit which had
broken out almost every session during this parliament, it was
not intended as any favor to the nonconformists. Experience
probably had taught, that laws over rigid and severe could not
be executed. By this act, the hearer in a conventicle (that is,
in a dissenting assembly, where more than five were present,
besides the family) was fined five shillings for the first offence,
ten for the second ; the preacher, twenty pounds for the first
offence, forty for the second. The person in whose house the
conventicle met, was amerced a like sum with the preacher.
One clause is remarkable ; that if any dispute should ariso
* See note B. at the end of the volume.
t Mr. Carte, in his vindication of the Answer to the Bystandei
(p. 99,) says, that the sale of the fco-farm rents would not yield ahove
one hundred thousand pound. 1 ; ; and his reasons appear well founded.
A. D. 1670] CHARLES II. 81
with regard to the interpretation of any part of the act, the
judges should always explain the doubt in the sense least
favorable to conventicles, it being the intention of parliament
entirely to suppress them. Such was the zeal of the com-
mons, that they violated the plainest and most established
maxims of civil policy, which require that hi all criminal
prosecutions favor should always be given to the prisoner.
The affair of Skinner still remained a ground of quarrel
between the two houses ; but the king prevailed with the peers
to accept of the expedient proposed by the commons, that a
general razure should be made of all the transactions with
regard to that disputed question.
Some attempts were made by the king to effect a union be-
tween England and Scotland ; though they were too feeble to
remove all the difficulties which obstructed that useful and im-
portant undertaking. Commissioners were appointed to meet,
in order to regulate the conditions : but the design, chiefly
by the intrigues of Lauderdale, soon after came to nothing.
The king about this time began frequently to attend the
debates of the house of peers. He said, that they amused
him, and that he found them no less entertaining than a play.
But deeper designs were suspected.- As he seemed to inter-
est himself extremely in the cause of Lord Roos. who had
obtained a divorce from his wife on the accusation of adultery,
and applied to parliament for leave to marry again, people
imagined that Charles intended to make a precedent of the
case, and that some other pretence would be found for getting
rid of the queen. Many proposals to this purpose, it is said,
were made him by Buckingham ; but the king, how little scru-
pulous soever in some respects, was incapable of any action
harsh or barbarous ; and he always rejected every scheme of
this nature. A suspicion, however, of such intentions, it was
observed, had at this time begotten a coldness between the two
royal brothers.
We now come to a period when the king's counsels, which
had hitherto in the main been good, though negligent and fluc-
tuating, became, during some time, remarkably bad, or even
criminal; and breeding incurable jealousies in all men, were
followed by such consequences as had almost terminated in
tha ruin both of prince and people. Happily, the same negli-
gence still attended him ; and, as it had lessened the influence
of the good, it also diminished the effect of the bad measures
■which he embraced.
82 HISTORY OP ENGLAND. [A. D. 1670
It was remarked, that the committee of co incil established
for foreign affairs was entirely changed ; and that Prince
Rupert, the duke of Ormond, Secretary Trevor, and Lord
Keeper Bridgeman, men in whose honor the nation had great
confidence, were never called to any deliberations. The
whole secret v/as intrusted to five persons, Clifford, Ashley,
Buckingham, Arlington, and Lauderdale. These men were
known by the appellation of the " cabal," a word which the
initial letters of their names happened to compose. Never
was there a more dangerous ministry in England, nor one
more noted for pernicious counsels.
Lord Ashley, soon after known by the name of earl of
Shaftesbury, was one of the most remarkable characters of
the age, and the chief spring of all the succeeding movements.
During his early youth, he had engaged in the late king's par
ty ; but being disgusted with some measures of Prince Mau-
rice, he soon deserted to the parliament. He insinuated him
self into the confidence of Cromwell ; and as he had great
influence with the Presbyterians, he was serviceable in sup-
porting, with his party, the authority of that usurper. He
employed the same credit in promoting the restoration ; and
on that account both deserved and acquired favor with the
king. In all his changes, he still maintained the character of
never betraying those friends whom he deserted ; and which-
ever party he joined, his great capacity and singular talents
soon gained him their confidence, and enabled him to take the
lead among them. No station could satisfy his ambition, no
fatigues were insuperable to his industry. Well acquainted
with the blind attachment of faction, he surmounted all sense
of shame ; and relying on the subtilty of his contrivances, he
was not startled with enterprises the most hazardous and most
criminal. His talents, both of public speaking and private
insinuation, shone out in an eminent degree ; and amidst all
his furious passions, he possessed a sound judgment of busi-
ness, and still more of men. Though fitted by nature for
beginning and pushing the greatest undertakings, he was never
able to conduct any to a happy period ; and his eminent abili-
ties, by reason of his insatiable desires, were equally danger-
ous to himself, to the prince, and to the people.
The duke of Buckingham possessed all the advantages
which a graceful person, a high rank, a splendid fortune, and
a lively wit could bestow ; but by his wild conduct, unrestrained
either by prudence or principle, he found means to render
A.D. 1670.] ciiarles n 83
himself in the end odious, and even insignificant. The least
interest could make him abandon his honor ; the smallest
pleasure could seduce him from his interest ; the most frivolous
caprice was sufficient to counterbalance his pleasure. By his
want of secrecy and constancy, he destroyed his character
in public life ; by his contempt of order and economy, he
dissipated his private fortune ; by riot and debauchery, he
ruined his health ; and he remained at last as incapable of
doing hurt, as he had ever been little desirous of doing good to
mankind.
The earl, soon after created duke of Lauderdale, was not
defective in natural, and still less in acquired talents ; but
neither was his address graceful, nor his understanding just
His principles, or, more properly speaking, his prejudices, were
obstinate, but unable to restrain his ambition : his ambition
was still less dangerous than the tyranny and violence of his
temper. An implacable enemy, but a lukewarm friend ; in
solent to his inferiors, but abject to his superiors ; though in his
whole character and deportment he was almost diametrically
opposite to the king, he had the fortune, beyond any other
minister, to maintain, during the greater part of his reign, an
ascendant over him.
The talents of parliamentary eloquence and intrigue had
raised Sir Thomas Clifford ; and his daring, impetuous spirit
gave him weight in the king's councils. Of the whole cabal,
Arlington was the least dangerous, either by his vices or his
talents. His judgment was sound, though his capacity was
but moderate ; and his intentions were good, though he wanted
courage and integrity to persevere in them. Together with
Temple and Bridgeman, he had been a great promoter of the
triple league ; but he threw himself with equal alacrity into
opposite measures, when he found tnem agreeable to his master.
Clifford and he were secretly Catholics : Shaftesbury though
addicted to astrology, was reckoned a deist : Buckingham had
too little reflection to embrace any steady principles : Lauder-
dale had long been a bigoted and furious Presbyterian ; and
the opinions of that sect still kept possession of his mind, how
little soever they appeared in his conduct.
The dark counsels of the cabal, though from the first the)
gave anxiety to all men of reflection, were not thoroughly
known but by the event. Such seem to have been the views
which they, in concurrence with some Catholic courtiers who
had the ear of their sovereign, suggested to the king and the
84 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1670
duke, and which these princes too greedily emhraccd. They
Baid, that the parliament, though the spirit of party, for the
present, attached them to the crown, were still more attached
to those powers and privileges which their predecessors had
usurped from the sovereign : that after the first flow of kind"
ness was spent, they had discovered evident symptoms of dis-
content ; and would be sure to turn against the king all the
authority which they yet retained, and still more those preten-
sions which it was easy for them in a moment to revive : that
they not only kept the king in dependence by means of his
precarious revenue, but had never discovered a suitable gen-
erosity, even in those temporary supplies which they granted
him : that it was high time for the prince to rouse himself
from his lethargy, and to recover that authority which his
predecessors, during so many ages, had peaceably enjoyed :
that the great error or misfortune of his father was, the not
having formed any clo?e connection with foreign princes, who,
on the breaking out of the rebellion, might have found their
interest in supporting burn : that the present alliances, being
entered into with so many weaker potentates, who themselves
stood in need of the king's protection, could never serve to
maintain, much less augment, the royal authority : that the
French monarch alone, so generous a prince, and by blood so
nearly allied to the king, would be found both able and willing,
if gratified in his ambition, to defend the common cause of
kings against usurping subjects : that a war undertaken against
Holland by the united force of two such mighty potentates,
would prove an easy enterprise, and would serve all the
purposes which were aimed at : that, under pretence of that
war, it would not be difficult to levy a military force, without
which, during the prevalence of republican principles among
his subjects, the king would vainly expect to defend his
prerogative : that his naval power might be maintained, partly
by the supplies which on other pretences would previously be
obtained from parliament ; partly by subsidies from France ;
partly by captures, which might easily be made on that opulent
republic : that, in such a situation, attempts to recover the
lost authority of the crown would be attended with success ;
nor would any malecontents dare to resist a prince fortified by
so powerful an alliance ; or, if they did, they would only draw
more certain ruin on themselves and on their cause ; and that
by subduing the states, a great step would be made towards
a reformation of the government ; since it was apparent, that
A. D. 1670.] Charles n. 8S
that republic, by its fame and grandeur, fortified in lvis fattious
subjects their attachment to what they vainly termed their
civil and religious liberties.
These suggestions happened fatally to concur with al the
inclinations and prejudices of the king; his desire of more
extensive authority, his propensity to the Catholic religion, his
avidity for money. He seems, likewise, from the very begin-
ning of his reign, to have entertained great jealousy of his
own subjects, and, on that account, a desire of fortifying him-
Eelf by an intimate alliance with France. So early as 1664,
he had offered the French monarch to allow him without
opposition to conquer Flanders, provided that prince would
engage to furnish him with ten thousand infantry, and a suit-
able number of cavalry, in case of any rebellion in England.*
As no dangerous symptoms at that time appeared, we are left
to conjecture, from this incident, what opinion Charles had
conceived of the factious disposition of his people.
Even during the time when the triple alliance was the most
zealously cultivated, the king never seems to have been en-
tirely cordial in those salutary measures, but still to have cast
a longing eye towards the French alliance. Clifford, who had
much of his confidence, said imprudently, " Notwithstanding
all this joy, we must have a second war with Holland." The
accession of the emperor to that alliance had been refused by
England on frivolous pretences. And many unfriendly cavils
were raised against the states with regard to Surinam and tho
conduct of the East India Company.! But about April,
1669, the strongest symptoms appeared of those fatal mea-
sures which were afterwards more openly pursued.
De Wit at that time came to Temple, and told him, that ho
paid him a visit as a friend, not as a minister. The occasion
was, to acquaint him with a conversation which he had lately
had with PufTendorf, the Swedish agent, who had passed by the
Hague in the way from Paris to his own country. The French
ministers, PufTendorf said, had taken much pains to persuade
him, that the Swedes would very ill find their account in those
measures which they had lately embraced : that Spain would
fail them in all her promises of subsidies ; nor would Holland
alone be able to support them : that England would certainly
ii.il them, and had already adopted counsels directly opposite
* D'Estrades, July 21, 1667.
note C, at the end of the volume.
86 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1670
to those which by the triple league she had bound herself tc
pursue : and that the resolution was not the less fixed and
certain, because the secret was as yet communicated to very
few either in the French or English court. When Puffendorf
Eeemed incredulous, Turenne showed him a letter from Col-
bert de Crossy, the French minister at London ; in which,
after mentioning the success of his negotiations, and the fa
vorable disposition of the chief ministers there, he added, " And
I have at last made them sensible of the full extent of hia
majesty's bounty."* From this incident it appears, that the
infamous practice of selling themselves to foreign princes, a
practice which, notwithstanding the malignity of the vulgar, is
certainly rare among men in high office, had not been scrupled
by Charles's ministers, who even obtained their master's con-
sent to this dishonorable corruption.
But while all men of penetration, both abroad and at home,
were alarmed with these incidents, the visit which the king
received from his sister, the duchess of Orleans, was the found-
ation of still stronger suspicions. Lewis, knowing the address
and insinuation of that amiable princess, and the great influ-
ence which she had gained over her brother, had engaged
her to employ all her good offices in order to detach Charles
from the triple league, which, he knew, had fixed such uu
surmountable barriers to his ambition ; and he now sent her
to put the last hand to the plan of their conjunct operations.
That he might the better cover this negotiation, he pretended
to visit his frontiers, particularly the great works which he
had undertaken at Dunkirk : aud he carried the queen and
the whole court along with him. While he remained on the
opposite shore, the duchess of Orleans went over to England ;
and Charles met her at Dover, where they passed ten days
together in great mirth and festivity. By her artifices and
caresses, she prevailed on Charles to relinquish the most set-
tled maxims of honor and policy, and to finish his engage-
ments with Lewis for the destruction of Holland, as well as
for the subsequent change of religion in England.
But Lewis well knew Charles's character, and the usual
fluctuatioKs of his counsels. In order to fix him in the French
interests, he resolved to bind him by the ties of pleasure, tht
only ones which with him were irresistible ; and he made him
% present of a French mistress, by whose means he hoped fbi
* Temple, vol. ii. j>. 179.
A. D. 1670.] CHARLES n. 8'i
the future to govern him. The duchess of Orleans brought
with her a young lady of the name of Querouaille, whom the
king carried to London, and soon after created duchess of
Portsmouth. He was extremely attached to her during the
whole course of his life ; and she proved a great means of' sup-
porting his connections with her native country.
The satisfaction which Charles reaped from his new alliance
received a great check by the death of his sister, and still
more by those melancholy circumstances which attended it.
Her death was sudden, after a few days' illness ; and she was
geized with the malady upon drinking a glass of succory water.
Strong suspicions of poison arose in the court of France, and
were spread all over Europe ; and as her husband had dis-
covered many symptoms of jealousy and discontent on account
of her conduct, he was universally believed to be the author
of the crime. Charles himself, during some time, was entirely
convinced of his guilt ; but upon receiving the attestation of
physicians, who, on opening her body, found no foundation for
the general rumor, he was, or pretended to be, satisfied. The
duke of Orleans indeed did never, in any other circumstance
of his life, betray such dispositions as might lead him to so
criminal an action ; and a lady, it is said, drank the remains
of the same glass, without feeling any inconvenience. The
sudden death of princes is commonly accompanied with these
dismal surmises ; and therefore less weight is in this case to
be laid on the suspicions of the public.
Charles, instead of breaking with France upon this incident,
took advantage of it to send over Buckingham, under pre-
tence of condoling with the duke of Orleans, but in reality tc
concert further measures for the projected war. Never am-
bassador received greater caresses. The more destructive
the present measures were to the interests of England, the
more natural was it for Lewis to load with civilities, and
even with favors, those whom he could engage to promote
them.
The journey of Buckingham augmented the suspicions in
Holland, which every circumstance tended still further to con-
firm. Lewis made a sudden irruption into Lorraine ; and
though he missed seizing the duke himself, who had no sur-
mise of the danger, and who narrowly escaped, he was soon
able, without resistance, to make himself master of the whole
country. The French monarch who was so far unhappy, that,
though the most tempting opportunities offered themselves, he
88 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1670
had not commonly so much as the pretence of equity and
justice to cover his ambitious measures. This acquisition c{
Lorraine ought to have excited the jealousy of the contracting
powers in the triple league, as much as an invasion of Flan-
ders itself; yet did Charles turn a deaf car to all remonstrances
made him upon that subject.
But what tended chiefly to open the eyes of De Wit and
the states with regard to the measures of England, was the
sudden recall of Sir William Temple. This minister had so
firmly established his character of honor and integrity, that
he was believed incapable even of obeying his master's com-
mands in promoting measures which he esteemed pernicious
to his country ; and so long as he remained in employment,
De Wit thought himself assured of the fidelity of England.
Charles was so sensible of this prepossession, that he ordered
Temple to leave his family at the Hague, and pretended that
that minister would immediately return, after having conferred
with the king about some business where his negotiation had
met with obstructions. De Wit made the Dutch resident
inform the English court, that he should consider the recall
of Temple as an express declaration of a change of measures
in England ; and should even know what interpretation to put
upon any delay of his return.
While these measures were secretly in agitation, the par-
liament met, according to adjournment. The king made a
short speech, and left the business to be enlarged upon by the
keeper. That minister much insisted on the king's great
want of supply ; the mighty increase of the naval power of
France, now triple to what it was before the last war with
Holland ; the decay of the English navy ; the necessity of
fitting out next year a fleet of fifty sail ; the obligations which
the king lay under by several treaties to exert himself for the
common good of Christendom. Among other treaties, ho
mentioned the triple alliance, and the defensive league with
the states.
The artifice succeeded. The house of commons, entirely
latisfied with the king's measures, voted him considerable
supplies. A land tax for a year was imposed of a shilling a
pound ; two shillings a pound on two thirds of the salaries oi
offices ; fifteen shillings on every hundred pounds of bankers
money and stock ; an additional excise upon beer for six years,
and certain impositions upon law proceedings lor nine years.
The parliament had never before been in a more liberal Icmor ;
A. D. 1G71.) CHARLES Tl. 89
and never surely was it less merited b) the counsels of the
king and of his ministers.*
The commons passed another bill, for laying a duty or
tobacco, Scotch salt, glasses, and some other commodities
Against this bill the merchants of London appeared by peti
tion before the house of lords. The lords entered into their
easons, and began to make amendments on the bill sent up
by the commons. This attempt was highly resented by tin
lower house as an encroachment on the right, which they pre-
tended to possess alone, of granting money to the crown.
Many remonstrances passed between the two houses ; and by
their altercations the king was obliged to prorogue the parlia-
ment ; and he thereby lost the money which was intended
him. [1671.] This is the last time that the peers have
revived any pretensions of that nature. Ever since, the priv-
ilege of the commons, in all other places except in the house
of peers, has passed for uncontroverted.
* This year, on the 3d of January, died George Monk, duke of
Albemarle, at Newhall, in Essex, after a languishing illness, and in
the sixty-third year of his age. He left a great estate of fifteen
thousand pounds a year in land, and sixty thousand pounds in money,
acquired by the bounty of the king, and increased by his own fru-
gality in his later years. Bishop Burnet, who, agreeably to his own
factious spirit, treats this illustrious personage with great malignity,
reproaches him with avarice : but as he appears not to have been in
the least tainted with rapacity, his frugal conduct may more candidly
be imputed to the habits acquired in early life, while he was possessed
of a very narrow fortune. It is indeed a singular proof of the strango
power of faction, that any malignity should pursue the memory of a
nobleman, the tenor of whose life was so unexceptionable, and who,
by restoring the ancient, and legal, and free government to three king
doms plunged in the most destructive anarchy, may safely be said to
be the subject, in these islands, who, since the beginning of time,
rendered the most durable and most essential services to his native
country. The means also by which he achieved his great under-
takings, were almost entirely unexceptionable. His temporary dis-
simulation, being absolutely necessary, could scarcely be blamable.
He had received no trust from that mongrel, pretended, usurping
parliament whom he dethroned ; therefore could betray none : he
even refused to carry his dissimulation so far as to take the oath of
abjuration against the king. I confess, however, that the Reverend
Dr. Douglas has shown me, from the Clarendon papers, an original
letter of his to Sir Arthur Hazelxig, containing very earnest, and
certainly false protestations of his zeal for a commonwealth. It is to
be lamented, that so worthy a man, and of such plain manners, should
ever have found it necessary to carry his dissimulation to such a
height. His family ended with his son.
90 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A.D 1 G7 1
There was a jrivate affair, which, during this session, dis-
gusted the house of commons, and required some pains to
accommodate it. The usual method of those who opposed
the court in the money hills, was, if they failed in the main
vote, as to the extent of the supply, to levy the money upon
Euch funds as they expected would he unacceptable, or would
prove deficient. It was proposed to lay an imposition upon
playhouses : the courtiers objected, that the players were the
king's servants, and a part of his pleasure. Sir John Coventry,
a gentleman of the country party, asked, " whether the king's
pleasure lay among the male or the female players." This
stroke of satire was aimed at Charles, who, besides his mis-
tresses of higher quality, entertained at that time two actresses,
Davis and Nell Gwin. The king received not the raillery with
the good humor which might have been expected. It was
said that this being the first time that respect to majesty
had been publicly violated, it was necessary, by some severe
chastisement, to make Coventry an example to all who might
incline to tread in his footsteps. Sands, Obrian, and some
other officers of the guards, were ordered to waylay him, and
to set a mark upon him. He defended himself with bravery,
and after wounding several of the assailants, was disarmed
with some difficulty. They cut his nose to the bone, in order,
as they said, to teach him what respect he owed to the king.
The commons were inflamed by this indignity offered to one
of their members, on account of words spoken in the house.
They passed a law which made it capital to maim any per-
son ; and they enacted, that those criminals, who had assault-
ed Coventry, should be incapable of receiving a pardon from
the crown.
There was another private affair transacted about this time,
by which the king was as much exposed to the imputation of
a capricious lenity, as he was here blamed for unnecessary
severity. Blood, a disbanded officer of the protector's, had
been engaged in the conspiracy for raising an insurrection in
Ireland ; and on account of this crime, he himself had been
attainted, and some of his accomplices capitally punished.
The daring villain meditated revenge upon Ormond, the lord
lieutenant. Having by artifice drawn off' the duke's footmen,
he attacked his coach in the night time, as it drove along St.
James's Street in London ; and he made himself master of his
person. He might here have finished the crime, had he i*ot
meditated refinements in his vengeance : he was resolved to
A. D. 1671 J CHARLES II. 9l
hang the duke at Tyburn ; and for that purpose bound him,
and mounted him on horseback behind one of his companions.
They were advanced a good way into the fields, when the
duke, making efforts for his liberty, threw himself to the
ground, and brought down with him the assassin to whom he
was fastened. They were struggling together in the mire,
when Ormond's servants, whom the alarm had reached, came
and saved him. Blood and his companions, firing their pis-
tols in a hurry at the duke, rode off, and saved themselves by
means of the darkness.
Buckingham was at first, with some appearances of reason,
suspected to be the author of this attempt. His profligate
character, and his enmity against Ormond, exposed him to
that imputation. Ossory soon after came to court, and seeing
Buckingham stand by the king, his color rose, and he could
not forbear expressing himself to this purpose : " My lord, I
know well that you are at the bottom of this late attempt upon
my father : but I give you warning ; if by any means he come
to a violent end, I shall not be at a loss to know the author:
I shall consider you as the assassin : I shall treat you as such ;
and wherever I meet you, I shall pistol you, though you stood
behind the king's chair; and I tell it you in his majesty's pres-
ence, that you may be sure I shall not fail of performance."*
If there was here any indecorum, it was easily excused in a
generous youth, when his father's life was exposed to danger.
A little after, Blood formed a design of carrying off the
crown and regalia from the Tower ; a design to which he was
prompted, as well by the surprising boldness of the enterprise,
as by the views of profit. He was near succeeding. He had
bound and wounded Edwards, the keeper of the jewel-office,
and had gotten out of the Tower with his prey ; but was over-
taken and seized, with some of his associates. One of them
was known to have been concerned in the attempt upon Or-
mond ; and Blood was immediately concluded to be the ring-
leader. When questioned, he frankly avowed the enterprise ;
but refused to tell his accomplices. " The fear of death," he
said, " should never engage him either to deny a guilt or
betray a friend." All these extraordinary circumstances made
him the general subject of conversation ; and the king was
moved by an idle curiosity to see and speak with a person so
noted for his courage and his crimes. Blood might now esteem
* Carte's Ormond. vol. ii. p. 225.
92 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1671
himself secure of pardon ; ami he wanted not address to
improve the opportunity. He told Charles, that he had been
engaged, with others, in a design to kill him with a carabhn
ahove Battersea, where his majesty often went to bathe : tha + .
the cause of this resolution was the severity exercised over the
consciences of the godly, in restraining the liberty of their
religious assemblies : that when he had taken his stand among
the reeds, full of these bloody resolutions, he found his heart
checked with an awe of majesty ; and he not only relented
himself, hut diverted his associates from their purpose : thai
he had long ago brought himself to an entire indifference
about life, which he now gave for lost ; yet could he not for-
bear warning the king of the danger which might attend his
execution : that his associates had bound themselves by iftra
strictest oaths to revenge the death of any of the confederacy ,
and that no precaution or power could secure any cne from
the effects of their desperate resolutions.
Whether these considerations excited fear or admiration in
the king, they confirmed his resolution of granting a pardon
to Blood ; but he thought it a point of decency first to obtain
the duke of Ormond's consent. Arlington came to Ormond in
the king's name, and desired that he would not prosecut:
Blood, lor reasons which he was commanded to give him.
The duke replied, that his majesty's commands were the only
reason that could be given, and being sufficient, he might
therefore spare the rest. Charles carried his kindness to B'ooo
still further : he granted him an estate of five hundred por nc*s
a year in Ireland ; he encouraged his attendance about ha
person ; he showed him great countenance ; and many appli( d
to him for promoting their pretensions at court. And whi e
old Edwards, who had bravely ventured his life, and had be< u
wounded, in defending the crown and regalia, was forgotten
and neglected, this man, who deserved only to be stared at
and detested as a monster, became a kind of favorite.
Errors of this nature in private life have often as bad an
influence as miscarriages in which the public is more im-
mediately concerned. Another incident happened this year,
which infused a general displeasure, and still Greater appro
hensions, into all men. The duchess of York died ; and in
her last sickness, she made open profession of the Romish
religion, and finished her life in that communion. This put
an end to that thin disguise which the duke had hitherto worn ;
and he now openly declared his conversion to J he church of
A.I) 1671.1 CHARLES II. 98
ll^me. Unaccountable terrors of Popery, ever since the
accession of the house of Stuart, had prevailed throughout
tho nation ; but these had formerly been found so groundless,
and had been employed to so many bad purposes, that sur
mists of this nature were likely to meet with the less credit
among all men of sense ; and nothing but the duke's impru-
dent bigotry could have convinced the whole nation of his
change of religion. Popery, which had hitherto been only a
hideous spectre, was now become a real ground of terror ;
being openly and zealously embraced by the heir to the crown,
a prince of industry and enterprise ; while the king himself
was not entirely free from like suspicions.
It is probable that the new alliance with France, inspired the
duke with the courage to make open profession of his religion,
and rendered him more careless of the affections and esteem
of the English. This alliance became every day more appa-
rent. Temple was declared to be no longer ambassador to
tho states; and Downing, whom the Dutch regarded as the
inveterate enemy of their republic, was sent over in his stead.
A ground of quarrel was sought by means of a yacht, de-
spatched for Lady Temple. The captain sailed through the
Dutch fleet, which lay on their own coasts ; and he had orders
to make them strike, to fire on them, and to persevere till they
should return his fire. The Dutch admiral, Van Ghent, sur-
prised at this bravado came on board the yacht, and expressed
bis willingness to pay respect to the British flag, according to
former practice : but that a fleet on their own coasts should
strike to a single vessel, and that not a ship of war, was, he
said, such an innovation, that he durst not without express
orders agree to it. The captain, thinking it dangerous, as well
as absurd, to renew firing in the midst of the Dutch fleet, con-
tinued his course ; and for that neglect of orders was commit-
t jd to the Tower.
This incident, however, furnished Downing with a new
article to increase those vain pretences on which it was pur-
posed to ground the intended rupture. The English court
delayed several months before they complained ; lest, if they
had demanded satisfaction more early the Dutch might have
had time to grant it. Even when Downing delivered his
memorial, he was bound by his instructions not to accept of
any satisfaction after a certain number of days : a very
imperious manner of negotiating, and impracticable in Hol-
land, where the forms of the republic render delays absolutory
•J4 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1672
unavoidable. An answer, however, though refused by Down
ing, was sent over to London ; with an ambassador extraordi-
nary, who had orders to use every expedient that might giva
satisfaction to the court of England. That court replied, that
the answer of the Hollanders was ambiguous and obscure ;
but they would not specify the articles or expressions which
were liable to that objection. The Dutch ambassador desired
the English ministry to draw the answer in what terms they
pleased ; and he engaged to sign it : the English ministry
replied that it was not their business to draw papers for the
Dutch. The ambassador brought them the draught of an
article, and asked them whether it was satisfactory : the
English answered, that when he had signed and delivered it,
they would tell him their mind concerning it. The Dutchman
resolved to sign it at a venture ; and on his demanding a new
audience, an hour was appointed for that purpose : but when
he attended, the English refused to enter upon business, and
told him that the season for negotiating was now past.*
[1672.] Long and frequent prorogations were made of the
parliament ; lest the houses should declare themselves with
vigor against counsels so opposite to the inclination as well as
interests of the public. Could we suppose that Charles, in hi*
alliance against Holland, really meant the good of his people,
that measure must pass for an extraordinary, nay, a romantic
strain of patriotism, which could lead him, in spite of all dif-
ficulties, and even in spite of themselves, to seek the welfaro
of the nation. But every step which he took in this afiaii
became a proof to all men of penetration, that the present
war was intended against the religion and liberties of his own
subjects, even more than against the Dutch themselves. Ho
now acted in every thing as if he were already an absolute
monarch, and was never more to lie under the control ot
national assemblies.
The long prorogations of parliament, if they freed the king
from the importunate remonstrances of that assembly, were,
however, attended with this inconvenience, that no money
could be procured to carry on the military preparations against
Holland. Under pretence of maintaining the triple league,
* England's Appeal, p. 22. This year, on the 12th of November,
died, in his reUcat, and in the sixtieth year of his age, Thomas Lord
Fairfax, who performed many great actions without being a memora-
ble personage, and allowed himself to be carried into many criminal
enterprises with the best and most upright intentions. His ilaughtel
and Inn was married to George Villiei/, duke of Buckingham
A 1). 1672] charles n. 9t
which at that very time he had firmly resolved to break,
Charles had obtained a large supply from the commons ;
but this money was soon exhausted by debts and expenses.
France had stipulated to pay two hundred thousand pounds a
year during the war ; but that supply was inconsiderable,
compared to the immense charge of the English navy. It
seemed as yet premature to venture on levying money without
consent of parliament ; since the power of taxing themselves
was the privilege of which the English were with reason par
ticularly jealous. Some other resource must be fallen on.
The king had declared, that the stall" of treasurer was ready
for any one that could find an expedient for supplying the
present necessities. Shaftesbury dropped a hint to Cliilbrd,
which the latter immediately seized, and carried to the king,
who granted him the promised reward, together with a peer-
age. This expedient was the shutting up of the exchequer,
and the retaining of all the payments which should be made
into it.
It had been usual for the bankers to carry their money to
the exchequer, and to advance it upon security of the funds,
by which they were afterwai'ds reimbursed when the money
was levied on the public. The bankers by this traffic got
eight, sometimes ten per cent., for sums which either had
been consigned to them without interest, or which they had
borrowed at six per cent. ; profits which they dearly paid lor
by this egregious breach of public faith. The measure was
so suddenly taken, that none had warning of the danger. A
general confusion prevailed in the city, followed by the ruin
of many. The bankers stopped payment ; the merchants
could answer no bills ; distrust took place every where, with a
stagnation of commerce, by which the public was universally
affected. And men, full of dismal apprehensions, asked each
other what must be the scope of those mysterious counsels,
whence the parliament and all men of honor were excluded,
and which commenced by the forfeiture of public credit, and
an open violation of the most solemn engagements, both for-
eign and domestic.
Another measure of the court contains something laudable,
when considered in itself; but if we reflect on the motive
whence it proceeded, as well as the time when it was em-
braced, it will furnish a strong proof of the arbitrary and
dangerous counsels pursued at present by the king and his
ministry. Charlrs resolved to make use id' his supreme powei
PS HISTOnt OF ENGLAND. [A. D. US12
in ecclesiastical matters; a power, he sail, which was not
only inherent in him, but which had been recognized by sev-
eral acts of parliament. By virtue of this authority, he issued
a proclamation, suspending the ienal laws enacted against all
nonconformists or recusants whatsoever ; and granting to the
Protestant dissenters the public exercise of their religion, to
the Catholics the exercise of it in private houses. A fruitless
experiment of this kind, opposed by the parliament, and it
tracted by the king, had already been made a few years after
the restoration ; but Charles expected that the parliament
whenever it should meet, would now be tamed to greater sub
mission, and would no longer dare to control his measures.
Meanwhile the dissenters, the most inveterate enemies of the
court, were mollified by these indulgent maxims : and the
Catholics, under their shelter, enjoyed more liberty than the
laws had hitherto allowed them.
At the same time, the act of navigation was suspended by
royal will and pleasure ; a measure which, though a stretch
of prerogative, seemed useful to commerce, while all the sea-
men were employed on board the royal navy. A like suspen-
sion had been granted during the first Dutch war, and was not
much remarked ; because men had at that time entertained
less jealousy of the crown. A proclamation "was also issued,
containing rigorous clauses in favor of pressing ; another full
of menaces against those who presumed to speak undutifully
of his majesty's measures, and even against those who heard
Buch discourse, unless they informed in due time against the
offenders ; another against importing or vending any sort of
painted earthenware, " except those of China, upon pain of
being grievously fined, and suffering the utmost punishment
which might be lawfully inflicted upon contemners of his
majesty's royal authority." An army had been levied; and
it was found that discipline could not be enforced without the
exercise of martial law, which was therefore established by
order of council, though contrary to the petition of right. All
these acts of power, how little important soever in themselves,
savored strongly of arbitrary government ; and were nowise
suitable to that legal administration which the parliament,
after such violent convulsions and civil wars, had hoped to
have established in the kingdom.
It may be worth remarking, that the lord keeper refused to
affix the great seal to the declaration for suspending the penal
laws ; and was for that reason, though under other pretences
A. D. 1672. J charles n. 97
removed from liis office. Shaftesbury was ma.de chancellor
in his place ; and thus another member of the cabal received
the reward of his counsels.
Foreign transactions kept pace with these domestic occur-
rences. An attempt, before the declaration of war, was made
on the Dutch Smyrna fleet by Sir Robert Holmes. This fleet
consisted of seventy sail, valued at a million and a half; and
the hopes of seizing so rich a prey had been a great motive
for engaging Charles in the present war, and he had considerej
that capture as a principal resource for supporting his military
enterprises. Holmes, with nine frigates and three yachts,
had orders to go on this command ; and he passed Sprague
in the Channel, who was returning with a squadron from a
cruise in the Mediterranean. Sprague informed him of the
near approach of the Hollanders ; and had not Holmes, from
a desire of engrossing the honor and profit of the enterprise,
kept the secret of his orders, the conjunction of these squad-
rons had rendered the success infallible. When Holmes
approached the Dutch, he put on an amicable appearance,
and invited the admiral Van Ness, who commanded the con-
voy, to come on board of him : one of his captains gave a
like insidious invitation to the rear-admiral. But these officers
were on their guard. They had received an intimation of the
hostile intentions of the English, and had already put all the
ships of war and merchantmen in an excellent posture of
defence. Three times were they valiantly assailed by the
English ; and as often did they valiantly defend themselves.
In the third attack, one of the Dutch ships of war was taken ;
and three or four of their most inconsiderable merchantmen
fell into the enemies' hands. The rest, fighting with skill and
courage, continued their course ; and, favored by a mist, go
safe into their own harbors. This attempt is denominated
perfidious and piratical by the Dutch writers, and even by
many of the English. It merits at least the appellation of
irregular ; and as it had been attended with bad success, it
brought double shame upon the contrivers. The English
ministry endeavored to apologize for the action, by pretending
that it was a casual rencounter, arising from the obstinacy of
the Dutch in refusing the honors of the flag : but the contrary
was so well known, that even Holmes himself had not the
assurance to persist hi this asseveration.
Till this incident, the states, notwithstanding all the menaces
and preparations of the English, never believed them thor-
VOL. VI. E
yg HISTORY Ux' ENGLAND. [A. D 1072
« uglily in earnest; and had always expected, that the aflaii
would terminate, either in some demands ot" money, or in
some proposals for the advancement of the prince of Orange.
The French themselves had never much reckoned on assist
ance from England ; and scarcely could believe that their
ambitious projects would, contrary to every maxim of honor
and policy, be forwarded by that power which was most inter-
ested and most able to oppose them. But Charles was too
far advanced to retreat. He immediately issued a declaration
of war against the Dutch ; and surely reasons more false and
frivolous never were employed to justify a flagrant violation
of treaty. Some complaints are there made of injuries done
to the East India Company, which yet that company dis-
avowed : the detention of some English in Surinam is men-
tioned ; though it appears that these persons had voluntarily
remained there : the refusal of a Dutch fleet on their own
coasts to strike to an English yacht, is much aggravated : and
to piece up all these pretensions, some abusive pictures are
mentioned, and represented as a ground of quarrel. Thb
Dutch were long at a loss what to make of this article, till it
was discovered that a portrait of Cornelius de Wit, brother to
the pensionary, painted by order of certain magistrates of Dort,
and hung up in a chamber of the town-house, had giveil occa
sion to the complaint. In the perspective of this portrait,
the painter had drawn some ships on fire in a harbor. This
was construed to be Chatham, where De Wit had really dis-
tinguished himself, and had acquired honor ; but little did he
imagine that, while the insult itself, committed in open war,
had so long been forgiven, the picture of it should draw such
severe vengeance upon his country. The conclusion of this
manifesto, where the king still professed his resolution of
adhering to the triple alliance, was of a piece wi*,li the rest
of it.
Lewis's declaration of war contained more dignity, if undis-
guised violence and injustice could merit that appellation. He
pretended only, that the behavior of the Hollanders had been
such, that it did not consist with his glory any longer to beai
it. That monarch's preparations were in great forwardness ,
and his ambition was flattered with the most promising views
of success. Sweden was detached from the triple league ;
the bishop of Munster was engaged by the payment of subsi
dios to take part with France ; the elector of Cologne had
entered into the same alliance , and having consigned I--m;u'
A. D. 167 2. J CHARLES E, US
and other towns into the hands of Lewis, magazines were
there erected ; and it was from that quarter that France pur
posed to invade the United Provinces. The standing ibrce
of that kingdom amounted to a hundred and eighty thousand
men ; and with more than half of this great army was the
French king now approaching to the Dutch frontiers. The
order, economy, and industry of Colbert, equally subservient
to the ambition of the prince and happiness of the people,
furnished unexhausted treasures : these, employed by the
unrelenting vigilance of Louvois, supplied every military prep-
aration, and facilitated all the enterprises of the army : Condc,
Turenne, seconded by Luxembourg, Crequi, and the most
renowned generals of the age, conducted this army, and by
their conduct and reputation inspired courage into every
one. The monarch himself, surrounded with a brave nobility,
animated his troops by the prospect of reward, or, what was
more valued, by the hopes of his approbation. The fatigues
of war gave no interruption to gayety : its dangers furnished
matter for glory ; and in no enterprise did the genius of that
gallant and polite people ever break out with more distin-
guished lustre.
Though De Wit's intelligence in foreign courts was not
equal to the vigilance of his domestic administration, he had
long before received many surmises of this fatal confederacy ;
but he prepared not for defence so early, or with such indus-
try, as the danger required. A union of England with France
was evidently, he saw, destructive to the interests of the
former kingdom ; and therefore, overlooking or ignorant of
the humors and secret views of Charles, he concluded it im
possible that such pernicious projects could ever really be
carried into execution. Secure in this fallacious reasoning,
he allowed the republic to remain too long in that defenceless
situation into which many concurring accidents had conspired
to throw her.
By a continued and successful application to commerce,
tne people were become unwarlike, and confided entirely foi
their defence in that mercenary army which they maintained.
After the treaty of Westphalia, the states, trusting to theii
peace with Spain, and their alliance with France, had broken
a great part of this army, and did not support with sufficient
vigilance the discipline of the troops which remained. When
the aristocratic party prevailed, it was thought prudent to
dismiss many >f the old, experienced officers, who were
100 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1 672
devoted to the house of Ora.ige ; and their place was supplied
by raw youths, the sons or kinsmen of burgomasters, by whose
interest the party was supported. These new officers, relying
on the credit of their friends and family, neglected their mili-
tary duty ; and some of them, it is said, were even allowed to
serve by deputies, to whom they assigned a small part of their
pay. During the war with England, all the forces of that
nation had been disbanded : Lewis's invasion of Flanders, fol-
lowed by the triple league, occasioned the dismission of the
French regiments : and the place of these troops, which had
ever had a chief share in the honor and fortune of all the
wars in the Low Countries, had not been supplied by any
new levies.
De Wit, sensible of this dangerous situation, and alarmed
by the reports which came from all quarters, exerted himself
to supply those defects to which it was not easy of a sudden
to provide a suitable remedy. But every proposal which he
could make met with opposition from the Orange party, now
become extremely formidable. The long and uncontrolled ad-
ministration of this statesman had begotten envy ; the present
incidents roused up his enemies and opponents, who ascribed
to his misconduct alone the bad situation of the republic ;
and above all, the popular affection to the young prince, which
had so long been Leld in violent constraint, and had thence
acquired new accession of force, began to display itself, and
to threaten the commonwealth with some great convulsion
William III., prince of Orange, was in the twenty-second yeai
of his age, and gave strong indications of those great qualities
by which his life was afterwards so much distinguished. De
Wit himself, by giving him an excellent education, and in-
structing him in all the principles of government and sound
policy, had generously contributed to make his rival formida-
ble. Dreading the precarious situation of his own party, he
was always resolved, he said, by conveying to the prince the
knowledge of affairs, to render him capable of serving h>
country, if any future emergency should ever throw the
administration into his hands. The conduct of William had
hitherto been extremely laudable. Notwithstanding his pow-
erful alliances with England and Brandenburgh, he had
expressed his resolution of depending entirely on the states for
his advancement ; and the whole tenor of his behavior suited
extrcuely the genius of that people. Silent and thoughtful •
given to hear and inquire ; of a sound and steady under
A.D. 1G72.) CHARLES A. 101
standing ; firm in what he once resolved, or once denied ;
strongly intent on business, little on pleasure ; by these virtues
he engaged the attention of all men. And the people, sensi-
ble that they owed their liberty and very existence to his
family, and remembering that his great-uncle Maurice had
been able, even in more early youth, to defend them agains*.
the exorbitant power of Spain, were desirous of raising this
prince to all the authority of his ancestors ; and hoped, from
his valor and conduct alone, to receive protection against
those imminent dangers with which they were at present
threatened.
While these two powerful factions struggled for superiority,
every scheme for defence was opposed, every project retarded.
What was determined with difficulty, was executed without
vigor. Levies, indeed, were made, and the army completed
to seventy thousand men ; * the prince was appointed both
general and admiral of the commonwealth, and the whole
military power was put into his hands. But new troops could
not of a sudden acquire discipline and experience : and tin
partisans of the prince were still unsatisfied, as long as the
'perpetual edict (so it was called) remained in force ; by which
he was excluded from the stadtholdership, and from all share
in the civil administration.
It had always been the maxim of De Wit's party to cultivate
naval affairs with extreme care, and to give the fleet a prefer-
ence above the army, which they represented as the object of
an unreasonable partiality in the princes of Orange. The two
violent wars which had of late been waged with England, had
exercised the valor and improved the skill of the sailors. And,
above all, De liuyter, the greatest sea commander of the age,
was closely connected with the Lovestein party ; and every
one was disposed, with confidence and alacrity, to obey him
The equipment of the fleet was therefore hastened by De Wit ;
in hopes that, by striking at first a successful blow, he might
inspire courage into the dismayed states, and support his own
declining authority. He seems to have been, in a peculiar
manner, incensed against the English ; and he resolved to
Jake revenge on them for their conduct, of which, he thought,
he himself and his country had such reason to complain. By
the offer of a close alliance for mutual defence, they had
reduced the republic to quit ihe alliance of France; but no
* Temple, vol. i. p. 75.
102 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. |A D 1G72.
sooner had she embraced these measures, than they formed
leagues for her destruction, with that very power which they
had treacherously engaged her to offend. In the midst of full
peace, nay, during an intimate union, they attacked her com-
merce, her only means of subsistence ; and, moved by shame-
ful rapacity, had invaded that property which, from a reliance
on their faith, they had hoped to rind unprotected and defence
less. Contrary to their own manifest interest, as well as to
their honor, they still retained a malignant resentment for her
successful conclusion of the former war ; a war which had
at first sprung from their own wanton insolence and ambition.
To repress so dangerous an enemy would, De Wit imagined,
give peculiar pleasure, and contribute to the future security of
his country, whose prosperity was so much the object of gen-
eral envy.
Actuated by like motives and views, De Ruyter put to sea
with a formidable fleet, consisting of ninety-one ships of war
and forty-four fire-ships. Cornelius De Wit was on board, as
deputy from the states. They sailed in quest of the English,
who were under the command of the duke of York, and who
had already joined the French under Mareschal D'Etrees.
The combined fleets lay at Solebay in a very negligent pos-
ture, and Sandwich, being an experienced officer, had given the
duke warning of the danger, but received, it is said, such an
answer as intimated that there was more of caution than of
courage in his apprehensions. Upon the appearance of the
enemy, every one ran to his post with precipitation ; and many
ships were obliged to cut their cables, in order to be in readi-
ness. Sandwich commanded the van ; and though determined
to conquer or to perish, he so tempered his courage with pru-
dence, that the whole fleet was visibly indebted to him for its
safety. He hastened out of the bay. where it had been easy
for De Ruyter wi*h his fire-ships to have destroyed the com-
bined fleets, which were crowded together; and by this wise
measure, he gave time to the duke of York, who commanded
the main body, pud to Mareschal D'Etrees, admiral of the
rear, to disengage themselves. He himself meanwhile rushed
into battle with the Hollanders ; and by presenting himself to
every danger, had drawn upon him all the bravest of the enemy
He killed Van Ghent, a Dutch admiral, and beat off his ship : he
Bunk another ship, which ventured to lay him aboard : he sunk
three fire-ships which endeavored to grapple with him : and
though his vessel was torn in pieces with shot, and of i thou-
A. D. 1672. J Charles n 103
sand men she contained, near six hundred were laid dead
upon the deck; he continued still lo thunder with all his
artillery in the midst of the enemy. But another fire-ship,
more ibrtunate than the preceding, having laid hold of his
vessel, her destruction was now inevitable. Warned by Sir
Edward Haddock, his captain, he refused to make his escape ;
and bravely embraced death, as a shelter from that ignominy
which a rash expression of the duke's, he thought, had thrown
upon him.
During this fierce engagement with Sandwich, De Ruyter
remained not inactive. He attacked the duke of York, and
fought him with such fury for above two hours, that of two
and thirty actions in which that admiral had been engaged,
he declared this combat to be the most obstinately disputed.
The duke's ship was so shattered, that he was obliged tc
leave her, and remove his flag to another. His squadron was
overpowered with numbers, till Sir Joseph Jordan, who had
succeeded to Sandwich's command, came to his assistance :
and the fight, being more equally balanced, was continued till
night, when the Dutch retired, and were not followed by tho
English. The loss sustained by the fleets of the two maritime
powers was nearly equal, if it did not rather fall more heavy
on the English. The French suffered very little, because
they had scarcely been engaged in the action ; and as this
backwardness is not their national character, it was concluded,
that they had received secret orders to spare their ships, while
the Dutch and English should weaken each other by their
mutual animosity. Almost all the other actions during the
present war tended to confirm this suspicion.
It might be deemed honorable for the Dutch to have
fought with some advantage the combined fleets of two such
powerful nations ; but nothing less than a complete victory
could serve the pui-pose of De Wit, or save his country from
those calamities which from every quarter threatened to over-
whelm her. He had expected, that the French would make
their attack on the side of Maestricht, which was well fortified,
and provided with a good garrison ; but Lewis, taking advan-
tage of his alliance with Cologne, resolved to invade the enemy
on that frontier, which he knew to be more feeble and defence-
less. The armies of that elector, and those of Munster, ap-
peared on the other side of the Rhine, and divided the force
and attention of the states. The Dutch troops, too weak to
defend so extensive a frontier, were scattered into so many
104 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1072
towns, that no considerable body remained in the field ; am'
a strong garrison was scarcely to be ibund ill any fortress
Lewis passed the Meuse at Viset ; and laying siege to Orsoi,
a town of the elector of Brandenburgh's, but garrisoned In
the Dutch, he carried it in three days. He divided his army,
and invested at once Burik, Wesel, Emerik, and Rhimberg,
four places regularly fortified, and not unprovided with troops
in a few days, all these places were surrendered. A general
astonishment had seized the Hollanders, from the combination
of such powerful princes against the republic ; and nowhere
was resistance made suitable to the ancient glory or present
greatness of the state. Governors without experience com-
manded troops without discipline ; and despair had univer-
sally extinguished that sense of honor, by which alone men in
such dangerous extremities can be animated to a valorous
defence.
Lewis advanced to the banks of the Rhine, which he pm
pared to pass. To all the other calamities of the Dutch wa.
added the extreme drought of the season, by which the greatest
rivers were much diminished, and in some places rendered
fordable. The French cavalry, animated by the presence of
their prince, full of impetuous courage, but ranged in exacl
order, flung themselves into the river : the infantry passed in
boats : a few regiments of Dutcli appeared on the other side,
who were unable to make resistance. And thus was executed
without danger, but not without glory, the passage of the
Rhine ; so much celebrated at that time by the flattery of
the French courtiers, and transmitted to posterity by the more
durable flattery of their poets.
Each success added courage to the conquerors, and struck
the vanquished with dismay. The prince of Orange, though
prudent beyond his age, was but newly advanced to the com-
mand, unacquainted with the army, unknown to them ; and
all men, by reason of the violent factions which prevailed,
were uncertain of the authority on which they must depend.
It was expected that the fort of Skink, famous for the sieges
which it had formerly sustained, would make some resistance;
but it yielded to Turenne in a few days. The same general
made himself master of Arnheim, Ivuotzembourg, and Nime-
guen, as soon as he appeared before them. Doesbourg at
the same time opened its gates to Lewis : soon after, Har-
derwic, Amersfort, Carnpen, Rhenen, Viane, Elberg, Zwol,
Cuilemberg, Wageninguen, Loohem, Woerden, fell into the
A. D. 1672.] < .-uARLEs ii. 103
enemy's hanils. Groll and Deventer surrendered to th*
mareschal Luxembourg, who commanded the troops of Mun-
ster. And every hour brought to the states news of the rapid
progress of the French, and of the cowardly defence of their
own garrisons.
The prince of Orange, with his small and discouraged army,
retired into the province of Holland ; where he expected,
from the natural strength of the country, since all human art
and courage failed, to be able to make some resistance. The
town and province of Utrecht sent deputies, and surrendered
themselves to Lewis. Naerden, a place within three leagues
of Amsterdam, was seized by the marquis of Rochfort ; and
had he pushed on to Muyden, he had easily gotten possession
of it. Fourteen stragglers of his army having appeared before
the gates of that town, the magistrates sent them the keys ;
but a servant maid, who was alone in the castle, having raised
the drawbridge, kept them from taking possession of that for-
tress. The magistrates afterwards, finding the party so weak,
made them drunk, and took the keys from them. Muyden is
so near to Amsterdam, that its cannon may infest the ships
which enter that city.
Lewis with a splendid court made a solemn entry into Utrecht,
full of glory, because every where attended with success ; though
more owing to the cowardice and misconduct of his enemies,
than to his own valor or prudence. Three provinces were
already in his hands, Guelderland, Overyssel, and Utrecht ;
Groninghen was threatened ; Friezeland was exposed : the
only difficulty lay in Holland and Zealand ; and the monarch
deliberated concerning the proper measures for reducing them
Conde and Turenne exhorted him to dismantle all the towns
which he had taken, except a few ; and fortifying his main
army by the garrisons, put himself in a condition of pushing
his conquests. Louvois, hoping that the other provinces,
weak and dismayed, would prove an easy prey, advised him
to keep possession of places which might afterwards serve to
retain the people in subjection. His counsel was followed ;
though it was found, soon after, to have been the most im-
politic.
Meanwhile tho people througnout the lepublic, instead of
collecting a noble indignation against the haughty conqueror,
discharged their rage upon their own unhappy minister, on
whose prudence and integrity every one formerly bestowed
the merited applause. The bad condition of the armies was
E*
106 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1672
laid to his charge '■ the i LI choice of governors was ascribed to
his partiality : as instances of cowardice multiplied treachery
was suspected ; and his former connections with France being
remembered, the populace believed, that he and his partisans
had now combined to betray them to their most mortal
enemy. The prince of Orange, notwithstanding his youth
and inexperience, was looked on as the only savior of the
Btate ; and men were violently driven by their fears into his
party, to which they had always been led by favor and in-
clination.
Amsterdam alone seemed to retain some courage ; and by
forming a regular plan of defence, endeavored to infuse spirit
into the other cities. The magistrates obliged the burgesses
to keep a strict watch : the populace, whom want of employ-
ment might engage to mutiny, were maintained by regular
pay, and armed for the defence of the public. Some ships
which lay useless in the harbor, were refitted, and stationed
to guard the city ; and the sluices being opened, the neighbor-
ing country, without regard to the damage sustained, was laid
under water. All the province followed the example, and
scrupled not, in this extremity, to restore to the sea those fer
tile fields which with g.eat art and expense had been wop
from it.
The states were assembled to consider whether any means
were left to save the remains of their lately flourishing and
now distressed commonwealth. Though they were surrounded
with waters, which barred all access to the enemy, their de-
liberations were not conducted with that tranquillity which
could alone suggest measures proper to extricate them from
their present difficulties. The nobles gave their vote, that,
provided their religion, liberty, and sovereignty could be saved,
every thing else should without scruple he sacrificed to the
conqueror. Eleven towns concurred in the same sentiments.
Amsterdam singly declared against all treaty with insolent
and triumphant enemies : hut notwithstanding that opposition,
ambassadors were despatched to implore the pity of the two
combined monarchs. It was resolved to sacrifice to Lewis,
Maestricht and all the frontier towns which lay without the
bounds of the seven provinces ; and to pay him a large sum
for the charges of the war.
Lewis deliberated with his ministers. Louvois and Pompo »ne,
concerning the measures which he should embrace in tho
present emergence ; and fortunately for Europe, he still pre-
A D. 1672.J Charles ii. 107
ferred the violent counsels of the former. He offered to
evacuate his conquests, on condition that all duties lately in*
posed on the commodities of France should be taken off: that
the public exercise of the Romish religion should be permitted
in the United Provinces ; the churches shared with the Catho-
lics ; and their priests maintained by appointments from the
states : that all the frontier towns of the republic should be
yielded to him, together with Nimeguen, Skink, Knotzembourg,
and that part of Guelderland which lay on the other side of
the Rhine ; as likewise the Isle of Bommel, that of Voorn,
the fortress of St. Andrew, those of Louvestein and Crcve-
coeur : that the states should pay him the sum of twenty mil-
lions of livres for the charges of the war : that they should
every year send him a solemn embassy, and present him with
a golden medal, as an acknowledgment that they owed to him
the preservation of that liberty wbich, by the assistance of his
predecessors, they had formerly acquired : and that they should
give entire satisfaction to the king of England : and he allowed
them but ten days for the acceptance of these demands.
The ambassadors sent to London met with still worse rccep
tion : no minister was allowed to treat with them ; and they
were retained in a kind of confinement. But notwithstanding
this rigorous conduct of the court, the presence of the Dutch
ambassadors excited the sentiments of tender compassion, and
even indignation, among the people in general, especially
among those who could foresee the aim and result of those
dangerous counsels. The two most powerful monarchs, they
said, in Europe, the one by land, the other by sea, have, con-
trary to the faith of solemn treaties, combined to exterminate
an illustrious republic : what a dismal prospect does their suc-
cess afford to the neighbors of the one, and to the subjects of
the other % Charles had formed the triple league, in order to
restrain the power of France ; a sure proof that he does not
now err from ignorance. He had courted and obtained the
applauses of his people by that wise measure : as he now
adopts contrary counsels, he must surely expect by their
means to render himself independent of his people, whose
sentiments are become so indifferent to him. During the
entire submission of the nation, and dutiful behavior of the
parliament, dangerous projects, without provocation, are formed
to reduce them to subjection ; and all the foreign interests of
the people are sacrificed, in order the more surely to bereava
them of their domestic liberties. Lest any instance of free*
108 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A D. 1672
dom should remain within their view, the United .Provinces,
the real barrier of England, must be abandoned to the most
dangerous enemy of England ; and by a universal combination
of tyranny against laws and liberty, all mankind, who have
retained in any degree their precious, though hitherto preca-
rious birthrights, are forever to submit to slavery and injustice.
Though the fear of giving umbrage to his confederate had
engaged Charles to treat the Dutch ambassadors with such
r:gor, he was not altogether without uneasiness on account of
the rapid and unexpected progress of the French arms. Were
Holland entirely conquered, its whole commerce and navaj
force, he perceived, must become an accession to France ;
the Spanish Low Countries must soon follow ; and Lewis, now
independent of his ally, would no longer think it his interest
to support him against his discontented subjects. Charles,
though he never carried his attention to very distant conse-
quences, could not but foresee these obvious events ; and
though incapable of envy or jealousy, he was touched with
anxiety, when he found every thing yield to the French arms,
while such vigorous resistance was made to his own. He
soon dismissed the Dutch ambassadors, lest they should caba)
among his subjects, who bore them great favor : but he sem
over Buckingham and Arlington, and soon after Lord Halifax,
to negotiate anew with the French king, in the present pros-
perous situation of that monarch's affairs.
These ministers passed through Holland ; and as they were
supposed to bring peace to the distressed republic, they were
every where received with the loudest acclamations. " God
bless the king of England ! God bless the prince of Orange )
Confusion to the states !" This was every where the cry of
the populace. The ambassadors had several conferences with
the states and the prince of Orange ; but made no reasonable
advances towards an accommodation. They went to Utrecht,
where they renewed the league with Lewis, and agreed, tha
neither of the kings should make peace with Holland but by
common consent. They next gave in their pretensions, of
which the following are the principal articles : that the Dutch
should give up the honor of the flag, without the least reserve
or limitation ; nor should whole fleets, even on the coast of
Holland, rs£use to Btrike or lower their topsails to the smallest
ship carrying the British flag : that all persons guilty of trea-
son against the king, or of writing seditious libels, should, on
complaint, be banished forever the dominions of the states
A. D. 1672.J CHARLES II. 10*
that the Dutch should pay the king a million sterling towards
the charges of the war, together with ten thousand pounds a
year, for permission to fish on the British seas : that they
should share the Indian trade with the English : that the
prince of Orange and his descendants should enjoy the sover-
eignty of the United Provinces ; at least, that they should be
invested with the dignities of stadtholder, admiral, and general
in as ample a manner as had ever been enjoyed by any of
his ancestors : and that the Isle of Walcheren, the city and
castle of Sluis, together with the isles of Cadsant, Goree, and
Vorne, should be put into the king's hands, as a security for
the performance of articles.
The terms proposed by Lewis bereaved the republic of all
security against any invasion by land from France : those
demanded by Charles exposed them equally to an invasion by
sea from England ; and when both were united, they appeared
absolutely intolerable, and reduced the Hollanders, who saw
no means of defence, to the utmost despair. What extremely
augmented their distress, were the violent factions with which
they continued to be every where agitated. Dc Wit, too
pertinacious in defence of his own system of liberty, while
the very being of the commonwealth was threatened, still per-
severed in opposing the repeal of the perpetual edict, now
become the object of horror to the Dutch populace. Their
rage at last broke all bounds, and bore every thing before it.
They rose in an insurrection at Dort, and by force constrained
their burgomasters to sign the repeal so much demanded. This
proved a signal of a general revolt throughout all the provinces.
At Amsterdam, the Hague, Middlebourg, Rotterdam, the
people new to arms, and trampling under foot the authority
of their magistrates, obliged them to submit to the prince of
Orange. They expelled from their office such as displeased
them : they required the prince to appoint others in their place ;
and, agreeably to the proceedings of the populace in all ages,
provided they might wreak their vengeance on their superiors,
they expressed great indifference for the protection of their
civil liberties.
The superior talents and virtues of De Wit made him on
this occasion the chief object of envy, and exposed him to the
utmost rage of popular prejudice. Four assassins, actuated
by no other motive than mistaken zeal, had assaulted him in
the str3ets ; and after giving him many wounds, had left him
for dead. One of them was punished ; the others were neveT
110 HISTORY Ok' ENGLAND. [A. D. 1672
questioned ibr the crime. His brother Cornelius, who had
behaved with prudence and courage on board the fleet, waa
obliged by sickness to come ashore ; and he was now confined
to his house at Dort. Some assassins broke in upon him ; and
it was with the utmost difficulty that his family and servants
could repel their violence. At Amsterdam, the house of the
tirave De Ruyter, the sole resource of the distressed common-
wealth, was surrounded by the enraged populace ; and his
wife and children were for some time exposed to the most
imminent danger.
One Tichelaer, a barber, a man noted for infamy, accused
Cornelius de Wit of endeavoring by bribes to engage him in
the design of poisoning the prince of Orange. The accusa-
tion, though attended with the most improbable, and even
absurd circumstances, was greedily received by the credulous
multitude ; and Cornelius was cited before a court of judica-
ture. The judges, either blinded by the same prejudices, or
not daring to oppose the popular torrent, condemned him to
suffer the question. This man, who had bravely served his
country in war, and who had been invested with the highest
dignities, was delivered into the hands of the executioner, and
torn in pieces by the most inhuman torments. Amidst the severe
agonies which he endured, he still made protestations of his
innocence, and frequently repeated an ode of Horace, which
contained sentiments suited to his deplorable condition : —
Justum et tenaccm propositi virum, etc.*
* Which may be thus translated : —
The man whose mind, on virtue bent,
Pursues some greatly good intent,
With undiverted aim,
Serene beholds the angry crowd ;
Nor can their clamors, fierce and loud,
His stubborn honor tame.
Not the proud tyrant's fiercest threat,
Nor storms, that from their dark retreat
The lawless surges wake ;
Not Jove's dread bolt, that shakes the pole,
The firmer purpose of his soul
With all its power can shake.
Should nature's frame in ruins fall,
And chaos o'er the sinking ball
Resume primeval sway,
His courage chance and late defies,
Nor feels the wreck of earth and skies
Obstruct its destined way. Blacklooks.
A..D 1G72.J charles n. Ill
The judges, however, condemned him to lose his offices, and
to be banished the commonwealth. The pensionary, who had
not been terrified from performing the part of a kind brother
and faithful friend during this prosecution, resolved not to
desert him on account of the unmerited infamy which was
endeavored to be thrown upon him. He came to his brother's
prison, determined to accompany him to the place of his exile.
The signal was given to the populace. They rose in arms :
they broke open the doors of the prison ; they pulled out the
two brothers ; and a thousand hands vied who should first be
imbrued in their blood. Even their death did not satiate the
brutal rage of the multitude. They exercised on the dead
bodies of those virtuous citizens, indignities too shocking to be
recited ; and till tired with their own fury, they permitted not
the friends of the deceased to approach, or to bestow on them
the honors of a funeral, silent and unattended.
The massacre of the De Wits put an end for the time to the
remains of their party ; and all men, from fear, inclination, or
prudence, concurred in expressing the most implicit obedience
to the prince of Orange. The republic, though half subdued
by foreign force, and as yet dismayed by its misfortunes, was
now firmly united under one leader, and began to collect the
remains of its pristine vigor. William, worthy of that heroic
family from which he sprang, adopted sentiments becoming
the head of a brave and free people. He bent all his efforts
against the public enemy : he sought not against his country
any advantages which might be dangerous to civil liberty.
Those intolerable conditions demanded by their insolent ene-
mies, he exhorted the states to reject with scorn } and by his
advice they put an end to negotiations, which served only to
break the courage of their fellow-citizens, and delay the assist-
ance of their allies. He showed them, that the numbers and
riches of the people, aided by the advantages of situation,
would still be sufficient, if they abandoned not themselves to
despair, to resist, at least retard, the progress of their enemies,
and preserve the remaining provinces, till the other nations of
Europe, sensible of the common danger, could come to their
relief. He represented that, as envy at their opulence and
liberty had produced this mighty combination against them,
they would in vain expect by concessions to satisfy foes whose
pretensions were as little bounded by moderation as by justice
He exhorted them to remember the generous valor of theii
ancestors, who, yet in the infancy of the state, preferred lib
112 HISTORY OF ENGLAND [A. D 1G 72
erty to every human consideration; and rotting their spirit!
to an obstinate defence, repelled all the power, riches, anil
military discipline of Spain. And he professed himself will-
ing to tread in the steps of his illustrious predecessors, and
hoped, that as they had honored him with the same affection
which their ancestors paid to the former princes of Orange,
they would second his efforts with the same constancy and
manly fortitude.
The spirit of the young prince infused itself into his hear
ers. Those who lately entertained thoughts of yielding theic
necks to subjection, were now bravely determined to resist the
haughty victor, and to defend those last remains of their native
soil, of which neither the irruptions of Lewis, r.or the inunda-
tion of waters, had as yet bereaved them. Should even the
ground fail them on which they might combat, they were still
resolved not to yield the generous strife ; but, flying to their
settlements in the Indies, erect a new empire in those remote
regions, and preserve alive, even in the climates of slavery,
that liberty of which Europe was become unworthy. Already
they concerted measures for executing this extraordinary reso-
lution ; and found that the vessels contained in their harbors
could transport above two hundred thousand inhabitants to
the East Indies.
The combined princes, finding at last some appearance ol
opposition, bent all their efforts to seduce the prince of Orange,
on whose valor and conduct the fate of the commonwealth
entirely depended. The sovereignty of the province of Hol-
land was offered him, and the protection of England and
France, to insure him, as well against the invasion of foreign
enemies, as the insurrection of his subjects. All proposals
were generously rejected ; and the prince declared his resolu-
tion to retire into Germany, and to pass his life in hunting on
his lands there, rather than abandon the liberty of his country,
or betray the trust reposed in him. When Buckingham urged
the inevitable destruction which hung over the United Prov-
inces, and asked him whether he did not see that the com-
monwealth was ruined, " There is one certain means," re-
plied the prince, " by which I can be sure never to see my
country's ruin : I will die in the last ditch."
The people in Holland had been much incited to esjxmse
the prince's party, by the hopes that the king of England,
pleased with his nephew's elevation, would abandon thoso
dangerous engagements into which he had entered, and would
A. D. 1073.1 charles n. lia
afford his protection to the distressed republic. But all these
hopes were soon found to be fallacious. Charles still per-
eisted in his alliance with France ; and the combined fleets
approached the coast of Holland with an English army on
board, commanded by Count Schomborg. It is pretended that
an unusual tide carried them off the coast ; and that Provi-
dence thus interposed, in an extraordinary manner, to save
the republic from the imminent danger to which it was ex
posed. Very tempestuous weather, it is certain, prevailed all
the rest of the season ; and the combined fleets either were
blown to a distance, or durst not approach a coast which
might prove fatal to them. Lewis, finding that his enemies
gathered courage behind their inundations, and that no further
success was likely for the present to attend his arms, had re-
tired to Versailles.
The other nations of Europe regarded the subjection of Hol-
land as the forerunner of their own slavery, and retained no
hopes of defending themselves, should such a mighty accession
be made to the already exorbitant power of France. The em-
peror, though he lay at a distance, and was naturally slow in
his undertakings, began to put himself in motion ; Branden-
burgh showed a disposition to support the states ; Spain had
sent some forces to their assistance ; and by the present efforts
of the prince of Orange, and the prospect of relief from theit
allies a different face of affairs began already to appear.
Groninghen was the first place that stopped the progress of
the enemy : the bishop of Munster was repulsed from beforo
that town, and obliged to raise the siege with loss and dis-
honor. Naerden was attempted by the prince of Orange ; but
Mareschal Luxembourg, breaking in upon his intrenchments
with a sudden irruption, obliged him to abandon the enterprise.
[1G73.] There was no ally on whom the Dutch more relied
for assistance, than the parliament of England, which the
king's necessities at last obliged him to assemble. The eyes
of all men, both abroad and at home, were fixed on this ses-
sion, which met after prorogations continued for near two
years. It was evident how much the king dreaded the as-
sembling of his parliament ; and the discontents universally
excited by the bold measures entered into, both in foreign and
domestic administration, had given but too just fovndation fof
his apprehensions.
The king, however, in his speech, addressed them with all
the appearance of cordiality and confidence. He said, tha
114 history or England. [AD. 1G73
he would have assembled them sooner, had he not been dosir
ous to allow them leisure for attending their private affairs, aa
well as to give his people respite from taxes and impositions :
that since their last meeting, he had been forced into a war,
not only just, but necessary ; necessary both for the honor and
interest of the nation : that m order to have peace at home,
while he had war abroad, he had issued his declaration of
indulgence to dissenters, and had found many good effects to
result from that measure : that he heard of some exceptions
which had been taken to this exercise of power ; but he would
tell them plainly, that he was resolved to stick to his declara-
tion, and would be much offended at any contradiction : and
that though a rumor had been spread, as if the newdevied
army had been intended to control law and property, he re-
garded that jealousy as so frivolous, that he was resolved to
augment his forces next spring, and did not doubt but they
would consider the necessity of them in their supplies. The
rest of the business he left to the chancellor.
The chancellor enlarged on the same topics, and added
many extraordinary positions of his own. He told them, that
the Hollanders were the common enemies of all monarchies,
especially that of England, their only competitor for com-
merce and naval power, and the sole obstacle to their views
of attaining a universal empire, as extensive as that of ancient
Rome : that, even during their present distress and danger,
they were so intoxicated with these ambitious projects, as to
slight all treaty, nay, to refuse all cessation of hostilities : that
the king, in entering on this war, did no more than prosecute
those maxims which had engaged the parliament to advise
and approve of the last ; and he might therefore safely say,
that it was their ivar : that the states being the eternal ene-
mies of England, both by interest and inclination, the parlia-
ment had wisely judged it necessary to extirpate them, and
had laid it down as an eternal maxim, that " delenda est
Carthago," this hostile government by all means is to be sub-
verted : and that though the Dutch pretended to have assur-
ances that the parliament would furnish no supplies to the
king, he was confident that this hope, in which they extremely
trusted, would soon fail them.
Before the commons entered upon business, there lay before
them an affair, which discovered, beyond a possibility of doubt,
the arbitrary projects of the king ; and the measures taken
upon it, proved that the house was not at present in a disposi'
A. D. 1673. J JHARLES II 115
tion to submit to tlicm. It had been the constant, undisputed
practice, ever since the parliament in 1004, for the house, in
case of any vacancy, to issue out writs for new elections ;
and the chancellor, who, before that time, had had some
precedents in his favor, had ever afterwards abstained from
all exercise of that authority. This indeed was one of the
first steps which the commons had taken in establishing and
guarding their privileges ; and nothing could be more requisite
than this precaution, in order to prevent the clandestine issuing
of writs, and to insure a fair and free election. No one but so
desperate a minister as Shaftesbury, who had entered into a
regular plan for reducing the people to subjection, could have
entertained thoughts of breaking in upon a practice so reason
able and so well established, or could have hoped to succeed ir
so bold an enterprise. Several members had taken their seat*
upon irregular writs issued by the chancellor ; but the house
was no sooner assembled, and the speaker placed in the chair,
than a motion was made against them ; and the members
themselves had the modesty to withdraw. Their election was
declared null ; and new writs, in the usual form, were issued
by the speaker.
The next step taken by the commons had the appearance
of some more complaisance ; but in reality proceeded from the
same spirit of liberty and independence. They entered a
resolution, that, in order to supply his majesty's extraordinary
occasions, (for that was the expression employed,) they would
grant eighteen months' assessment, at the rate of seventy
thousand pounds a month, amounting in the whole to one
million two hundred and sixty thousand pounds. Though
unwilling to come to a violent breach with the king, they
would not express the least approbation of the war ; and they
gave him the prospect of this supply, only that they might
have permission to proceed peaceably in the redress of the other
grievances of which they had such reason to complain.
No grievance was more alarming, both on account of the
secret views from which it proceeded, and the consequences
which might attend it, than the declaration of indulgence.
A remonstrance was immediately framed against that exercise
of prerogative. The king defended his measure. The commons
persisted in their opposition to it ; and they represented, that
such ft practice, if admitted, might tend to interrupt the free
course of the laws, and alter the legislative power, which had
alwavs been acknowledged to reside in the king and the twr.
I |£ HISTORY OV ENGLAND. [A. D. 1673
houses, All men veie in expectation with regard to the issue
of this extraordinary affair. The king seemed engaged in
honor to support his measure ; and in order to prevent all op-
position, he had positively declared that he would support it.
The commons were ohliged to persevere, not only because it
was dishonorable to be foiled, where they could plead such
trong reasons, but also because, 'f the king prevailed in his
pretensions, an end seemed to be put to a)!, the legal limitations
of the constitution.
It is evident, that Charles was now come to that delicate
crisis which he ought at first to have foreseen, when he em
braced those desperate counsels ; and his resolutions, in such
an event, ought long ago to have been entirely fixed and
determined. Besides his usual guards, he had an army
encamped at Blackheath, under the command of Mareschal
Schomberg, a foreigner ; and many of the officers were of the
Catholic religion. His ally, the French king, he might expect,
would second him, if force became requisite for restraining his
discontented subjects, and supporting the measures which, by
common consent, they had agreed to pursue. But the king
was startled when he approached so dangerous a precipice as
that which lay before him. Were violence once offered, there
could be no return, he saw, to mutual confidence and trust
with his people ; the perils attending foreign succors, especially
from so mighty a prince, were sufficiently apparent ; and the
success which his own arms had met with in the war was not
so great as to increase his authority, or terrify the malecontents
from opposition. The desire of power, likewise, which had
engaged Charles in these precipitate measures, had less pro-
ceeded, we may observe, from ambition than from love of ease.
Strict limitations of the constitution rendered the conduct of
business complicated and troublesome ; and it was impossible
for him, without much contrivance and intrigue, to procure
the money necessary for hig pleasures, or even for the regular
support of government. When the prospect, therefore, of
such dangerous opposition presented itself, the same love of
ease inclined him to retract what it seemed so difficult to
maintain ; and his turn of mind, naturally pliant and careless,
made him find little objection to a measure which a more
haughty prince would have embraced with the utmost reluc-
tance. That he might yield with the better grace, he ask#d the
opinion of the house of peers, who advised him to comply with
the corruions. Axc-udingly the king sent for the declaration,
A.D. 1673.) CHARLES II. 117
and with his own hands broke the seals. The commons
expressed the utmost satisfaction with this measure, and the
most entire duty to his majesty. Charles assured them, that
he would willingly pass any law offered him, which might
tend to give them satisfaction in all their just grievances.
Shaftesbury, when he found the king recede at once from
so capital a point, which he had publicly declared his resolu-
tion to maintain, concluded, that all schemes for enlarging
royal authority were vanished, and that Charles was utterly
incapable of pursuing such difficult and such hazardous mea
sures. The parliament, he foresaw, might push their inqui-
ries into those counsels which were so generally odious ; and
the king, from the same facility of disposition, might abandon
his ministers to their vengeance. He resolved, therefore, to
make his peace in time with that party which was likely
to predominate, and to atone for all his violences in favor
of monarchy by like violences in opposition to it. Never
turn was more sudden, or less calculated to save appear-
ances. Immediately he entered into all the cabals of the
country party ; and discovered to them, perhaps magnified,
the arbitrary designs of the court, in which he himself had
borne so deep a share. He was received with open arms by
that party, who stood in need of so able a leader ; and no
questions were asked with regard to his late apostasy. The
various factions into which the nation had been divided, and
the many sudden revolutions to which the public had been
exposed, had tended much to debauch the minds of men, and
to destroy the sense of honor and decorum in their public con
duct.
But the parliament, though satisfied with the king's com
piiance, had not lost all those apprehensions to which the
measures of the court had given so much foundation. A law
passed for imposing a test on all who should enjoy any public
office. Besides taking the oaths of allegiance and supremacy,
and receiving the sacrament in the established church, they
were obliged to abjure all belief in the doctrine of transub-
6tantiation. As the dissenters had seconded the efforts of tho
commons against the king's declaration of indulgence, and
seemed resolute to accept of no toleration in an illegal man-
ner, they had acquired great favor v/ith the parliament ; and
a project was adopted to unite the whole Protestant interest
against the common enemy, who now began to appear formid-
able. A bill passed the jemmons for the case and relief of
*l£ HISIORY OF ENGLAND. [A L). 1673
the Protestant nonconformists ; but met with some difficulties,
at least delays, in the house of peers.
The icsolution for supply was carried into a law ; as j
lecompense to the king for his concessions. An act, likewise,
of general pardon and indemnity was passed, which screened
the ministers from all further inquiry. The parliament prob-
ably thought, that the best method of reclaiming the criminals,
was to show them that their case was not desperate. Even
the remonstrance which the commons voted of their grievances,
may be regarded as a proof that their anger was, for the time,
somewhat appeased. None of the capital points are there
touched on ; the breach of the triple league, the French
alliance, or the shutting up of the exchequer. The sole
grievances mentioned are, an arbitrary imposition on coals
for providing convoys, the exercise of martial law, the quar-
tering and pressing of soldiers : and they prayed that, after
the conclusion of the war, the whole army should be dis-
banded. The king gave them a gracious, though an evasive
answer. When business was finished, the two houses ad-
journed themselves.
Though the king had receded from bis declaration of in-
dulgence, and thereby had tacitly relinquished the dispensing
power, he was still resolved, notwithstanding his bad success
both at home and abroad, to persevere in his alliance with
France, and in the Dutch war, and consequently in all those
Eecret views, whatever they were, which depended on those
fatal measures. The money granted by parliament sufficed to
equip a fleet, of which Prince Hupert was declared admiral ;
for the duke was set aside by the test. Sir Edward Sprague
and the earl of Ossory commanded under the prince. A
French squadron joined them, comma. tded by D'Etrees. The
combined fleets set sail towards the coast of Holland, and
found the enemy lying at anchor within the sands at Schan-
velt. There is a natural confusion attending sea fights, even
beyond other military transactions ; derived from the precar-
ious operations of winds and tides, as well as from the smoke,
and darkness in which every thing is there involved. No
wonder, therefore, that accounts of those battles are apt to
contain uncertainties and contradictions ; especially when de
hvered by writers of the hostile nations, who take pleasure
in exalting the advantages of their own countrymen, and de
pressing those of the enemy. All we can say with certainty
of this battle is, that both sides boasted of the victory ; anq
VD. 1673] charts ii. 119
wo may thence infer, that the event was not decisive. Tin
Dutch, being near home, retired into their harbors. In a
week, they were refitted, and presented themselves again to
the combined fleets. A new action ensued, not more decisive
than the foregoing. It was not fought with great obstinacy on
either side ; but whether the Dutch or the allies first retired,
seems to be a matter of uncertainty. The loss in the former
of these actions fell chiefly on the French, whom the English,
diffident of their intentions, took care to place under their own
squadrons ; and they thereby exposed them to all the fire of
the enemy. There seems not to have been a ship lost on
either side in the second engagement.
It was sufficient glory to Do Ruyter, that, with a fleet much
inferior to the combined squadrons of France and England,
he could fight them without any notable disadvantage ; and it
was sufficient victory, that he could defeat the project of a
descent in Zealand, which, had it taken place, had endan-
gered, in the present circumstances, the total overthrow of the
Dutch commonwealth. Prince Rupert was also suspected not
to favor the king's projects for subduing Holland, or enlarging
his authority at home ; and from these motives he was thought
not to have pressed so hard on the enemy, as his well-known
valor gave reason to expect. It is indeed remarkable, that
during this war, though the English with their allies much
overmatched the Hollanders, they were not able to gain any
advantage over them ; while in the former war, though often
overborne by numbers, they still exerted themselves with the
greatest courage, and always acquired great renown, some-
times even signal victories. But they were disgusted at the
present measures, which they deemed pernicious to their
country ; they w r ere not satisfied in the justice of the quarrel ;
and they entertained a perpetual jealousy of their confed-
erates, whom, had they been permitted, they would, with much
more pleasure, have destroyed than even the enemy them
selves.
If Prince Pwupert was not favorable to the designs of the
court, he enjoyed as little favor from the court, at least from
the duke, who, though he could no longer command the fleet,
still possessed the chief authority in the admiralty. The
prince complained of a total want of every thing, powder,
shot, provisions, beer, and even water ; and he went into
harbor, that he might refit his ships, and supply their numerous
necessities. After some weeks, he was refitted ; and he again
120 HISTORY OF ENGLAND- |A. D 1(573
put to sea. The hostile fleets met at the mouth of tht Texel,
and fought the last battle, which, during the course of sn
many years, these neighboring maritime powers have disputed
with each othez. De Ruyter, and under him Tromp, com-
manded the Dutch in this action, as in the two former; for
the prince of Orange had reconciled these gallant rivals ; and
they retained nothing of their former animosity, except that
emulation Avhich made them exert themselves with more
distinguished bravery against the enemies of their country
Brankert was opposed to D'Etrees, De Ruyter to Prince
Rupert, Tromp to Sprague. Tt is to be remarked, that in all
actions, these brave admirals last mentioned had still selected
each other as the only antagonists worthy each other's valor ;
and no decisive advantage had as yet been gained by either ot
them. They fought in this battle, as if there were no mean
between death and victory.
D'Etrees and all the French squadron, except Rear- Admiral
Martel, kept at a distance : and Brankert, instead of attacking
them, bore down to the assistance of De Ruyter, who was
engaged in furious combat with Prince Rupert. On no occa-
sion did the prince acquire more deserved honor : his conduct,
as well as valor, shone out with signal lustre. Having disen-
gaged his squadron from the numerous enemies with whom
he was every where surrounded, and having joined Sir John
Chichely, his rear-admiral ; who had been separated from him,
he made haste to the relief of Sprague, who was hard pressed
by Tromp's squadron. The Royal Prince, in which Sprague
first engaged, was so disabled, that he was obliged to hoist his
flag on board the St. George ; while Tromp was for a like
reason obliged to quit his ship, the Golden Lion, and go on
board the Comet. The fight was renewed with the utmost
fury by these valorous .rivals, and by the rear-admirals, their
seconds. Ossory, rear-admiral to Sprague, was preparing to
board Tromp, when he saw the St. George terribly torn, and
in a manner disabled. Sprague was leaving her, in order to
hoist his flag on board a third ship, and return to the charge,
when a shot, which had passed through the St. George, took
nis boat, and sunk her. The admiral was drowned, to the
regret of Tromp himself, who bestowed on his valor the
deserved praises.
Prince Rupert found affairs in this dangerous situation, and
baw must of the snips in Spraguc's squadron disabled from
fight. The engagement, however, was renewed, and bccam«
A. D. 1673. J CHARLES II. I2i
very close and bloody. The prince threw the enemy into
disorder. To increase it, he sent among them two fire-ships,
and at the same time made a signal to the French to bear
down ; which if they had done, a decisive victory must have
ensued. But the prince, when he saw that they neglected
his signal, and observed that most of his ships were in no con-
dition to keep the sea long, wisely provided for their safety by
making easy sail towards the English coast. The victory in
this battle was as doubtful as in all the actions fought during
the present war.
The turn which the affairs of the Hollanders took by land
was more favorable. The prince of Orange besieged and took
Naerden ; and from this success gave his country reason to hope
(or still more prosperous enterprises. Montecuculi, who com-
manded the imperialists on the Upper Rhine, deceived, by the
most artful conduct, the vigilance and penetration of Turenne,
and making a sudden march, sat down before Bonne. The
pri ice of Orange's conduct was no less masterly ; while he
elu led all the French generals, and leaving them behind him,
joried his army to that of the imperialists. Bonne was taken
in a few days : several other places in the electorate of Cologne
fijll into the hands of the allies ; and the communication being
thv.s cut off" between France and the United Provinces, Lewis
M'ai obliged to recall his forces, and to abandon all his conquests
with greater rapidity than he had at first made them. The
ta king of Maestricht was the only advantage which he gained
thin campaign.
A congress was opened at Cologne under the mediation of
Sweden ; but with small hopes of success. The demands of
the two kings were such as must have reduced the Hollanders
to j jerpetual servitude. In proportion as the affairs of the states
ros3, the kings sunk in their demands ; but the states still sunk
lower in their offers ; and it was found impossible for the parties
ever to agree on any conditions. After the French evacuated
Holland, the congress broke up ; and the seizure of Prince
William of Furstenburg by the imperialists, afforded the French
and English a good pretence for leaving Cologne. The Dutch
ambassadors, in their memorials, expressed all the haughtiness
and disdain so natural to a free state, which had met with such
unmerited ill usage.
The parliament of England was now assembled, and discov-
ered much greater symptoms of ill humor than had appeared
in the last session. They had seen for some time a negotiation
vol. vi. — F
122 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A.D. 1674.
of marriage carried on between the duke of York and the arch-
duchess of Inspruc, a Catholic of the Austrian family ; and
they had made no opposition. But when that negotiation
failed, and the duke applied to a princess of the house of
Modena, then in close alliance with France, this circumstance,
joined to so many other grounds of discontent, raised the com-
mons into a flame ; and they remonstrated with the greatest
zeal against the intended marriage. The king told them, that
their remonstrance came too late, and that the marriage was
already agreed on, and even celebrated by proxy. The com-
mons still insisted ; and proceeding to the examination of the
other parts of government, they voted the standing army a
grievance, and declared, that they would grant no more sup-
ply, unless it appeared that the Dutch were so obstinate as to
refuse all reasonable conditions of peace. To cut short these
disagreeable attacks, the king resolved to prorogue the parlia-
ment ; and with that intention he came unexpectedly to the
house of peers, and sent the usher to summon the commons.
It happened that the speaker and the usher nearly met at the
door of the house ; but the speaker being within, some of the
members suddenly shut the door, and cried, "To the chair, to
the chair ;" while others cried, " The black rod is at the door."
The speaker was hurried to the chair ; and the following mo
lions were instantly made : That the alliance with France is
a grievance ; that the evil counsellors about the king are a
grievance ; that the duke of Lauderdale is a grievance, and
not fit to be trusted or employed. There was a general cry,
" To the question, to the question ;" but the usher knocking
violently at the door, the speaker leaped from the chair, and
the house rose in great confusion.
During the interval, Shaftesbury, whose intrigues with the
malecontent party were now become notorious, was dismissed
from the office of chancellor ; and the great seal was given to
Sir Heneage Finch, by the title of lord keeper. The test had
incapacitated Clifford ; and the white staff* was conferred on
Sir Thomas Osborne, soon after created earl of Danby, a min
iister of abilities, who had risen by his parliamentary talents
Clifford retired into the country, and soon after died.
1 1674.] The parliament had been prorogued, in order to
j>ive the duke leisure to finish his marriage ; but the king's
necessities soon obliged him again to assemble them ; and b
some popular acts he paved the way for the session. But
his eflbrts were in vain. The disgust of the commons wa*
alj
A.D. 1674.] ciiarles n. 123
fixed in foundations too deep to be easily removed. They
began with applications for a general fast ; by which they
intimated that the nation was in a very calamitous condition :
they addressed against the king's guards, which they repre-
sented as dangerous to liberty, and even as illegal, since they
never had yet received the sanction of parliament : they took
ome steps towards establishing a new and more rigorous test
against Popery : and what chiefly alarmed the court, they
made an attack on the members of the cabal, to whose per-
nicious counsels they imputed all their present grievances.
Clifibrd was dead : Shaftesbury had made his peace with the
country party, and was become their leader : Buckingham
was endeavoring to imitate Shaftesbury ; but his intentions
were as yet known to very few. A motion was therefore
made in the house of commons for his impeachment : he
desired to be heard at the bar, but expressed himself in so
confused and ambiguous a manner, as gave little satisfaction.
He was required to answer precisely to certain queries which
they proposed to him. These regarded all the articles of mis-
conduct above mentioned ; and among the rest, the following
query seems remarkable : " By whose advice was the army
brought up to overawe the debates and resolutions of the house
of commons ?" This shows to what length the suspicions of
the house were at that time carried. Buckingham, in all his
answers, endeavored to exculpate himself, and to load Arling-
ton. He succeeded not in the former intention : the commons
voted an address ibr his removal. But Arlington, who was on
many accounts obnoxious to the house, was attacked. Arti-
cles were drawn up against him ; though the impeachment
was never prosecuted.
The king plainly saw, that he could expect no supply from
the commons for carrying on a war so. odious to them. He
resolved, therefore, to make a separate peace with the Dutch,
on the terms which they had proposed through the channti
of the Spanish ambassador. With a cordiality which, in the
present disposition on both sides, was probably but affected,
but which was obliging, he asked advice of the parliament.
The parliament unanimously concurred, both in thanks for
this gracious condescension, and in their advice for peace.
Peace was accordingly concluded. The honor of the flag was
yielded by the Dutch in the most extensive terms : a regula-
tion of trade was agreed to : all possessions were restored to
the eame condition as before the war : the English planters iu
'21 UISTOIIY or ENGLAND. [A.D. 1071
Surinam were allowed to remove at pleasure : and the states
agreed to pay to the king the sum of eight hundred thousand
patacoons, near three hundred thousand pounds. Four days
after the parliament was prorogued, the peace was proclaimed
in London, to the great joy of the people. Spain had declared,
that she could no longer remain neuter, if hostilities were
continued against Holland. ; and a sensible decay of trade was
foreseen, in case a rupture should ensue with that kingdom.
The prospect of this loss contributed very much to increase
the national aversion to the present war, and to enliven the
joy for its conclusion.
There was in the French service a great body of English,
to the number of ten thousand, men, who had acquired honor
in every action, and had greatlv contributed to the successes of
Lewis. These troops, Charles said, he was bound by treaty
not to recall ; but he obliged himself to the states by a secret
article not to allow them to be recruited. His partiality to
Fiance prevented a strict execution of this engagement.
A.D. J6~4.J CHARLES n. Ittfi
CHAPTER LXVI.
CHARLES II.
[1674.] If we consider the projects of the famous cabal,
it will appear hard to determine, whether the end which those
ministers pursued were more blamable and pernicious, or the
means by which they were to effect it more impolitic and im-
prudent. Though they might talk only of recovering or fixing
the king's authority, their intention could be no other than that
of making him absolute ; since it was not possible to regain or
maintain, in opposition to the people, any of those powers of
the crown abolished by late law or custom, without subduing
the people, and rendering the royal prerogative entirely un-
controllable. Against such a scheme they might foresee that
every part of the nation would declare themselves ; not only,
the old parliamentary faction, which, though they kept not in
a body, were still numerous, but even the greatest royalists,
who were indeed attached to monarchy, but desired to see it
limited and restrained by law. It had appeared, that the
present parliament, though elected during the greatest preva-
lence of the royal party, was yet tenacious of popular privi-
leges, and retained a considerable jealousy of the crown, even
before they had received any just ground of suspicion. The
guards, therefore, together with a small army, new levied and
undisciplined, and composed, too, of Englishmen, were almost
the only domestic resources which the king could depend on in
the prosecution of these dangerous counsels.
The assistance of the French king was no doubt deemed
by the cabal a considerable support in the schemes which
they were forming ; but it is not easily conceived they could
imagine themselves capable of directing and employing an as
sociate of so domineering a character. They ought justly to
have suspected, that it would be the sole intention of Lewis,
as it evidently was his interest, to raise incurable jealousies
between the king and his people ; and that he saw how much
a steady, uniform government in this island, whether free o*
126 HISTORY OF EI^GLAND. [A. D. 1674
absolute, would form invincible barriers to bis ambition
Should bis assistance be demanded, if lie sent a small sup-
pi}-, it would serve only to enrage the people, and render the
breach altogether irreparable ; if he furnished a great force,
sufficient to subdue the nation, there was little reason to trust
his generosity with regard to the use which he would make oi
this advantage.
In all its other parts, the plan of the cabal, it must be con-
fessed, appears equally absurd and incongruous. If the wai
with Holland were attended with great success, and involved
the subjection of the republic, such an accession of force must
fall to Lewis, not to Charles : and what hopes afterwards of
resisting by the greatest unanimity so mighty a monarch ?
How dangerous, or rather how ruinous, to depend upon his
assistance against domestic discontents ! If the Dutch, by
their own vigor, and the assistance of allies, were able to
defend themselves, and could bring the war to an equality,
the French arms would be so employed abroad, that no con-
siderable reenforcement could thence be expected to second
the king's enterprises in England. And might not the project
of overawing or subduing the people be esteemed of itself
sufficiently odious, without the aggravation of sacrificing that
state which they regarded as their best ally, and with which,
on many accounts, they were desirous of maintaining the great-
est concord and strictest confederacy ? Whatever views like-
wise might be entertained of promoting by these measures
the Catholic religion, they could only tend to render all the
other schemes abortive, and make them fall with inevitable
ruin upon the projectors. The Catholic religion, indeed,
where it is established, is better fitted than the Protestant for
supporting an absolute monarchy ; but would any man have
thought of it as the means of acquiring arbitrary authority
m England, where it was more detested than even slavery
itself?
It must be allowed that the difficulties, and even inconsist-
encies, attending the schemes of the cabal, are so numerous
and obvious, that one feels at first an inclination to deny the
reality of those schemes, and to suppose them entirely the chi-
meras of calumny and faction. But the utter impossibility of
accounting, by any other hypothesis, for those strange meas-
ures embraced by the court, as well as for the numerous cir-
eurs stances which accompanied them, obliges us to acknowl-
A..D. 1G74.J charles n. 127
edge, (though there remains no direct evidence of it,*) that a
formal plan was laid for changing the religion, and subverting
I ho constitution of England ; and that the king and the minis-
try were in reality conspirators against the people. What ia
most probahlo in human affairs, is not always true ; and a
very minute circumstance overlooked in our speculations,
serves often to explain events which may seem the most sur-
prising and unaccountable. Though the king possessed pen-
etration and a sound judgment, his capacity was chiefly fitted
* Siace the publication of this History, the author has had occasion
to see the most direct and positive evidence of this conspiracy. From
the urbanity and candor of the principal of the Scotch college at
Paris, he was admitted to peruse James II. 's Memoirs, kept there.
They amount to several volumes of small folio, all writ with that
prince's own hand, and comprehending the remarkable incidents
of his life, from his early youth till nea>- the time of his death.
His account of the French alliance is as follows : The intention
of the king and duke was chiefly to change the religion of Eng-
land, which they deemed an easy undertaking, because of the great
propensity, as they imagined, of the cavaliers and church party to
Popery : the treaty with Lewis was concluded at Versailles in tho
?nd of 1G69, or beginning of 1670, by Lord Arundel of Wardour,
whom no historian mentions as having had any hand in these trans-
itions. The purport of it was, that Lewis was to give Charles two
hundred thousand pounds a year in quarterly payments, in order to
enable him to settle the Catholic religion in England ; and ho was
also to supply him with an army of six thousand men, in ease of any
insurrection. When that work was finished, England was to join
with France in making war upon Holland. In case of success, Lewis
was to have the inland provinces ; the prince of Orange, Holland in
sovereignty * and Charles, Sluice, the Brille, Walkeren, with the
rest of the seaports as far as Mazeland Sluice. The king's project
was first to effect the change of religion in England ; but the duchess
of Orleans, in the interview at Dover, persuaded him to begin with
tho Dutch war, contrary to the remonstrances of the duke of York,
who insisted that Lewis, after serving his own purpose, would no
longer trouble himself about England. The duke makes no mention
of any design to render the king absolute ; but that was no doubt
implied in the other project, which was to be effected entirely by royal
authority. The king was so zealous a Papist, that he wept for joy
when he saw the prospect of reuniting his kingdom to the Catholic
church.
Sir John Dalrymple has since published some other curious partie
ulars with regard to this treaty. We find that it was concerted an
signed with the privity alone of four Popish counsellors of the king's ;
Arlington, Arundel, Clifford, and Sir Kit-hard Bealing. The secret
was kept from Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauderdale. In order to
engage them to take part in it, a very refined and a very mean arti-
fice was fallen upon by the king. After the secret conclusion and
lignature of tho treaty, the king pretended to these three ministers that
128 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D J G74
for smaller matters,* and the ordinary occurrences of life
nor had he application enough to carry his view to distant con
sequences, or to digest and adjust any plan of political opera
tions. As he scarcely ever thought twice on any one subject,
every appearance of advantage was apt to seduce him ; and
when he found his way obstructed by unlooked-for difficulties,
he readily turned aside into the first path, where he expected
more to gratify the natural indolence of his disposition. To
this versatility or pliancy of genius he himself was inclined
to trust ; and he thought that, after trying an experiment for
enlarging his authority, and altering the national religion, he
could easily, if it failed, return into the ordinary channel of
government. But the suspicions of the people, though they
burst not forth at once, were by this attempt rendered altogether
incurable ; and the more they reflected on the circumstances
attending it, the more resentment and jealousy were they apt
to entertain. They observed, that the king never had any
favorite ; that he was never governed by his ministers, scarcely
even by his mistresses ; and that he himself was the chief
spring of all public counsels. Whatever appearance, there-
fore, of a change might be assumed, they still suspected that
the same project was secretly in agitation ; and they deemed
no precaution too great to secure them against the pernicious-
consequences of such measures.
he wished to have a treaty and alliance with France for mutual support,
and for a Dutch war ; and when various pretended obstacles and diffi-
culties were surmounted, a sham treaty was conclude with their
consent and approbation, containing every article of the former real
treaty, except that of the king's change of religion. However, there
was virtually involved, even in this treaty, the assuming of absolute
government in England ; for the support of French troops, and a war
with Holland, so contrary to the interests and inclinations of his
people, could mean nothing else. One cannot sufficiently admire the
absolute want of common sense which appears throughout the wholo
of this criminal transaction. For if Popery was so much the object of
national horror, that even the king's three ministers, Buckingham,
Ashley, and Lauderdale, and such profligate ones, too, either would
not or durst not receive it. what hopes could he entertain of forcing
the nation into that communion? Considering the state of the king-
dom, full of veteran and zealous soldiers, bred during the civil wars,
it is probable that ho had not kept the crown two months after a
declaration so wild and extravagant. This was probably the reason
why the king of France and the French minister always dissiaded him
from taking off the mask, till the successes of the Dutch war sl"»iil«l
render that measure prudent and practicable.
* Puke of Buckingham's character of King Charles II.
A.D. 1674.] charles n. 129
The king, sensible of this jealousy, was inclined thenceforth
not to trust his people, of whom he had even before enter-
taiued a great diffidence ; and though obliged to make a
separate peace, he still kept up connections with the French
monarch. He apologized for deserting his ally, by represent-
ing to him all the real, undissembled difficulties under which
he labored ; and Lewis, with the greatest complaisance and
good humor, admitted the validity of his excuses. The duke
likewise, conscious that his principles and conduct had rendered
him still more obnoxious to the people, maintained on his own
account a separate correspondence with the French court, and
entered into particular connections with Lewis, which thest
princes dignified with the name of friendship. The duke had
only in view to secure his succession, and favor the Catholics ;
and it must be acknowledged to his praise, that though his
schemes were in some particulars dangerous to the people,
they gave the king no just ground of jealousy. A dutiful
subject, and an affectionate brother, he knew no other rule
of conduct than obedience ; and the same unlimited submis-
sion which afterwards, when king, he exacted of his people,
he was ever willing, before he ascended the throne, to pay to
his sovereign.
As the king was at peace with all the world, and almost
the only prince in Europe placed in that agreeable situation,
he thought proper to offer his mediation to the contending
powers, in order to compose their differences. France, will-
ing to negotiate under so favorable a mediator, readily
accepted of Charles's offer ; but it was apprehended that, for
a like reason, the allies would be inclined to refuse it. In
order to give a sanction to his new measures, the king invited
Temple from his retreat, and appointed him ambassador to the
states. That wise minister, reflecting on the unhappy issue
of his former undertakings, and the fatal turn of counsels
which had occasioned it, resolved, before he embarked anew,
to acquaint himself, as far as possible, with the real intentions
of the king, in those popular measures which he seemed again
to have adopted. After blaming the dangerous schemes of
the cabal, which Charles was desirous to excuse, he told his
majesty very plainly, that he would find it extremely difficult,
if not absolutely impossible, to introduce into England the
same system of government and religion which was established
in France : that the universal bent of the nation was against
both ; and it required ages to change the genius and sentiments
130 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1G74
of a people : that many, who were at bottom indifferent in mat-
ters of religion, would yet oppose all alterations en that head ;
because they considered, that nothing but force of arms could
subdue the reluctance of the people against Popery ; aftei
which, they knew there could be no security for civil liberty :
that in France, every circumstance had long been adjusted to
that system of government, and tended to its establishment
and support : that the commonalty, being poor and dispirited,
were of no account ; the nobility, engaged by the prospect
or possession of numerous offices, civil and military, were
entirely attached to the court ; the ecclesiastics, retained by
like motives, added the sanction of religion to the principles
of civil policy : that in England, a great part of the landed
property belonged either to the yeomanry or middling gentry ;
the king had few offices to bestow ; and could not himself
even subsist, much less maintain an army, except by tho
voluntary supplies of his parliament : that if he had an army
on foot, yet, if composed of Englishmen, they would never
be prevailed on to promote ends which the people so much
feared and hated : that the Iioman Catholics in England were
not the hundredth part of the nation, and in Scotland not the
two hundredth ; and it seemed against all common sense to
hope, by one part, to govern ninety-nine, who were of con-
trary sentiments and dispositions : and that foreign troops, if
few, would tend only to inflame hatred and discontent ; and
how to raise and bring over at once, or to maintain many, it was
very difficult to imagine. To these reasonings Temple added
the authority of Gourville, a Frenchman, for whom he knew
the king had entertained a great esteem. " A king of Eng-
land," said Gourville, " who will be the man of his people, is
the greatest king in the world ; but if he will be any thing
more, he is nothing at all." The king heard at first this dis-
course with some impatience ; but being a dexterous dissem-
bler, he seemed moved at last, and laying his hand on Tem-
ple's, said, with an appearing cordiality, " And I will be the
man of my people."
Temple, when he went abroad, soon found that the scheme
of mediating a peace was likely to prove abortive. The
allies, besides their jealousy of the king's mediation, expressed
a great ardor for the continuance of war. Holland had
stipulated with Spain never to come to an accommodation, till
all things in Flanders were restored to the condition in which
they had been left by the Pyrenean treaty. The empcrof
A.D. I674.J CHARLES n. 131
had high pretensions in Alsace ; and a? the greater part of the
empire joined in the alliance, it was noped that France, sc
much overmatched in force, would soon be obliged to submit
to the terms demanded of her. The Dutch, indeed, oppressed
by heavy taxes, as well as checked in their commerce, were
desirous of peace ; and had few or no claims of their own to
retard it : but they could not in gratitude, or even in good
policy, abandon allies to whose protection they had so lately
been indebted for their safety. The prince of Orange like-
wise, who had great influence in their councils, was all on fire
for military fame, and was well pleased to be at the head of
armies, from which such mighty successes were expected
Under various pretences, he eluded, during the whole campaign,
the meeting with Temple ; and after the troops were sent into
winter quarters, he told that minister, in his first audience, that
till greater impression were made on France, reasonable terms
could not be hoped for ; and it were therefore vain to nego
tiate.
The success of the campaign had not answered expectation.
The prince of Orange, with a superior army, was opposed
in Flanders to the prince of Conde, and had hoped to penetrate
into France by that quarter, where the frontier was then very
feeble. After long endeavoring, though in vain, to bring
Conde to a battle, he rashly exposed at Senefle a wing of his
army ; arid that active prince failed not at once to see and to
seize the advantage. But this imprudence of the prince of
Orange was amply compensated by his behavior in that obsti-
nate and bloody action which ensued. He rallied his dismayed
troops ; he led them to the charge ; he pushed the veteran
and martial troops of France ; and he obliged the prince of
Conde, notwithstanding his age and character, to exert greater
efforts, and to risk his person more, than in any action where
even during the heat of youth, he had ever commanded
After suinset, the action was continued by the light of the
moon : and it was darkness at last, not the weariness of the
combatants, whicl" put an end to the contest, and left the vic-
tory undecided. The prince of Orange," said Conde, with
candor and generosity, " has acted in every thing like an old
captain, except venturing his life too like a young soldier."
Oudenarde was afterwards invested by the prince of Orange ;
but he was obliged by the imperial and Spanish generals to
raise the siege on the approach of the enemy. He afterwards
besieged and took Grave ; and at the beginning of winter the
132 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1674
allied armies broke up, with great discontents and complaints
on all sides.
The allies were not more successful in other places. Lewis
in a few weeks reconquered Franche Compte. In Alsace,
Turenne displayed, against a much superior enemy, all that
military skill which had long- rendered him the most renowned
captain of his age and nation. By a sudden and forced march,
he attacked and-beat at Sintzheim the duke of Lorraine and
Caprara, general of the imperialists. Seventy thousand Ger-
mans poured into Alsace, and took up their quarters in that
province. Turenne, who had retired into Lorraine, returned
unexpectedly upon them. He attacked and defeated a body
of the enemy at Mulhausen. He chased from Colmar the
elector of Brandenburgh, who commanded the German troops.
He gained a new advantage at Turkheim. And having dis-
lodged all the allies, he obliged them to repass the Pwhine, full
of shame for their multiplied defeats, and still more, of anger
and complaints against each other.
In England, all these events were considered by the people
with great anxiety and concern ; though the king and his
ministers affected great indifference with regard to them.
Considerable alterations were about this time made in the
English ministry. Buckingham was dismissed, who had long,
by his wit and entertaining humor, possessed the king's favor.
Arlington now chamberlain, and Dauby, the treasurer, pos-
sessed chiefly the king's confidence. Great hatred and jeal-
ousy took place between these ministers ; and public affairs
were somewhat disturbed by their quarrels. But Danby daily
gained ground with his master ; and Arlington declined in the.
same proportion. Danby was a frugal minister ; and by his
application and industry he brought the revenue into tolerable
order. He endeavored so to conduct himself as to give oflence
to no party; and the consequence was, that he was able en-
tirely to please none. He was a declared enemy to the French
alliance ; but never possessed authority enough to overcome
the prepossessions which the king and the duke retained
towards it. It must be ascribed to the prevalence of that in-
terest, aided by money remitted from Paris, that the parlia-
ment was assembled so late this year, lest they should attempt
to engage the king in measures against France during the en-
suing campaign. They met not till the approach of summer.*
* This year, on the twenty-fifth of March, died Henry Cromwell,
second son of the protector, in the forty-seventh year of his ago. He
A. D. 1675.] chafes it .33
[1675." Every 1 step taken by the commons discovered thai
ill humor and jealousy to which the late open measures of the
king, and his present secret attachments, gave but too just foun-
dation. They drew up a new bill against Popery, and resolveil
to insert in it many severe clauses for the detection and prosecu-
tion of priests : they presented addresses a second time again?'
Lauderdale ; and when the king's answer was not satisfactory,
they seemed still determined to persevere in their applications :
an accusation was moved against Danby ; hut upon examin-
ing the several articles, it was not found to contain any just
reasons of a prosecution, and was therefore dropped : they
applied to the king for recalling his troops from the French
service ; and as he only promised that they should not be
recruited, they appeared to be much dissatisfied with the an-
swer : a bill was brought in, making it treason to levy money
without authority of parliament : another vacating the seats
of such members as accepted of offices ; another to secure
the personal liberty of the subject, and to prevent sending any
person prisoner beyond sea.
That the court party might not be idle during these attacks,
a bill for a new test was introduced into the house of peers by
the earl of Lindesey. All members of either house, and all
who possessed any office, were by this bill required to swear,
that it was not lawful, upon any pretence whatsoever, to take
arms against the king ; that they abhorred the traitorous posi
tion of taking arms by his authority against his person, or
against those who were commissioned by him ; and that they
will not at any time endeavor the alteration of the Protestant
religion, or of the established government either in church or
state.
Great opposition was made to this bill, as might be expected
from the present disposition of the nation. During seventeen
days, the debates were carried on with much zeal ; and all the
reason and learning of both parties were displayed on the
occasion. The question, indeed, with regard to resistance,
was a point which entered into the controversies of the old
parties, cavalier and roundhead ; as it made an essential part
of the present disputes between court and country. Few neu-
ters were found in the nation : but among such as could main-
tain a calm indifference, there prevailed sentiments wide of
had lived unmolested in a private station, ever since the king's restora
tion, -which he rather favored than opposed.
(31 HISTORY OF ENfiLAND. [A. D. 1676
those which were adopted by either party. Such persons
thought, that all general speculative declarations of the legis-
lature, either for or against resistance, were equally impolitic,
and could serve to no other purpose than to signalize in their
turn the triumph of one faction over another : that the sim-
plicity retained in the ancient laws of England, as well as in
the laws of every other country, ought still to be preserved,
and was best calculated to prevent the extremes on either side :
that the absolute exclusion of resistance, in all possible cases,
was founded on false principles ; its express admission might
be attended with dangerous consequences ; and there was no
necessity for exposing the public to either inconvenience : that
if a choice must necessarily be made in the case, the prefer-
ence of utility to truth in public institutions was apparent ; nor
could the supposition of resistance, beforehand and in general
terms, be safely admitted in any government : that even in
mixed monarchies, where that supposition seemed most requisite,
it was yet entirely superfluous ; since no man, on the approach
of extraordinary necessity, could be at a loss, though not di-
rected by legal declarations, to find the proper remedy : that
even those who might at a distance, and by scholastic reason-
ing, exclude all resistance, would yet hearken to the voice of
nature, when evident ruin, both to themselves and to the pub-
lic, must attend a strict adherence to their pretended principles :
that the question, as it ought thus to be entirely excluded from
all determinations of the legislature, was, even among private
rcasoners, somewhat frivolous, and little better than a dispute
of words : that the one party could not pretend that resistance
ought ever to become a familiar practice ; the other would
surely have recourse to it in great extremities ; and thus the
difference could only turn on the degrees of danger or oppres-
sion which would warrant this irregular remedy ; a difference
which, in a general question, it was impossible by any language
precisely to fix or determine.
There were many other absurdities in this test, particularly
that of binding men by oath not to alter the government either
in church or state ; since all human institutions are liable to
abuse, and require continual amendments, which are in reality
so many alterations. It is not indeed possible to make a law
which does not innovate, more or less, in the government.
These difficulties produced such obstructions to the bill, that
it was carried only by two voices in the house of peers. All
the Popish lords, headed by the earl of Bristol, voted against
A. D. 1070.] CHARLES II. 135
it. It was sent dc vvn to the house of commons, where it was
likely to undergo a scrutiny still more severe.
But a quarrel which ensued between the two houses, pre-
vented the passing of every bill projected during the present
session. One Dr. Shirley, being cast in a lawsuit before chan-
cery against Sir John Fag, a member of the house of com-
mons, preferred a petition of appeal to the house of peers.
The lords received it, and summoned Fag to appear before
them. He complained to the lower house, who espoused his
cause. They not only maintained, that no member of their
house could be summoned before the peers : they also asserted,
that the upper house could receive no appeals from any court
of equity ; a pretension which extremely retrenched the juris-
diction of the peers, and which was contrary to the practice
that had prevailed during this whole century. The commons
send Shirley to prison ; the lords assert their powers. Con-
ferences are tried ; but no accommodation ensues. Four
lawyers are sent to the Tower by the commons, for transgress-
ing the orders of the house, and pleading in this cause before
the peers. The peers denominate this arbitrary commitment
a breach of the Great Charter, and order the lieutenant of the
Tower to release the prisoners : he declines obedience : they
apply to the king, and desire him to punish the lieutenant for
his contempt. The king summons both houses ; exhorts them
to unanimity ; and informs them, that the present quarrel had
arisen from the contrivance of his and their enemies, who
expected by that means to force a dissolution of the parliament.
His advice has no effect : the commons continue as violent as
ever ; and the king, finding that no business could be finished,
at last prorogued the parliament.
When the parliament was again assembled, there appeared
not in any respect a change in the dispositions of either house.
The king desired supplies, as well for the building of ships,
as for taking off anticipations which lay upon his revenue.
He even confessed, that he had not been altogether so frugal
as he might have been, and as he resolved to be for the future ;
though he asserted that, to his great satisfaction, he had found
his expenses by no means so exorbitant as some had repre-
sented them. The commons took into consideration the sub-
ject of supply. They voted three hundred thousand pounds
for the building of ships ; but they appropriated the sum by
very strict clauses. They passed a resolution not to grant
13G HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A.D. 1675
any supply for taking oft' the anticipations of th<? revenue.*
This vote was carried in a full house, by a majority of four
only : so nearly were the parties balanced. The quarrel was
revived, to which Dr. Shirley's cause had given occasion
The proceedings of the commons discovered the same vio-
lence as during the last session. A motion was made in the
house of peers, but rejected, for addressing the king to dis-
solve the present parliament. The king contented himself
with proroguing them to a very long term. Whether these
quarrels between the houses arose from contrivance or acci
dent, was not certainly known. Each party might, according
to their different views, esteem themselves either gainers or
losers by them. The court might desire to obstruct all attacks
from the commons, by giving them other employment. The
country party might desire the dissolution of a parliament,
which, notwithstanding all disgusts, still contained too many
royalists ever to serve all the purposes of the malecontents.
Soon after the prorogation, there passed an incident, which
in itself is trivial, but tends strongly to mark the genius of the
English government, and of Charles's administration during
this period. The liberty of the constitution, and the variety
as well as violence of the parties, had begotten a propensity
lor political conversation ; and as the coffee-houses in particu-
lar were the scenes where the conduct of the king and the
ministry was canvassed with great freedom, a proclamation
was issued to suppress these places of rendezvous. Such an
act of power, during former reigns, would have been grounded
entirely on the prerogative ; and before the accession of the
house of Stuart, no scruple would have been entertained with
regard to that exercise of authority. But Charles, finding
doubts to arise upon his proclamation, had recourse to the
judges, who supplied him with a chicane, and that too a frivo-
lous one, by which he might justify his proceedings. Tha
law which settled the excise enacted, that licenses for retailing
liquors might be refused to such as could not find security for
payment of the duties. But coffee was not a liquor subjected
to excise ; and even this power of refusing licenses was very
* Several historians have affirmed, that the commons found this
session, upon inquiry, that the king's revenue was one million six
nundred thousand pounds a year, and that the necessary expense was
but seven hundred thousand pounds ; and have appealed to the jcur-
uals for a proof. But there is not the least appearance of this in the
journals; and the fact is impossible.
A.D. 1G75.J CIIARLESI. 131
limited, and could nbt reasonably be extended beyond the in-
tentim of the act. The king, therefore, observing the people
to be much dissatisfied, yielded to a petition of the coffeemen,
who promised for the future to restrain all seditious discourse
in their houses ; and the proclamation was recalled.
This campaign proved more fortunate to the confederates
than any other during the whole war. The French took the
field in Flanders with a numerous army ; and Lewis himself
served as a volunteer under the prince of Conde. But not-
withstanding his great preparations, he could gain no advan-
tages but the taking of Huy and Limbourg, places of small
consequence. The prince of Orange with a considerable
army opposed him in all his motions ; and neither side was
willing, without a visible advantage, to hazard a general action,
which might be attended either with the entire loss of Flanders
on the one hand, or the invasion of France on the other.
Lewis, tired of so inactive a campaign, returned to Versailles ;
and the whole summer passed in the Low Countries without
any memorable event.
Turenne commanded on the Upper Rhine, in opposition to
his great rival, Montecuculi, general of the imperialists. The
object of the latter was to pass the Rhine, to penetrate into
Alsace, Lorraine, or Burgundy, and to fix his quarters in theso
provinces : the aim of the former was to guard the French
frontiers, and to disappoint all the schemes of his enemy.
The most consummate skill was displayed on both sides ; and
if any superiority appeared in Turenne's conduct, it was
chiefly ascribed to his greater vigor of body, by which he was
enabled to inspect all the posts in person, and could on the
spot take the justest measures for the execution of his designs.
By posting himself on the German side of the Rhine, he not
only kept Montecuculi from passing that river : he had also
laid his plan in so masterly a manner, that in a few days he
must have obliged the Germans to decamp, and have gained
a considerable advantage over them ; when a period was put
to his life by a random shot, which struck him on the breast
as he was taking a view of the enemy. The consternation of
his army was inexpressible. Tho French troops, who a
moment before were assured of victory, now considered them-
selves as entirely vanquished ; and the Germans, who would
have been glad to compound for a safe retreat, expected no
less than the total destruction of their enemy. But I)e Lorges,
nephew to Turenne, succeeded him in the command, and
138 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A.D. 1670
possessed a great share of the genius and capacity of his pre-
decessor. .By his skilful operations, the French were enabled
to repass the Rhine, without considerable loss ; and this retreat
was deemed equally glorious with the greatest victory. The
valor of the English troops, who were placed in the real,
greatly contributed to save the French army. They had been
eeized with the same passion as the native troops of France
for their brave general, and fought with ardor to revenge his
death on the Germans. The duke of Marlborough, then Cap-
tain Churchill, here learned the rudiments of that art which he
afterwards practised with such fatal success against France.
The prince of Conde left the army in Flanders under the
command of Luxembourg ; and carrying with him a consider-
able rcenforccment, succeeded to Turenne's command. He
defended Alsace from the Germans, who had passed the
Rhine, and invaded that province. He obliged them first to
raise the siege of Hagenau, then that of Saberne. He eluded
all their attempts to bring him to a battle. And having dex-
terously prevented them from establishing themselves in
Alsace, he forced them, notwithstanding their superiority of
numbers, to repass the Rhine, and to take up winter quarters
in their own country.
After the death of Turenne, a detachment of the German
army was sent to the siege of Treves ; an enterprise in which
the imperialists, the Spaniards, the palatine, the duke of Lor-
raine, and many other princes, passionately concurred. The
project was well concerted, and executed with vigor. Ma-
reschal Crequi, on the other hand, collected an army, and
advanced with a view of forcing the Germans to raise the
siege. They left a detachment to guard their lines, and,
under the command of the dukes of Zell and Osuaburgh,
marched in quest of the enemy. At Consarbric they fell
unexpectedly, and with superior numbers, on Crequi, and put
him to rout. He escaped with four attendants only ; and
throwing himself into Treves, resolved, by a vigorous defence,
to make atonement for his former error or misfortune. The
garrison was brave, but not abandoned to that total despair by
which their governor was actuated. They mutinied against
his obstinacy ; capitulated for themselves ; and because he
refused to sign the capitulation, they delivered hitn a prisoner
into the hands of the enemy.
It is remarkable, that this defeat, given to Crequi, is almost
the only one which the Freich received at land, from Rocroi
AD. 1G75.] ciiaules a. 139
to Blenheim, during the course of above sixty years, and
these, too, full of bloody wars against potent and martial ene-
mies: their victories almost equal the number of years daring
that period. Such was the vigor and good conduct of that
monarchy ! and such, too, were the resources and refined
policy of the other European nations, by which they were
enabled to repair their losses, and still to confine that mighty
power nearly within its ancient limits ! A fifth part of these
victories would have sufficed, in another period, to have given
.o France the empire of Europe.
The Swedes had been engaged, by the payment of large
subsidies, to take part with Lewis, and invade the territories
of the elector of Brandenburgh in Pomerania. That elector
joined by some imperialists from Silesia, fell upon them with
bravery and success. He soon obliged them to evacuate his
part of that country, and he pursued them into their own. He
had an interview with the king of Denmark, who had now
joined the confederates, and resolved to declare war against
Sweden. These princes concerted measures for pushing the
victory.
To all these misfortunes against foreign enemies were added
some domestic insurrections of the common people in Guienne
and Brittany. Though soon suppressed, they divided the
force and attention of Lewis. The only advantage gained by
the French was at sea. Messina in Sicily had revolted ; and
a fleet under the duke de Vivonne was despatched to support
the rebels. The Dutch had sent a squadron to assist the
Spaniards. A battle ensued, where De Ruyter was killed.
This event alone was thought equivalent to a victory.
The French, who twelve years before had scarcely a ship
of war in any of their harbors, had raised themselves, by
means of perseverance and policy, to be, in their present
force, though not in their resources, the first maritime power
in Europe. The Dutch, while in alliance with them against
England, had supplied them with several vessels, and had
taught them the rudiments of the difficult art of ship-building
The English next, when in alliance with them against Holland,
instructed them in the method of fighting their ships, and of
preserving order in naval engagements. Lewis availed him-
self of every opportunity to aggrandize his people, whik
Charles, sunk in indolence and pleasure, neglected all th*
noble arts of government; or if at any time he roused him-
self from his lethargy, that industry, by reason of the unhappy
l40 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. JA.D. 1676
projects which he embraced, was often more pernicious to t lie-
public than his inactivity kself. He was as anxious to promote
the naval power of France as if the safety of his crown
had depended on it ; and many of the plans executed in that
kingdom were first, it is said,* digested and corrected by
him.
[1676.] The successes of the allies had been considerable
the last campaign ; but the Spaniards and imperialists well
knew that France was not yet sufficiently broken, nor willing
to submit to the terms which they resolved to impose upon
her. Though they could not refuse the king's mediation, and
Nimeguen, after many difficulties, was at last fixed on as tho
place of congress, yet, under one pretence or other, they still
delayed sending their ambassadors, and no progress was made
in the negotiation. Lord Berkeley, Sir William Temple, and
Sir Lionel Jenkins were the English ministers at Nimeguen.
The Dutch who were impatient for peace, soon appeared :
Lewis, who hoped to divide the allies, and who knew that he
himself could neither be seduced nor forced into a disadvan-
tageous peace, sent ambassadors : the Swedes, who hoped to
recover by treaty what they had lost by arms, were also for-
ward to negotiate. But as these powers could not proceed of
themselves to settle terms, the congress, hitherto, served merely
as an amusement to the public.
It was by the events of the campaign, not the conferences
among the negotiators, that the articles of peace were to be
determined. The Spanish towns, ill fortified and worse de-
fended, made but a feeble resistance to Lewis ; who, by laying
up magazines during the winter, was able to take the field
early in the spring, before the forage could be found in the
open country. In the month of April, he laid siege to Conde,
and took it by storm in four days. Having sent the duke of
Orleans to besiege Bouchaine, a small but important fortress,
he posted himself so advantageously with his main army, as
to hinder the confederates from relieving it, or fighting without
disadvantage. The prince of Orange, in spite of the difficul
ties of the season and the want of provisions, came in sight
of the French army ; but his industry served to no other pur
pose than to render him spectator of the surrender of Bou
ehaine. Both armies stood in awe of each other, and were
unwilling to hazard an action which might be attended with
* Wehvood, Burnet, Coke.
A.. 1>. 1G/7. " chari.es n. 141
the most important consequences. Lewis, though he wanted
not personal courage, was little enterprising in the field ; and
being resolved this campaign to rest contented with the
advantages which he had so early obtained, he thought proper
to intrust his army to Mareschal Schomherg, and retired him-
self to Versailles. After his departure, the prince of Orange
laid siege to Maestricht ; but meeting with an obstinate resist-
ance, he was obliged, on the approach of Schomherg, who in
the mean time had taken Aire, to raise the siege. He was
incapable of yielding to adversity, or bending under misfor-
tunes ; but he began to foresee that, by the negligence and
errors of his allies, the war in Flanders must necessarily have
a very unfortunate issue.
On the Upper Rhine, Philipsbourg was taken by the im-
perialists. In Pomerania, the Swedes were so unsuccessful
against the Danes and Brandenburghers, that they seemed to
be losing apace all those possessions which, with so much valor
and good ibrtune, they had acquired in Germany.
About the beginning of winter, the congress of Nimeguen
was pretty full ; and the plenipotentiaries of the emperor and
Spain, two powers strictly conjoined by blood and alliance, at
last appeared. The Dutch had threatened, if they absented
themselves any longer, to proceed to a separate treaty with
France. In the conferences and negotiations, the dispositions
of the parties became every day more apparent.
[1677.] The Hollanders, loaded with debts and harassed
with taxes, were desirous of putting an end to a war, in which,
besides the disadvantages attending all leagues, the weakness
of the Spaniards, the divisions and delays of the Germans,
prognosticated nothing but disgrace and misfortune. Their
commerce languished ; and, what gave them still greater
anxiety, the commerce of England, by reason of her neutral-
ity, flourished extremely ; and they were apprehensive, lest
advantages, once lost, would never thoroughly be regained.
They had themselves no further motive for continuing the
war, than to secure a good frontier to Flanders ; but gratitude
to their allies still engaged them to try, whether another cam-
paign might procure a peace which would give general satis-
faction. The prince of Orange, urged by motives of honor, of
ambition, and of animosity against France, endeavored to keep
them steady to this resolution.
The Spaniards, not to mention the other incurable weak-
nesses into which their monarchy was fallen, were distracted
I4!2 H1STOK.Y OF ENGLAND. [A. D 1G77
with domestic dissensions between the parties of the queen
regent and Don John, natural brother to their young sovereign.
Though unable of themselves to defend Flanders, they were
resolute not to conclude a peace Avhich would leave it exposed
to every assault or inroad ; and while they made the most
magnificent promises to the states, their real trust was in
the protection of England. They saw that, if that, small but
important territory were once subdued by France, the Hol-
landers, exposed to so terrible a power, would fall into depend-
ence, and would endeavor, by submissions, to ward off that
destruction to which a war in the heart of their state must
necessarily expose them. They believed that Lewis, sensible
how much greater advantages he might reap from the alliance
than from the subjection of the republic, which must scatter
its people and depress its commerce, would be satisfied with
very moderate conditions, and would turn his enterprises
against his other neighbors. They thought it impossible but
the people and parliament of England, foreseeing these obvious
consequences, must at last force the king to take part in tho
affairs of the continent, in which their interests were so deeply
concerned. And they trusted, that even the king himself, on
the approach of so great a danger, must open his eyes, and
sacrifice his prejudices in favor of France to the safety of his
own dominions.
But Charles here found himself entangled in such opposite
motives and engagements, as he had not resolution enough to
break, or patience to unravel. On the one hand, he always
regarded his alliance with France as a sure resource in case
of any commotions among his own subjects ; and whatever
schemes he might still retain for enlarging his authority, or
altering the established religion, it was from that quarter alone
he could expect assistance. He had actually in secret sold his
neutrality to France, and he received remittances of a millioi
of livres a year, which was afterwards increased to two mil-
lions ; a considerable supply in the present embarrassed state
of his revenue. And he dreaded lest the parliament should
treat him as they had formerly done his father ; and after
they had engaged him in a war on the continent, should take
advantage of his necessities, and make him purchase supplies
by sacrificing his prerogative, and abandoning his ministers.
On the other hand, the cries of his people and parliament,
seconded by Danby, Arlington, and most of his ministers,
incited him to take part with the allies, and to correct thn
A.D. 1G77.J CHARLES H. 113
unequal balance of power in Europe. He might apprehend
danger from opposing such earnest desires : he might hopa
for large supplies if he concurred with them : and however
inglorious and indolent his disposition, the renown of acting ab
arbiter of Europe would probably at intervals rouse him from
his lethargy, and move him to support the high character with
which he stood invested.
It is worthy of observation, that, during this period, the king
was, by every one, abroad and at home, by France and by tho
allies, allowed to be the undisputed arbiter of Europe ; and nc
terms of peace which he would have prescribed, could havo
been refused by either party. Though France afterwards
found means to resist the same alliance, joined with England,
yet was she then obliged to make such violent efforts as quite
exhausted her ; and it was the utmost necessity which pushed
her to find resources far surpassing her own expectations.
Charles was sensible, that, so long as the war continued
abroad, he should never enjoy ease at home, from the impa-
tience and importunity of his subjects ; yet could he not
resolve to impose a peace by openly joining himself with either
party. Terms advantageous to the allies must lose him the
friendship of France : the contrary would enrage his parlia
meat. Between these views, he perpetually fluctuated ; and
from his conduct, it is observable, that a careless, remiss dis-
position, agitated by opposite motives, is capable of as great
inconsistencies as are incident even to the greatest imbecility
and folly.
The parliament was assembled ; and the king made them a
plausible speech, in which he warned them against all differ
ences among themselves : expressed a resolution to do his
part for bringing their consultations to a happy issue ; and
offered his consent to any laws for the further security of their
religion, liberty, and property. He then told them of the
decayed condition of the navy, and asked money for repair-
ing it. He informed them, that part of his revenue, the addi-
tional excise, was soon to expire ; and he added these words .
" You may at any time see the yearly established expense of
the government, by which it will appear, that the constant and
unavoidable charge being paid, there will remain no ovcrplu?
towards answering those contingencies which may happen in
all kingdoms, and which have been a considerable burden or.
me this last year."
Before the parliament entered upon business, they wera
144 HISTORY OF ENGLAND [A . D. i ''"'77.
stopped by a doubt concerning tbc legality of their meeting.
It bad been enacted by an old law of Edward III'., " That
parliament should be held once every year, or oftener, if need
be." The last prorogation had been longer than a year ; and
being supposed on that account illegal, it was pretended to be
equivalent to a dissolution. The consequence seems by no
means just ; and besides, a later act, that which repealed the
triennial law, had determined, that it was necessary to hold
parliaments only once in three years. Such weight, however,
was put on this cavil, that Buckingham, Shaftesbury, Salisbury,
and Wharton, insisted strenuously in the house of peers on
the invalidity of the parliament, and the nullity of all its future
acts. For such dangerous positions they were sent to the
Tower, there to remain during the pleasure of his majesty
and the house. Buckingham, Salisbury, and Wharton made
submissions, and were soon after released. But Shaftesbury,
more obstinate in his temper, and desirous of distinguishing
himself by his adherence to liberty, sought the remedy of
law ; and being rejected by the judges, he was at last, after a
twelvemonth's imprisonment, obliged to make the same sub-
missions ; upon which he was also released.
The commons at first seemed to proceed with temper
They granted the sum of five hundred and eighty-six thousand
pounds, for building thirty ships ; though they strictly appro-
priated the money to that service. Estimates were given in
of the expense ; but it was afterwards found that they fell
short near one hundred thousand pounds. They also voted,
agreeably to the king's request, the continuance of the addi-
tional excise for three years. This excise had been granted
for nine years in 1668. Every thing seemed to promise a
peaceable and an easy session.
But the parliament was roused from this tranquillity by the
news received from abroad. The French king had taken the
field in the middle of February, and laid siege to Valenci-
ennes, which he carried in a few days by storm. He next in-
vested both Cambray and St. Omers. The prince of Orango,
alarmed with his progress, hastily assembled an army, and
marched to the relief of St. Omers. He was encountered by
the French, under the duke of Orleans and Mareschal Lux-
embourg. The prince possessed great talents for war ; cour-
age, activity, vigilance, patience ; but still he was inferior in
genius to those consummate generals opposed to him by Lewis ;
and though he always found means to repair his losses, and
A. 1>. 1677. j CHARLES II 145
to make head in a little time against the victors, he was, during
his whole life, unsuccessful. By a masterly movement of
Luxembourgh, he was here defeated, and obliged to retreat to
Ypres. Cambray and St. Omers were soon after surrendered
to Lewis.
This success, derived from such great power and such wise
conduct, infused a just terror into the English parliament.
They addressed the king, representing the danger to which
the kingdom was exposed from the greatness of France ; and
praying that his majesty, by such alliances as he should think
fit, would both secure his own dominions and the Spanish
Netherlands, and thereby quiet the fears of his people. The
king, desirous of eluding this application, which he considered
as a kind of attack on his measures, replied in general terms,
that he would use all means for the preservation of Flanders,
consistent with the peace and safety of his kingdoms. This
answer was an evasion or rather a denial. The commons,
therefore, thought proper to be more explicit. They entreated
him not to defer the entering into such alliances as might
attain that great end ; and in case war with the French king
should be the result of his measures, they promised to grant
him all the aids and supplies, which would enable him to sup-
port the honor and interest of the nation. The king was also
more explicit in his reply. Ke told them, that the only way
to prevent danger, was to put him in a condition to make pre-
parations for their security. This message was understood to
be a demand of money. The parliament accordingly em-
powered the king to borrow on the additional excise two hun-
dred thousand pounds at seven per cent. ; a very small sum
indeed ; but which they deemed sufficient, with the ordinary
revenue, to equip a good squadron, and thereby put the nation
in security, till further resolutions should be taken.
But this concession fell far short of the king's expectations.
He therefore informed them, that, unless they granted him the
sum of six hundred thousand pounds upon new funds, it would
not be possible for him, without exposing the nation to mani-
fest danger, to speak or act those things which would answer
the end of their several addresses. The house took this mes-
sage into consideration : but before they came to any resolu-
tion, the king sent for them to Whitehall, where he told them,
upon the word of a king, that they should not repent any trust
which they would repose in him lor the safety of his kingdom ;
that he would not for any consideration break credit with
vol. vi. — G
14- HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1677
them, or omploy their money to other uses than those foi
which they intended it ; but that he would not hazard eithei
his own safety or theirs, by taking any vigorous measures, 01
forming new alliances, till he were in a better condition both
to defend his subjects and offend his enemies. This speech
brought affairs to a short issue. The king required them to
trust him with a large sum ; he pawned his royal word for
their security : they must either run the risk of losing their
money, or fail of those alliances which they had projected,
and at the same time declare to all the world the highest dis-
trust of their sovereign.
But there were many reasons which determined the house
of commons to put no trust in the king. They considered,
that the pretence of danger was obviously groundless, while
the French were opposed by such powerful alliances on the
continent, while the king was master of a good fleet at sea,
and while all his subjects were so heartily united in opposition
to foreign enemies : that the only justifiable reason, therefore,
of Charles's backwardness, was not the apprehension of dan-
ger from abroad, but a diffidence which he might perhaps
have entertained of his parliament ; lest, after engaging him
in foreign alliances for carrying on war, they should take
advantage of his necessities, and extort from him concessions
dangerous to his royal dignity : that this parliament, by their
past conduct, had given no foundation for such suspicions, and
were so far from pursuing any sinister ends, that they had
granted supplies for the first Dutch war ; for maintaining the
triple league, though concluded without their advice ; even
for carrying on the second Dutch war, which was entered into
contrary to their opinion, and contrary to the manifest interests
of the nation : that, on the other hand, the king had, by for-
mer measures, excited very reasonable jealousies in his people,
and did with a bad grace require at present their trust and
confidence. That he had not scrupled to demand supplies
for maintaining the triple league, at the very moment he wm
concerting measures for breaking it ; and had accordingly em-
ployed, to that purpose, the supplies which he had obtained
by those delusive pretences : that his union with France,
during the war against Holland, must have been founded on
projects the most dangerous to his people ; and as the same
union was still secretly maintained, it might justly be feared
that the same projects were not yet entirely abandor.ed : thai
he could not s-criously intend to prosecute vigorous measur*:*
A.D. 1677.] cuaklks n. J47
against France , since lie had so long remained entirely un-
concerned during such obvious dangers ; and, till prompted
by his parliament, whose proper business it was not to take the
lead in those parts of administration, had suspended all his
activity : that if he really meant to enter into a cordial union
with his people, he would have taken the first step, and have
endeavored, by putting trust in them, to restore that confidence,
which he himself, by his rash conduct, had first violated : that
it was in vain to ask so small a sum as six hundred thousand
pounds, in order to secure him against the future attempts of
the parliament ; since that sum must soon be exhausted by a
war with France, and he must again fall into that dependence,
which was become in some degree essential to the constitu-
tion : that if he would form the necessary alliances, that sum,
or a greater, would instantly be voted ; nor could there be any
reason to dread, that the parliament would immediately desert
measures in which they were engaged by their honor, their
inclination, and the public interest : that the real ground,
therefore, of the king's refusal was neither apprehension of
danger from foreign enemies, nor jealousy of parliamentary
encroachments ; but a desire of obtaining the money, which
he intended, notwithstanding his royal word, to employ to
other purposes ; and that, by using such dishonorable means
to so ignoble an end, he rendered himself still more unworthy
the confidence of his people.
The house of commons was now regularly divided into two
parties, the court and the country. Some were eidisted in the
court party by offices, nay, a few by bribes secretly given
them ; a practice first begun by Clifford, a dangerous minister :
but great numbers were attached merely by inclination ; so
far as they esteemed the measures of the court agreeable to
the interests of the nation. Private views and faction had
likewise drawn several into the country party : but. there were
also many of that party, who had no other object than the
public good. These disinterested members on both sides fluc-
tuated between the factions ; and gave the superiority some-
times to the court, sometimes to the opposition.* In the
present emergence, a general distrust of the king prevailed ;
and the parliament resolved not to hazard their money in
expectation of alliances, which, they believed, were never
intended to be formed. Instead of granting the supply, they
Temple's Memoirs, vol. i. p. 458.
148 HISTORY OF ENGLAND [A. D. 1 677
voted an address, wherein they " besought his majesty to entei
into a league, offensive and defensive, with the states genei *.
of the United Provinces, against the growth and power of the
French king, and for the preservation of the Spanish Nether
lands ; and to make such other alliances with the confederates
as should appear fit and useful to that end." They supported
their advice with reasons ; and promised speedy and effectual
supplies, for preserving his majesty's honor and insuring the
safety of the public. The king pretended the highest anger
at this address, which he represented as a dangerous encroach-
ment upon his prerogative. He reproved the commons in
severe terms, and ordered them immediately to be adjourned.
It is certain, that this was the critical moment, when the
king both might with ease have preserved the balance of
power in Europe, which it has since cost this island a great
expense of blood and treasure to restore, and might by perse-
verance have at last regained, in some tolerable measure,
after all past errors, the confidence of his people. This op-
portunity being neglected, the wound became incurable ; and
notwithstanding his momentary appearances of vigor against
France and Popery, and their momentary inclinations to rely
on his faith, he was still believed to be at bottom engagod in
the same interests, and they soon relapsed into distrust and
jealousy. The secret memoirs of this reign, which have since
been published, * prove beyond a doubt, that the king had at
this time concerted measures with France, and had no inten-
tion to enter into a war in favor of the allies. He had enter-
tained no view, therefore, even when he pawned his royal
word to his people, than to procure a grant of money ; and
he trusted that, while he eluded their expectations, he could
not afterwards want pretences for palliating his conduct.
Negotiations meanwhile were carried on between France
* Such as the letters which passed betwixt Danby and Montague,
the king's ambassador at Paris; Temple's Memoirs, and his Letters.
In these last, we see that the king never made any proposals of terms
but what were advantageous to France; and the prince of Orange
believed them to have always been concerted with the French am-
nassador. Vol. i. p. 439.
In Sir John Dalrymple's Appendix, (p. 103,) it appears, that the
king had signed himself, without the participation of his ministers, a
secret treaty with France, and had obtained a pension on the promise
of lii^ neutrality j a fact which renders his royal word, solemnly given
to his subjects, one of the most dishonorable and most scandalous
acts thai ever proceeded from a throne.
A.D. 1G77.J CHARLES II. M°
and Holland, aid an eventual treaty was concluded ; (hat is
all their differences were adjusted, provided they cor Id after-
wards satisfy their allies on both sides. This work, though in
appearance difficult, seemed to be extremely forwarded, by
further bail successes on the part of the confederates, and by
the great impatience of the Hollanders ; when a new event
happened, which promised a more prosperous issue to the
quarrel with France, and revived the hopes of all the English
who understood the interests of their country.
The king saw with regret the violent discontents which pre-
vailed in the nation, and which seemed every day to augment
upon him. Desirous by his natural temper to be easy himself,
and to make every body else easy, he sought expedients to
appease those murmurs, which, as they were very disagreea-
ble for the present, might in their consequences prove ex-
tremely dangerous. He knew that, during the late war with
Holland, the malecontents at home had made applications to
the prince of Orange ; and if he continued still to neglect the
prince's interests, and to thwart the inclinations of his own
people, he apprehended lest their common complaints should
cement, a lasting union between them. He saw that the reli-
gion of the duke inspired the nation with dismal apprehen-
sions ; and though he had obliged his brother to allow the
young princesses to be educated in the Pi otestant faith, some-
thing further, he thought, was necessary, in order to satisfy
the nation. He entertained, therefore, proposals for marrying
the prince of Orange to the lady Mary, the elder princess, and
heir apparent to the crown, (for the duke had no male issue ;)
and he hoped, by so tempting an offer, to engage him entirely
in his interests. A peace he purposed to make ; such ad
would satisfy France, and still preserve his connections with
that crown ; and he intended to sanctify it by the approbation
of the prince, whom he found to be extremely revered in
England, and respected throughout Europe. All the reasons
for this alliance were seconded by the solicitations of Danby,
and also of Temple, who was at that time in England ; and
Charles at last granted permission to the prince, when the
sampaign should be over, to pay him a visit.
The king very graciously received his nephew at Newmar-
ket. He would have entered immediately upon business ;
but the prince desired first to be acquainted with the lady
Mary ; and he declared, that, contrary to the usual sentiments
of persons of his rank, he placed a great part of happiness in
iOO HISTORY OF ENGLANt |A. D. 10/ 7
domestic satisfaction, and would not, upon any consideration
of interest or politics, match himself with a person disagreea-
ble to him. He was introduced to the princess, whom he
found in the bloom of youth, and extremely amiable both in
her person and her behavior. The king now thought that ho
had a double tie upon him, and might safely expect his com-
pliance with every proposal ; he was surprised to find the
prince decline all discourse of business, and refuse to concert
any terms for the general peace, till his marriage should ba
finished. He foresaw, he said, from the situation of affairs,
that his allies were likely to have hard terms; and he never
would expose himself to the reproach of having sacrificed
their interests to promote his own purposes. Charles still
believed, notwithstanding the cold, severe manner of the
prince, that he would abate of this rigid punctilio of honor ;
and he protracted the time, hoping, by his own insinuation and
address, as well as by the allurements of love and ambition,
to win him to compliance. One day, Temple found the prince
in very bad humor, repenting that he had ever come to Eng-
land, and resolute in a few days to leave it : but before ho
went, the king, he said, must choose the terms on which they
should hereafter live together: he was sure it must be like
the jcreatest friends or the greatest enemies : and he desired
Temple to inform Irs master next morning of these intentions.
Charles was struct with this menace, and foresaw how the
prince's departure would be interpreted by the people. He
resolved, therefore, immediately to yield with a good grace ,
and having paid a compliment to his nephew's honesty, he
told Temple that the marriage was concluded, and desired
him to inform the duke of it, as of an affair already resolved
on. The duke seemed surprised ; but yielded a prompt obe-
dience : which, he said, was his constant maxim to whatever
he found to be the king's pleasure. No measure during this
reign gave such general satisfaction. All parties strove who
hould most applaud it. And even Arlington, who had been
kept out of the secret, told the prince, " that some things,
good in themselves, were spoiled by the manner of doing
them, as some things bad were mended by it ; but he would
confess, that this was a thing so good in itself, that the manner
of doing it could not spoil it."
This marriage was a great surprise to Lewis, who, accus-
tomed to govern every thing in the English court, now found
10 important a step taken, riot only without his consent, hut
h..D 1077. j CHARLES II. 15.
without his knowledge or participation. A conjunction of Eng
land with the allies, and a vigorous war in opposition to French
ambition, were the consequences immediately expected, both
abroad and at home : but to check these sanguine hopes, the
king, a few days after the marriage, prolonged the adjourn-
ment of the parliament from the third of December to the
fourth of April. This term was too late for granting supplies,
or making preparations for war ; and could be chosen by the
king for no other reason, than as an atonement to France for
his consent to the marriage. It appears also, that Charles
secretly received from Lewis the sum of two millions of livres
on account of this important service.*
The king, however, entered into consultations with thb
prince, together with Danby and Temple, concerning the
terms which it would be proper to require of France. After
some debate, it was agreed, that France should restore Lor-
raine to the duke ; with Tournay, Valenciennes, Conde, Aeth,
Charleroi, Courtray, Oudenarde, and Binche to Spain, in order
to form a good frontier for the Low Countries. The prince
insisted that Franche Compte should likewise be restored ;
and Charles thought that, because he had patrimonial estates of
great value in that province, and deemed his property more
secure in the hands of Spain, he was engaged by such views
to be obstinate in that point : but the prince declared, that to
procure but one good town to the Spaniards in Flanders, he
would willingly relinquish all those possessions. As the king
still insisted on the impossibility of wresting Franche Compte
from Lewis, the prince was obliged to acquiesce.
Notwithstanding this concession to France, the projected
peace was favorable to the allies ; and it was a sufficient
indication of vigor in the king, that he had given his assent to
it. He further agreed to send over a minister instantly to
Paris, in order to propose these terms. This minister was
to enter into no treaty : he was to allow but two days for tho
acceptance or refusal of the terms : upon the expiration of
these, he was presently to return : and in case of refusal, tho
king promised to enter immediately into the confederacy. To
carry so imperious a message, and so little expected from the
English court, Temple was the person pitched on, whose
declared aversion to the French interest was not likely to
make him fail of vigor and promptitude in the execution of
nis commission.
* Sir John Dalrymple's Appendix, p. 112.
152 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1 67^
But Charles next day felt a relenting in this assumed vigor
Instead of Temple, he despatched the eavl of Feversham, a
sreature of the duke's, and a Frenchman by birth ; and he
8aid, that the message being harsh in itself, it was needless to
aggra\ate it by a disagreeable messenger. The prince left
London ■ and the king, at his departure, assured him, that he
never would abate in the least point of the scheme concerted,
und would enter into war with Lewis if he rejected it.
Lewis received the message with seeming gentleness and
complacency. He told Feversham, that the king of England
well knew that he might always be master of the peace ; but
some of the towns in Flanders it seemed very hard to demand,
especially Tournay, upon whose fortifications such immense
sums had been expended : he would therefore take some short
time to consider of an answer. Feversham said, that he was
limited to two days' stay : but when that time was elapsed, he
was prevailed on to remain some few days longer ; and he
came away at last without any positive answer. Lewis said,
that he hoped his brother would not break with him for one or
two towns : and with regard to them too, he would send orders
to his ambassador at London to treat with the king himself.
Charles was softened by the softness of France ; and the
blow was thus artfully eluded. The French ambassador,
Barillon, owned at at last, that he had orders to yield all except
Tournay, and even to treat about some equivalent for that
fortress, if the king absolutely insisted upon it. The prince
was gone who had given spirit to the English court ; and the
negotiation began to draw out into messages and returns from
Paris.
By intervals, however, the king could rouse himself, and
show still some firmness and resolution. Finding that affairs
were not likely to come to any conclusion with France, he
summoned, notwithstanding the long adjournment, the parlia
ment on the fifteenth of January ; an unusual measure, and
capable of giving alarm to the French court. Temple was
sent for to the council ; and the king told him, that he intended
he should go to Holland, in order to form a treaty of alliance
with the states; and that the purpose of it should be, like the
triple league, to force both France and Spain to accept of the
terms proposed. Temple was sorry to find this act of vigol
qualified by such a regard to France, and by such an appear-
ance of indifferance and neutrality between the parties. He
told the kins:, that the resolution agreed on, was to begin th*
A D. 1678.] charles r.. 152
war in conjunction with all the confederates, in case of no
direct and immediate answer from France : that this measure
would satisfy the prince, the allies, and the people of England ;
advantages which could not be expected from such an alliance
with Holland alone : that France w r ould be disobliged, and
Spain likewise ; nor would the Dutch be satisfied with such a
faint imitation of the triple league, a measure concerted when
they were equally at peace with both parties. For these rea-
sons, Temple declined the employment ; and Lawrence Hyde,
second son of Chancellor Clarendon, was sent in his place.
[1678.] The prince of Orange could not regard without
contempt such symptoms of weakness and vigor conjoined in
the English counsels. He was resolved, however, to make
the best of a measure which he did not approve ; and as Spain
secretly consented that her ally should form a league, which
was seemingly directed against her as well as France, but
which was to fall oidy on the latter, the states concluded the
treaty in the terms proposed by the king.
Meanwhile the English parliament met, after soma new
adjournments : and the king was astonished that, notwith-
standing the resolute measures which he thought he had
taken, great distrust, and jealousy, and discontent were apt, at
intervals, still to prevail among the members. Though in his
speech he had allowed that a good peace could no longer be
expected from negotiation, and assured them, that he was
resolved to enter into a war for that purpose, the commons
did not forbear to insert in their reply several harsh and even
unreasonable clauses. Upon his reproving them, they seemed
penitent ; and voted, that they would assist his majesty in the
prosecution of the war. A fleet of ninety sail, an army of
thirty thousand men, and a million of money were also voted.
Great difficulties were made by the commons with regard to
the army, which the house, judging by past measures, believed
to be intended more aganist the liberties of England than
against the progress of the French monarch. To this perilous
situation had the king reduced both himself and the nation.
In all debates, severe speeches were made, and were received
with seeming approbation : the duke and the treasurer began
to be apprehensive of impeachments : many motions against
the king's ministers were lost by a small majority : the com-
mons appointed a day to consider the state of the kingdom
with regard to Popery ; and they even went so far as to vote,
that, how urgent soever the occasion ; they would lay no furthsi
154 msTor..r of England. [AD. 1G7S
charge on the people, till secured against the prevalence
of the Catholic party. In short, the parliament was impatient
for war whenever the king seemed averse to it ; but grew
suspicious of some sinister design as soon as he complied
with their requests, and seemed to enter into their measures.
The king was enraged at this last vote : he reproached
Temple with his popular notions, as he termed them ; and
asked him how he thought the house of commons could be
trusted for carrying on the war, should it be entered on, when
in the very commencement they made such declarations. The
uncertainties indeed of Charles's conduct were so multiplied,
and the jealousies on both sides so incurable, that even those
who approached nearest the scene of action, could not deter-
mine, whether the king ever seriously meant to enter into a
war ; or whether, if he did, the house of commons would not
have taken advantage of his necessities, and made him pur-
chase supplies by a great sacrifice of his authority.*
The king of France knew how to avail himself of all the
advantages which these distractions afforded him. By his
emissaries, he represented to the Dutch the imprudence of
their depending on England ; where an indolent king, averse
to all war, especially with France, and irresolute in his meas-
ures, was actuated only by the uncertain breath of a factious
parliament. To the aristocratical party he remarked the
danger of the prince's alliance with the royal family of Eng-
land, and revived their apprehensions, lest, in imitation of his
father, who had been honored with the same alliance, he
should violently attempt to enlarge his authority, and enslave
his native country. In order to enforce these motives with
further terrors, he himself took the Held very early in the
spring; and after threatening Luxembourg, Mows-, and Namur,
he suddenly sat down before Ghent and Ypres, and in a few
weeks made himself master of both places. This success
gave great alarm to the Hollanders, who were nowise satisfied
with the conduct of England, or with the ambiguous treaty
lately concluded ; and it quickened all their advances toward?
an accommodation.
Immediately after the parliament had voted the supply, the
king began to enlist forces ; and such was the ardor of tho
English for a Avar with France, that an army of abuve twentj
thousand men, to the astonishment of Europe, was coin
* Temple, vol. i. p. 4G1.
A. D. 1678.) CHARLES II. 154
dieted in a few weeks. Three thousand men, under the duke
of Monmouth, were sent over to secure Ostend : some regi-
ments were recalled from the French service : a fleet was
fitted out with great diligence : and a quadruple alliance was
projected between England, Holland, Spain, and the emperor.
But these vigorous measures received a sudden damp from
a passionate address of the lower house ; in which they jus-
tified all their past proceedings that had given disgust to the
king ; desired to he acquainted with the measures taken by
him ; prayed him to dismiss evil counsellors ; and named in
particular the duke of Lauderdale, on whose removal they
strenuously insisted. The king told them, that their address
was so extravagant, that he was not willing speedily to give
it the answer which it deserved. And he began again to lend
an ear to the proposals of Lewis, who offered him great sums
of money, if he would consent to France's making an advan-
tageous peace with the allies.
Temple, though pressed by the king refused, to have any
concern in so dishonorable a negotiation : but he informs us,
that the king said, there was one article proposed which so
incensed him, that as long as he lived he should never forget
it. Sir William goes no further ; but the editor of his works,
the famous Dr. Swift, says, that the French, before they
vould agree to any payment, required as a preliminary, that
the king should engage never to keep above eight thousand
regular troops in Great Britain.* Charles broke into a pas-
sion. " Cod's-fish," said he, (his usual oath,) " does my brother
of France think to serve me thus? Are all his promises to
make me absolute master of my people come to this? Or
docs he think that a thing to be done with eight thousand
men? "
Van Beveruing was the Dutch ambassador at Nimeguen
a man of great authority with the states. He was eager for
peace, and was persuaded, that the reluctance of the king and
the jealousies of the parliament would forever disappoint the
allies in their hopes of succor from England. Orders were
sent him by the states to go to the French king at Ghent, and
to concert the terms of a general treaty, as well as procure a
present truce for six weeks. The terms agreed on were much
worse for the Spaniards than those which had been planned
* To wit, three thousand men for Scotland, and tho usual gurada
and garrisons in England, amounting to near five thousand men. Sir
J Dalrymplo's App. p. 161.
156 IIISTOU1 OF ENGLArsD. |A D. 167b
by the Idug and the prince of Orange. Six towns, soma
of them of no grea t importance, were to be restored to them ;
but Ypres, Conde, Valenciennes, and Tournay, in which con-
sisted the chief strength of their frontier, were to remain with
France.
Great murmurs arose in England when it was known that
Flanders was to be left in so defenceless a condition. The
chief complaints were levelled against the king, who, by his
concurrence at first, by his favor afterwards, and by his delays
at last, had raised the power of France to such an enormous
height, that it threatened the general liberties of Europe.
Charles, uneasy under these imputations, dreading the conse-
quence of losing the affections of his subjects, and perhaps
iisgusted with the secret article proposed by France, began to
wish heartily for war, which, he hoped, would have restored
him to his ancient popularity.
An opportunity unexpectedly offered itself for his displaying
these new dispositions. While the minister at Nimeguen were
concerting the terms of a general treaty, the marquis de Bal-
baces, tho Spanish ambassador, asked the ambassadors of
France at what time France intended to restore the six towns
ill Flanders. They made no difficulty in declaring, that tho
king, their master, being obliged to see an entire restitution
made to the Swedes of all they had lost in the war, could not
evacuate these towns till that crown had received satisfaction ;
and that this detention of places was the only means to induce
the powers of the north to accept of the p^ace.
The states immediately gave the king intelligence of a pre-
tension which might be attended with such dangerous conse-
quences. The king was both surprised and angry. He
immediately despatched Temple to concert with the states
vigorous measures for opposing France. Temple in six days
concluded a treaty, by which Lewis was obliged to declare,
within sixteen days after the date, that he w r ould presently
evacuate the towns : and in case of his refusal, Holland was
bound to continue the war, and England to declare immediately
against France, in conjunction with the whole confederacy.
All these warlike measures were so ill seconded by tho
parliament, where even the French ministers were suspected,
"with reason,* of carrying on some intrigues, that the commons
* Sir John Dalryrnple, iu his Appendix, has given us, from Baril-
ion's despatches in the secretary's office at Paris, a more particulai
detail of these intrigues. They were carried on with Lord Russel
A.D. 1678.J CHARLES II. 157
renewed their former jealousies against the king, and voted
the army immediately to be disbanded. The king by a mes-
sage represented the danger of disarming before peace were
finally concluded ; and he recommended to their considera-
tion, whether he could honorably recall his forces from those
towns in Flanders which were put under his protection, and
which had at present no other means of defence. The com-
mons agreed to prolong the term with regard to these forces.
E* very thing, indeed, in Europe bore the appearance of war.
France had positively declared, that she would not evacuate
the six towns before the requisite cession was made to Sweden ;
and her honor seemed now engaged to support that declaration.
Spain and the empire, disgusted with the terms of peace
imposed by Holland, saw with pleasure the prospect of a
Lord Hollis, Lord Berkshire, the duke of Buckingham, Algernon
Sydney, Montague, Bulstrode, Colonel Titus, Sir Edward Harley, Sir
John Baber, Sir Roger Hill, Boscawen, Littleton, Powel, Harbord,
Hambden, Sir Thomas Armstrong, Hotham, Herbert, and some others
of less note. Of these Lord K.ussel and Lord Hollis alone refused to
touch any French money : all the others received presents or bribes
from Barillon. But we are to remark, that the party views of these
men, and their well-founded jealousies of the king and duke, engaged
them, independently of the money, into the same measures that were
suggested to them by the French ambassador. The intrigues of
France, therefore, with the parliament, were a mighty small engine in
the political machine. Those with the king, which have always been
known, were of infinitely greater consequence. The sums distributed
to all these men, excepting Montague, did not exceed sixteen thou-
sand pounds in three years ; and therefore could have little weight
in the two houses, especially when opposed to the influence of the
crown. Accordingly we find, in all Barillon's despatches, a great
anxiety that the parliament should never be assembled. The conduct
of these English patriots was more mean than criminal ; and Mon-
sieur Courten says, that two hundred thousand livres employed by
the Spaniards and Germans, would have more influence than two
millions distributed by France. See Sir J. Dalrymple's App. p. 111.
It is amusing to observe the general, and I may say national, rage
6xcited by the- late discovery of this secret negotiation ; chiefly on
account of Algernon Sydney, whom the blind prejudices of party had
exaltftd into a hero. His ingiatitudc and breach of faith, in applying
for the king's pardon, and immediately on his return entering into
cabals for rebellion, form a conduct much more criminal than the
taking of French gold : yet the former circumstance was always
known, and always disregarded. But every thing connected with
France is supposed, in England to be polluted beyond all possibility of
expiation. Even Lord Russel, whose conduct in this negotiation was
only factious, and that in an ordinary degree, is imagined to be disbars*
ored by the same discovery.
IC>H HISTORY OF ENGLANb. IAD 1673.
powerful support from the new resolutions of Charles. Hol-
land itself, encouraged by the prince of Orange and bis party,
was not displeased to find that the war would be renewed on
more equal terms. The allied army under that prince was
approaching towards Mons, then blockaded by France. A
considerable body of English, under the duke of Monmouth,
,vas ready to join him.
Charles usually passed a great part of his time in the
Women's apartments, particularly those of the duchess of
Portsmouth ; where, among other gay company, he often met
with Barillon, the French ambassador, a man of polite con-
versation, who was admitted into all the amusements of that
inglorious but agreeable monarch. It was the charms of this
sauntering, easy life, which during his later years, attached
Charles to his mistresses. By the insinuations of Barillon
and the duchess of Portsmouth, an order was, in an unguarded
hour, procured, which instantly changed the face of affairs in
Europe. One Du Cros, a French fugitive monk, was sent to
Temple, directing him to apply to the Swedish ambassador,
and persuade him not to insist on the conditions required by
France, but to sacrifice to general peace those interests of
Sweden. Du Cros, who had secretly received instructions
from Barillon, published every where in Holland the commis-
sion with which he was intrusted ; and all men took the alarm.
It was concluded that Charles's sudden alacrity for war waa
as suddenly extinguished, and that no steady measures could
ever be taken with England. The king afterwards, when he
saw Temple, treated this important matter in raillery ; and
naid, laughing, that the rogue Du Cros had outwitted them all.
The negotiations, however, at Nimeguen still continued ;
and the French ambassadors spun out the time till the morning
of the critical day, which, by the late treaty between England
and Holland, was to determine whether a sudden peace or a
long war were to have place in Christendom. The French
ambassadors came then to Van Beverning, and told him that
they had received orders to consent to the evacuation of the
towns, and immediately to conclude and sign the peace. Van
Beverning might have refused compliance, because it was now
impossible to procure the consent and concurrence of Spain ;
but he had entertained so just an idea of the fluctuations in
the English counsels, and was so much alarmed by the late
commission giver, to Du Cros, that he deemed it fortunate fol
the republic to finish on any terms a dangerous war, wher«
A.D.lb"/8.) CHARLES fl. 15S
they were likely to be very ill supported. The papers were
instantly drawn, and signed by the ministers of France and
Holland between eleven and twelve o'clock at night. By this
treaty, France secured the possession of Franche Compte,
together with Cambray, Aire, St. Omers, Valenciennes, Tour-
nay, Ypres, Bouchaine, Cassel, etc., and restored to Spain
only Charleroi, Courtrai, Oudenard, Aeth, Ghent, and Lim-
burgh.
Next day, Temple received an express from England, which
brought the ratifications of the treaty lately concluded witfi
the states, together with orders immediately to proceed to the
exchange of them. Charles was now returned to his former
inclinations for war with France
Van Beverning was loudly exclaimed against by the ambas-
sadors of the allies at Nimeguen. especially those of Branden-
burgh and Denmark, whose masters were obliged by the treaty
to restore all their acquisitions. Tk«2 ministers of Spain and
the emperor were sullen and disgusted ; and all men hoped
that the states, importuned and encouraged by continual soli-
citations from England, would disavow their ambassador, and
renew the war. The prince of Orange even took an extraor-
dinary step, in order to engage them to that measure ; or
perhaps to give vent to his own spleen and resentment. The
day after signing the peace at Nimeguen, he attacked the
French army at St. Dennis, near Mons ; and gained some
advantage over Luxembourgh, who rested secure on the faith
of the treaty, and concluded the war to be finished. The
prince knew, at least had reason to believe, that the peace
was signed, though it had not been formally notified to him ;
and he here sacrificed wantonly, without a proper motive, the
lives of many brave men on both sides, who fell in this sharp
and well-contested action.
Hyde was sent over with a view of persuading the states to
disavow Van Beverning ; and the king promised that England,
if she might depend on Holland, would immediately declare
war, and would pursue it, till France were reduced to reason-
able conditions. Charles at present v/ent further than words.
He hurried on the embarkation of his army lor Flanders ;
and all his preparations wore a hostile appearance. But the
states had been too often deceived to trust him any longer.
They ratified the treaty signed at Nimeguen ; and all the othei
powers of Europe were at last, after much clamor and many
disgusts, obliged to accept of the terms prescribed to them.
160 HISTORY OF ENGLYND. [A. b. .'076
Lewis had now reached the height of that glory which
ambition can afford. His ministers and negotiators appeared
as much superior to those of all Europe in the cabinet, as his
generals and armies had been experienced in the field. A
successful war had been carried on against an alliance, com-
posed of the greatest potentates in Europe. Considerable
conquests had been made, and his territories enlarged on
every side. An advantageous peace was at last concluded,
where he had given the law. The allies were so enraged
against each other, that they were not likely to cement soon
in any new confederacy. And thus he had, during some
years, a real prospect of attaining the monarchy of Europe,
and of exceeding the empire of Charlemagne, perhaps equal-
ling that of ancient Home. Had England continued much
longer in the same condition, and under the same govern-
ment, it is not easy to conceive that he could have failed of
his purpose.
In proportion as these circumstances exalted the French,
they excited indignation among the English, whose animosity,
roused by terror, mounted to a great height against that rival
nation. Instead of taking the lead in the affairs of Europe,
Charles, they thought, had, contraiy to his own honor and
interest, acted a part entirely subservient to the commor
enemy ; and in all his measures had either no project at all,
or such as was highly criminal and dangerous. While Spain,
Holland, the emperor, the princes of Germany, called aloud
on England to lead them to victory and to liberty, and con-
spired to raise her to a station more glorious than she had
ever before attained, her king, from mean, pecuniaiy motives,
had secretly sold his alliance to Lewis, and was bribed into an
interest contrary to that of his people. His active schemes
in conjunction with France were highly pernicious ; his neu-
trality was equally ignominious ; and the jealous, refractory
behavior of the parliament, though in itself dangerous, was the
only remedy for so many greater ills, with which the public,
from the misguided counsels of the king, was so nearly threat-
ened. Such were the dispositions of men's minds at the con-
clusion of the peace of Nimeguen : and these dispositions
naturally prepared the way for the events which followed.
We must now return to the affairs of Scotland, which we
left in some disorder, after the suppression of the insurrection
in 1666. The king, who at that time endeavored to rendei
himself popular in England, adopted like measures in Scot
AD 1C78.J ciiarles it. :0i
land; and he intrusted llie government, into the hands chiefly
of Tweddale and Sir Robert Murray, men of prudence and
moderation. These ministers made it their principal object
to compose the religious differences, which lan so high, and
for which scarcely any modern nation but the Dutch had as
yet found the proper remedy. As rigor and restraint had
failed of success in Scotland, a scheme of comprehension waa
tried ; by which it was intended to diminish greatly the author-
ity of bishops, to abolish their negative voice in the ecclesias-
tical courts, and to leave them little more than the right of
precedency among the Presbyters. But the Presbyterian
zealots entertained great jealousy against this scheme. They
remembered that, by such gradual steps, King James had
endeavored to introduce Episcopacy. Should the ears and
eyes of men be once reconciled to the name and habit of
bishops, the whole power of the function, they dreaded, would
soon follow : the least communication with unlawful and anti
Christian institutions they esteemed dangerous and criminal.
" Touch not, taste not, handle not;"' this cry went out amongst
them : and the king's ministers at last perceived, that they
should prostitute the dignity of government, by making ad-
vances, to which the malecontents were determined not to
correspond.
The next project adopted was that of indulgence. In pros-
ecution of this scheme, the most popular of the expelled
preachers, without requiring any terms of submission to the
established religion, were settled in vacant churches ; and
small salaries of about twenty pounds a year were oflered to
the rest, till they should otherwise be provided for. These
ast refused the king's bounty, which they considered as the
wages of a criminal silence. Even the former soon repented
their compliance. The people, who had been accustomed to
hear them rail against their superiors, and preach to the times,
as they termed it, deemed their sermons languid and spiritless
when deprived of these ornaments. Their usual gifts, they
thought, had left them, on account of their submission, whi«h
was stigmatized as Erastianism. They gave them the appel-
lation, not of ministers of Christ, but of the king's curates;
n;i the clergy of the established church were commonly de-
nominated the bishojy's curates. The preachers themselves
returned in a little time to their former practices, by which
they hoped to regain their former dominion over the minds of
men. The conventicles multiplied daily in the west ; tha
>\
IbV HKJTORY OF ENGLAND. [AD. 1G78
clergy of th<; established church were insulted ; the laws
were neglected ; the Covenanters even met daily in arms at
their places of worship ; and though they usually dispersed
themselves after divine service, yet the government took a
just alarm at seeing men, who were so entirely governed by
their seditious teachers, dare to set authority at defiance, and
during a time of full peace to put themselves in a military
posture.
There was here, it is apparent, in the political body, a dis-
ease dangerous and inveterate ; and the go vernment had tried
every remedy but the true one to allay ?md correct it. An
unlimited toleration, after sects have diffused themselves and
are strongly rooted, is the only expedient which can allay
their fervor, and make the civil union acquire a superiority
above religious distinctions. But as the operations of this
l regimen are commonly gradual, and at first imperceptible,
vulgai politicians are apt, for that reason, to have recourse to
more hasty and more dangerous remedies. It is observable
too, that these nonconformists in Scotland neither offered nor
demanded toleration ; but laid claim to an entire superiority,
and to the exercise of extreme rigor against their adversaries.
The covenant, which they idolized, was a persecuting, as well
as a seditious band of confederacy ; and the government,
instead of treating them like madmen, who should be soothed,
and flattered, and deceived into tranquillity, thought themselves
entitled to a rigid obedience, and were too apt, from a mista-
ken policy, to retaliate upon the dissenters, who had erred from
the spirit of enthusiasm.
Amidst these disturbances, a new parliament was assembled
at Edinburgh ;* and Lauderdale was sent down commissioner.
The zealous Presbyterians, who were the chief patrons of
liberty, were too obnoxious to resist, with any success, the
measures of government ; and in parliament the tide still ran
strongly in favor of monarchy. The commissioner had such
influence as to get two acts passed, which were of great con-
sequence to the ecclesiastical and civil liberties of the king-
dom. By the one it was declared, that the settling of all
things with regard to the external government of the church,
was a right of the crown : that whatever related to ecclesi-
astical meetings, matters, and persons, was to be ordered
according to such directions as the king should send to nil
* October 19. 16fi9.
A.D. 167S.J charles 11. 163
privy council : and that these, bei,ig published by them,
should have the force of laws. The other act regarded the
militia, which the king by his own authority had two year?
before established, instead of the army which was disbanded.
By this act, the militia was settled, to the number of twenty-
two thousand men, who were to be constantly armed and
regularly disciplined. And it was farther enacted, that these
troops should be held in leadiness to march into England, Ire-
land, or any part of the king's dominions, for any cause in
which his majesty's authority, power, or greatness was con-
cerned ; on receiving orders, not from the king himself, but
from the privy council of Scotland.
Lauderdale boasted extremely of his services in procuring
these two laws. The king by the former was rendered abso-
lute master of the church, and might legally, by his edict,
reestablish, if he thought proper, the Catholic religion in
Scotland. By the latter, he saw a powerful force ready at his
call : he had even the advantage of being able to disguise his
orders under the name of the privy council ; and in case of
failure in his enterprises, could by such a pretence apologize
for his conduct to the parliament of England. But in propor-
tion as these laws were agreeable to the king, they gave alarm
to the English commons, and were the chief cause of the
redoubled attacks which they made upon Lauderdale. These
attacks, however, served only to fortify him in his interest
with the king ; and though it is probable that the militia of
Scotland, during the divided state of the kingdom, would, if
matters had come to extremities, have been of little service
against England, yet did Charles regard the credit of it as a
considerable support to his authority : and Lauderdale, by
degrees, became the prime, or rather sole, minister for Scot-
land. The natural indolence of the king disposed him to
place entire confidence in a man who had so far extended the
royal prerogative, and who was still disposed to render it abso-
lutely uncontrollable.
In a subsequent session of the same parliament,* a severe
law was enacted against conventicles. Ruinous fines were
imposed both on the preachers and hearers, even if the meet-
ings had been in houses ; but field conventicles were subjected
to the penalty of death and confiscation of goods : four hun-
dred marks Scotch were offered as a reward to those who
* July 28, 1670.
164 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. J A. L>. 1678
shoiild Biiee the criminals ; and they were indemnified fol
any slaughter which they might commit in the execution of
sucli an undertaking. And as it was found difficult to gel
evidence against these convemicies, however numerous, it
was enacted by another law, tbat whoever, being required by
the council, refused to give information upon oath, should be
punished by arbitrary i'whs by imprisonment, or by banish-
ment to the plantations. Tuus all persecution naturally, 01
rather necessarily, adopt* the iniquities, as well as rigors, of
the inquisition. What a considerable part of the society con-
sider as their duty ami honor, and even many of the opposite
party are apt to regard with compassion and indulgence, can
by no other expedient be subjected to such severe penalties
as the natural sentiments of mankind appropriate only to the
greatest crimes.
Though Lauderdale found this ready compliance in the
parliament, a party was formed against him, of which Duke
Hamilton was the head. This nobleman, with Tweddale and
others, went to London, and applied to the king, who, during
the present depression and insignificance of parliament, was
alone able to correct the abuses of Lauderdale's administra-
tion. But even their complaints to him might be dangerous ;
and all approaches of truth to the throne were barred by the
ridiculous law against leasing-making ; a law which seems tc
have been extorted by the ancient nobles, in order to protect
their own tyranny, oppression, and injustice. Great precau-
tions, therefore, were used by the Scottish malecontents in their
representations to the king ; but no redress was obtained.
Charles loaded them with caresses, and continued Lauderdale
in his authority.
A very bad, at least a severe use was made of this author-
ity. The privy council dispossessed twelve gentlemen or
noblemen of their houses;* which were converted into so
many garrisons, established for the suppression of conven-
ticles. The nation, it was pretended, was really, on account
of these religious assemblies, in a state of war ; and by the
ancient law, the king, in such an emergence, was empowered
to place a garrison in any house where he should judge it
expedient.
It were endless to recount ever/ act of violence and arbi-
trary authority exercised during Lauderdale's administration
* Inl67S.
A. D. lGT&J charles n. 165
All the .awyers were put from the bar, r.ay, banished by tho
king's order twelve miles from the capital, and by that means
the whole justice of the kingdom was suspended for a year ;
till these lawyers were brought to declare it as their opinion,
that all appeals to parliament were illegal. A letter was pro-
cured from the king, for expelling twelve of the chief magis-
trates of Edinburgh, and declaring them incapable of all
public office ; though their only crime had been their want
of compliance with Lauderdale. The boroughs of Scotland
have a privilege of meeting once a year by their deputies, in
order to consider the state of trade, and make by-laws for
its regulation : in this convention a petition was voted, com-
plaining of some late acts which obstructed commerce ; and
praying the king, that he would empower his commissioner, in
the next session of parliament, to give his assent for repealing
them. For this presumption, as it was called, several of the
members were fined and imprisoned. One More, a member
of parliament, having moved in the house, that, in imitation of
the English parliament, no bill should pass except after three
readings, he was, for this pretended offence, immediately sent
to prison by the commissioner.
The private deportment of Lauderdale was as insolent and
provoking as his public administration was violent and tyran-
nical. Justice, likewise, was universally perverted by faction
and interest : and from the great rapacity of that duke, and
still more of his duchess, all offices and favors were openly
put to sale. No one was allowed to approach the throne who
was not dependent on him ; and no remedy could be hoped
lor or obtained against his manifold oppressions. The case
of Mitchel shows, that this minister was as much destitute of
truth and honor as of lenity and justice.
Mitchel was a desperate fanatic, and had entertained a
resolution of assassinating Sharpe, archbishop of St. Andrews,
who, by his former apostasy and subsequent rigor, had ren-
dered himself extremely odious to the Covenanters. In the
year 1668, Mitchel fired a pistol at the primate as he was
sitting in his coach ; but the bishop of Orkney, stepping into
the coach, happened to stretch out his arm, which intercepted
the ball, and was much shattered by it. This happened in the
principal street of the city ; but so generally was the arch-
bishop hated, that the assassin was allowed peaceably to walk
off; and having turned a street or two, and thrown olf a wig
which disguised him, he immediately appeared in public, and
106 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1678
remained altogether unsuspected. Some years after, Sharpn
remarked one who seemed to eye him very eagerly ; and being
still anxious lest an attempt of assassination should be renewed,
he ordered the man to be seized and examined. Two loaded
pistols were found upon him ; and as he was now concluded to
be the author of the former attempt, Sharpe promised that if
he would confess his guilt, he should be dismissed without any
punishment. Mitchel (for the conjecture was just) was so
credulous as to believe him ; but was immediately produced
before the council by the faithless primate. The council, hav-
ing no proof against him, but hoping to involve the whole
body of Covenanters in this odious crime, solemnly renewed
the promise of pardon, if he would make a full discovery ;
and it was a great disappointment to them, when they found,
upon his confession, that only one person, who was now dead,
had been acquainted with his bloody purpose. Mitchel was
then carried before a court of judicature, and required to
renew his confession ; but being apprehensive, lest, though a
pardon for life had been promised him, other corporal punish-
ment might still be inflicted, he refused compliance ; and was
sent back to prison. He was next examined before the conn
cil, under pretence of his being concerned in the insurrection
at Pentland ; and though no proof appeared against him, he
was put to the question, and, contrary to the most obvious
principles of equity, was urged to accuse himself. He endured
the torture with singular resolution, and continued obstinate in
the denial of a crime, of which, it is believed, he really was not
guilty. Instead of obtaining his liberty, he was sent to tbe
Bass, a very high rock surrounded by the sea ; at this time con-
verted into a state prison, and full of the unhappy Covenanters.
He there remained in great misery t loaded with irons, till the year
1677, when it was resolved, by some new examples, to strike a
fresh terror into the persecuted but still obstinate enthusiasts.
Mitchel was then brought before a court of judicature, and
put upon his trial for an attempt to assassinate an archbishop
and a privy counsellor. His lormer confession was pleaded
against him, and was proved by the testimony of the duke of
Lauderdale, lord commissioner, Lord Hatton his brother, the
earl of llothes, and the primate himself. Mitchel, besides
maintaining that the privy council was no court of judicature,
and that a coniession before them was not judicial, asserted
that he had been engaged to make that coulessioi by a solemn
piomi.se of pardon. The four privy counsellors denied upon
A.D 1678] UMAKLES II. 167
oath that any such promise had ever been given. The pris-
oner then desired that the council books might be produced in
court; and even offered a copy of that day's proceedings tc
be read ; but the privy counsellors maintained, that, after they
had made oath, no further proof could be admitted, and that
the books of council contained the king's secrets, which were
on 1:0 account to be divulged. They were not probably aware,
when they swore, that the clerk having engrossed the promise
of pardon in the narrative of Mitchel's confession, the whole
minute had been signed by the chancellor, and that the proofs
of their perjury were by that means committed to record.
Though the prisoner was condemned, Lauderdale was still
inclined to pardon him ; but the unrelenting primate rigor-
ously insisted upon his execution, and said, that if assassins
remained unpunished, his life must be exposed to perpetual
danger. Mitchel was accordingly executed at Edinburgh, in
January, 1078. Such a complication of cruelty and treachery
shows the character of those ministers to whom the king at
this time intrusted the government of Scotland.
Lauderdale's administration, besides the iniquities arising
from the violence of his temper, and the still greater iniquities
inseparable from all projects of persecution, was attended with
other circumstances which engaged him in severe and arbi-
trary measures. An absolute government was to be intro-
duced, which on its commencement is often most rigorous ;
and tyranny was still obliged, for want of military power, to
cover itself under an appearance of law ; a situation which
rendered it extremely awkward in its motions, and, by pro-
voking opposition, extended the violence of its oppressions.
The rigors exercised against conventicles, instead of break-
ing the spirit of the fanatics, had tended only, as is usual, to
render them more obstinate, to increase the fervor of their
zeal, to link them more closely together, and to inflame them
against the established hierarchy. The commonalty, almost
every where in the south, particularly in the western counties,
frequented conventicles without reserve ; and the gentry,
though they themselves commonly abstained from these illegal
places of worship, connived at this irregularity in their inferi-
ors. In order to interest the former on the side of the perse-
cutors, a bond or contract was, by order of the privy council,
tendered to the landlords in the west, by which they were tc
engage for the good behavior of their tenants ; and in casa
any tenant frequented a conventicle, the landlord was to sub
168 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [ A. D. 1678
jcct himself to the same fine as could by law be exacted from
the delinquent. It was ridiculous to give sanction to laws
by voluntary contracts : it was iniquitous to make one man
answerable ibr the conduct of another : it was illegal to impose
such hard conditions upon men who had nowise offended. For
these reasons, the greater part of the gentry refused to sign
these bonds ; and Lauderdale, enraged at this opposition,
endeavored to break their spirit by expedients which were
still more unusual and more arbitrary.
The law enacted against conventicles had called them sem-
inaries of rebellion. This expression, which was nothing but
a flourish of rhetoric, Lauderdale and the privy council were
willing to understand in a literal sense ; and because the west-
ern counties abounded in conventicles, though otherwise in
profound peace, they pretended that these counties were in a
state of actual war and rebellion. They made therefore an
agreement with some highland chieftains to call out their clans
to the number of eight thousand men : to these they joined
the guards, and the militia of Angus ; and they sent the whole
to live at free quarters upon the lands of such as had refused
the bonds illegally required of them. The obnoxious counties
were the most populous and most industrious in Scotland.
The highlanders were the people the most disorderly and the
least civilized. It is easy to imagine the havoc and destruc-
tion which ensued. A multitude, not accustomed to discipline,
averse to the restraint of laws, trained up in rapine and vio-
lence, were let loose amidst those whom they were taught tc
regard as enemies to their prince and to their religion. Noth-
ing escaped their ravenous hands : by menaces, by violence,
and sometimes by tortures, men were obliged to discover their
concealed wealth. Neither age, nor sex, nor innocence af-
forded protection ; and the gentry, finding that even those who
had been most compliant, and who had subscribed the bonds,
were equally exposed to the rapacity of those barbarians, con-
firmed themselves still more in the resolution of refusing them.
The voice of the nation was raised against this enormous out-
rage ; and after two months' free quarter, the highlanders were
gent back to their hills, loaded with the spoils and execrations
of the west.
Those who had been engaged to subscribe the bonds, could
find no security but by turning out such tenants as they sus-
pected of an inclination to conventicles, and thereby depopu-
lating their estates. To increase the misery of thrse unhappy
A..D. 1678. charles n. io9
farmers, the council enacted, that none should be received
any where, or allowed a habitation, who brought not a certifi
cate of his conformity from the parish minister. That the
obstinate and refractory might not escape further persecution,
a new device was fallen upon. By the law of Scotland, any
man who should go before a magistrate, and swear that he
thought himself in danger from another, might obtain a writ
af laio-burroivs, as it is called ; by which the latter was bound,
ander the penalty of imprisonment and outlawry, to find secu-
lity for his good behavior. Lauderdale entertained the absurd
notion of making the king sue out writs of law-burrows against
his subjects. On this pretence, the refusers of the bonds were
summoned to appear before the council, and were required to
hind themselves, under the penalty of two years' rent, neither
*.o frequent conventicles themselves, nor allow their family and
tenants to be present at those unlawful assemblies. Thus
chicanery was joined to tyranny ; and the majesty of the king,
instead of being exalted, was in reality prostituted; as if ho
were obliged to seek the same security which one neighbor
might require of another.
It was an old law, but seldom executed, that a man who
was accused of any crime, and did not appear in order to
stand his trial, might be inter communed, that is, he might be
publicly outlawed ; and whoever afterwards, either on account
of business, relation, nay, charity, had the least intercourse
with him, was subjected to the same penalties as could by law
be inflicted on the criminal himself. Several writs of inter-
communing were issued against the hearers and preachers
in conventicles ; and by this severe and even absurd law,
crimes and guilt went on multiplying in a geometrical propor-
tion. Where laws themselves are so violent, it is no wonder
that an administration should be tyrannical.
Lest the cry of an oppressed people should reach the throne,
the council forbade, under severe penalties, all noblemen or
gentlemen of landed property to leave the kingdom ; a severe
edict, especially where the sovereign himself resided in a for-
eign country. Notwithstanding this act of council, Cassilis
first, afterwards Hamilton and Tweddale, went to London,
and laid their complaints before the king. These violent pro-
ceedings of Lauderdale were opposite to the natural temper
of Charles ; and he immediately issued orders for discontinu-
ing the bonds and the writs of law-burrows. But as he was
commonly little touched with what lay at a distance, he enter-
vol. vj — II
170 I1ISTOK.Y OF ENGLAND. f A. D. H')78
tained not the proper indignation against those who had abused
his authority . even while he retracted these oppressive meas
ures, he was prevailed with to avow and praise them in a
letter which he wrote to the privy council. This proof of
confidence might fortify the hands of the ministry ; but the
king ran a manifest risk of losing the affections of his sub-
jects, by not permitting, even those who were desirous of it,
to distinguish between him and their oppressors.
It is reported* that Charles, after a full hearing of the
debates concerning Scottish affairs, said, " I perceive that
Lauderdale has been guilty of many bad things against the
people of Scotland ; but I cannot find that he has acted any
thing contrary to my interest ; " a sentiment unworthy of t
sovereign.
During the absence of Hamilton and the other discontented
lords, the king allowed Lauderdale to summon a convention
of estates at Edinburgh. This assembly, besides granting
some money, bestowed applause on all Lauderdale's admin-
istrations, and in their addresses to the king, expressed the
highest contentment and satisfaction. But these instances of
complaisance had the contrary effect in England from what
was expected by the contrivers of them. All men there
concluded, that in Scotland the very voice of liberty was
totally suppressed ; and that, by the prevalence of tyranny,
grievances were so rivetted, that it was become dangerous
even to mention them, or complain to the prince, who alont
was able to redress them. From the slavery of the neigh-
boring kingdom, they inferred the arbitrary disposition of the
king ; and from the violence with which sovereign power
was there exercised, they apprehended the miseries which
might ensue to themselves upon their loss of liberty. If
persecution, it was asked, by a Protestant church could be
carried to such extremes, what might be dreaded from the
prevalence of Popery, which had ever, in all ages, made
open profession of exterminating by fire and sword every
opposite sect or communion? And if the first approaches
towards unlimited authority were so tyrannical, how dismal
its final establishment ; when all dread of opposition should
at last be removed by mercenary armies, and all sense of
shame by long and inveterate habit !
* Burnet.
£k D. 1G78 CHARLES J. 17J
CHAPTER LXVII.
CHARLES II.
[1678.] The English nation, ever since the i'atai league
with France, had entertained violent jealousies against the
court ; and the subsequent measures adopted by the king had
tended more to increase than cure the general prejudices.
Some mysterious design was still suspected in every enter-
prise and profession : arbitrary power and Popery were appre-
hended as the scope of all projects : each breath or rumor
made the people start with anxiety : their enemies, they
thought, were in their very bosom, and had gotten possession
of their sovereign's confidence. While in this timorous, jeal
ous disposition, the cry of a plot all on a sudden struck theii
ears : they were wakened from their slumber ; and like men
afliightened and in the dark, took every figure for a spectre.
The terror of each man became the source of terror to
another. And a universal panic being diffused, reason and
argument, and common sense and common humanity, lost all
influence over them. From this disposition of men's minds
we are to account for the progress of the Popish plot, and
the credit given to it ; an event which would otherwise appear
prqdigious and altogether inexplicable.
On the twelfth of August, one Kirby, a chemist, accosted
the king as he was walking in the park. "Sir," said he,
" keep within the company : your enemies have a design
upon your life ; and you may be shot in this very walk."
Being asked the reason of these strange speeches, he said,
that two men, called Grove and Pickering, had ongaged to
shoot the king, and Sir George Wakeman the queen's physi-
cian, to poison him. This intelligence, he added, had been
communicated to him by Dr. Tongue, whom, if permitted
he would introduce to his majesty. Tongue was a divine of
the church of England ; a man active, restless, full of projects,
void of understanding. He brought papers to the king, which
contained inlbrmation of a plot, and were digested into forty-
three articles. The king, not having leisure to peruse them,
17? HISTORY OF ENGLANB [A. D. lf>78
Bent them to the treasurer, Dauby, and ordered the two in-
formers to lay the business before that minister. Tongue con-
fessed to Danby, that he himself had not drawn the papers ; that
they had been secretly thrust under his door ; and that, though
he suspected, he did not certainly know who was the author.
After a few days, he returned, and told the treasurer, that his
suspicions, he found, were just ; and that the author of the
intelligence, whom he had met twice or thrice in the street,
had acknowledged the whole matter, and had given him a
more particular account of the conspiracy, but desired that his
name might be concealed, being apprehensive lest the Papists
should murder him.
The information was renewed with regard to Grove's and
Pickering's intentions of shooting the king ; and Tongue even
pretended, that, at a particular time, they were to set out for
Windsor with that intention. Orders were given for arresting
them, as soon as they should appear in that place : but though
this alarm was more than once renewed, some frivolous rea-
sons we*e still found by Tongue for their having delayed the
journey. And the king concluded, both from these evasions,
and from the mysterious, artificial manner of communicating
the intelligence, that the whole was an imposture.
Tongue came next to the treasurer, and told him, that s
packet of letters, written by Jesuits concerned in the plot, was
that night to be put into the post-house for Windsor, directed
to Bennifield, a Jesuit, confessor to the duke. Wksn this
intelligence was conveyed to the king, he replied, that the
packet mentioned had a few hours before been brought to the
duke by Bennifield, who said, that he suspected some bad
design upon him ; that the letters seemed to contain matters
of a dangerous import, and that he knew them not to be the
iiandwriting of the persons whose names were subscribed to
them. This incident still further confirmed the king in hia
incredulity.
The matter had probably slept forever, had it not been for
the anxiety of the duke ; who, hearing that priests and Jesuits,
and even his own confessor, had been accused, was desirous
that a thorough inquiry should be made by the council into
the pretended conspiracy. Kirby and Tongue were inquired
after, and were now found to be living in close connection
with Titus Oates, the person who was said to have conveyed
the first intelligence to Tongue. Oates affirmed, that he had
fallen under susuicion with the Jceuils ; that he had rece veJ
A...D. 167b. j cnARLES n )/J
three blows with a stick and a box on the ear from the pro-
vincial of that order, for revealing their conspiracy ; and
that, overhearing them speak of their intentions to punish
him more severely, he had. withdrawn, and concealed himself.
This man, in whose breast was lodged a secret involving the
fate of kings and kingdoms, was allowed to remain in such
necessity, that Kirby was obliged to supply him with daily
bread ; and it was a joyful surprise to him, when he heard
that the council was at last disposed to take some notice
of his intelligence. But as he expected more encouragement
from the public than from the king or his ministers, he thought
proper, before he was presented to the council, to go with his
two companions to Sir Edmundsbury Godfrey, a noted and
active justice of peace, and to give evidence before him of all
the articles of the conspiracy.
The wonderful intelligence which Oates conveyed both to
Godfrey and the council, and afterwards to the parliament, was
to this purpose.* The pope, he said, on examining the matter
in the congregation de propaganda, had found himself entitled
to the possession of England and Ireland on account of the
heresy of prince and people, and had accordingly assumed the
sovereignty of these kingdoms. This supreme power he had
thought proper to delegate to the society of Jesuits ; and De
Oliva, general of that order, in consequence of the papal
grant, had exerted every act of regal authority, and particu-
larly had supplied, by commissions under the seal of tho
society, all the chief offices, both civil and military. Lord
Arundel was created chancellor, Lord Powis treasurer, Sir
William Godolphin privy seal, Coleman secretary of state,
Langhorne attorney-general, Lord Bellasis general of the papal
army, Lord Peters lieutenant-general, Lord Stafford paymaster ;
and inferior commissions, signed by the provincial of the
Jesuits, were distributed all over England. All the dignities
too of the church were filled, and many of them with Spaniards
and other foreigners. The provincial had held a consult of
the Jesuits under his authority ; where the king, whom they
opprobriously called the Black Bastard, was solemnly tried and
condemned as a heretic, and a resolution taken to put him to
death. Father Le Shee (for so this great plotter and informei
called Father La Chaise, the noted confessor of the French
* Oates's Narrative.
174 HISTORY OF ENGLAND [A D. 1678-
king) had consigned in London ten thousand pounds, to be
paid to any man who should merit it by this assassination. A
Spanish provincial had expressed like liberality : the prior of
the Benedictines was willing to go the length of six thousand :
the Dominicans approved of the action, but pleaded poverty.
Ten thousand pounds had been offered to Sir George Wake-
man, the queen's physician, who demanded fifteen thousand, as
a reward for so great a service : his demand was complied
with ; and five thousand had been paid him by advance. Lest
this means should fail, four Irish ruffians had heen hired by
the Jesuits, at the rate of twenty guineas apiece, to stab the
king at Windsor ; and Coleman, secretary to the late duchess
of York, had given the messenger, who carried them orders,
a guinea to quicken his diligence. Grove and Pickering were
also employed to shoot the king with silver bullets : the formei
was to receive the sum of fifteen hundred pounds ; the latter,
being a pious man, was to be rewarded with thirty thou-
sand masses, which, estimating masses at a shilling apiece,
amounted to a like value. Pickering would have executed his
purpose, had not the flint at one time dropped out of his pistol,
at another time the priming. Coniers, the Jesuit, had bought a
knife at the price of ten shillings, which he thought was not
dear, considering the purpose for which he intended it, to wit,
stabbing the king. Letters of subscription were circulated
among the Catholics all over England, to raise a sum for the
same purpose. No less than fifty Jesuits had met, in May last,
at the White Horse Tavern, where it was unanimously agreed
to put the king to death. This synod did afterwards, for more
convenience, divide themselves into many lesser cabals or
companies; and Oates was employed to carry notes and let-
ters from one to another, all tending to the same end, of mur-
dering the king. He even carried, from one company to
another, a paper, in which they formally expressed their reso-
lution of executing that deed ; and it was regularly subscribed
by all of them. A wager of a hundred pounds was laid, and
stakes made, that the king should eat no more Christmas
pies. In short, it was determined, to use the expression of a
Jesuit, that if he would not become R. C, (Roman Catholic,)
he should no longer be C. II., (Charles Pt.cx.) The great fire
of London had been the work of the Jesuits, who had employed
eighty or eighty-six persons for that purpose, and had expended
eeven hundred fire-balls ; but they had a good return for their
money, for they had been able to pilfer goods from the fire tc
A..D 1678.1 CHARLES II. 17*
the amount of fourteen thousand pounds : the Jesuits had also
raised another fire on St. Margaret's Hill, whence they had
stolen goods to the value of two thousand pounds ; another
at Southwark : and it was determined in like manner to burn
all the chief cities in England. A paper model was already
framed for the firing London ; the stations were regularly
marked out, where the several fires were to commence ;
and thewhclc plan of operations was so concerted, that pre-
cautions were taken by the Jesuits to vary their measures,
according to the variation of the wind. Fire-balls were famil-
iarly called among them Teuxbury mustard pills ; and were said
to contain a notable biting sauce. In the great fire, it had been
determined to murder the king ; but he had displayed such
diligence and humanity in extinguishing the flames, that even
the Jesuits relented, and spared his life. Besides these assas
sanations and fires, insurrections, rebellions, and massacres
were projected by that religious order in all the three kingdoms.
There were twenty thousand Catholics in London, who would
rise in four and twenty hours, or less ; and Jennison, a Jesuit,
said, that they might easily cut the throats of a hundred thou-
sand Protestants. Eight thousand Catholics had agreed to
take arms in Scotland. Ormond was to be murdered by four
Jesuits ; a general massacre of the Irish Protestants was con
certed ; and forty thousand black bills were already provided
for that purpose. Coleman had remitted two hundred thou-
sand pounds to promote the rebellion in Ireland ; and the
French king was to land a great army in that island. Poole,
who wrote the Synopsis, was particularly marked out for assas-
sination ; as was also Dr. Stillingfleet, a controversial writer
against the Papists. Burnet tells us, that Oates paid fum tlit
«ame compliment. After all this havoc, the crown was to be
offered to the duke, but on the following conditions : that he
receive it as a gift from the pope ; that he confirm all the
papal commissions for offices and employments ; that he ratify
i\\ past transactions, by pardoning the incendiaries, and the
murderers of his brother and of the people ; and that he con-
sent to the utter extirpation of the Protestant religion. If he
refuse these conditions, he himself was immediately to be
poisoned or assassinated. " To pot James must go," according
to the expression ascribed by Oates to the Jesuits.
Oates, the informer of this dreadful plot, was himself the
most infamous of mankind. He was the son of an Anabaptist
preacher, chaplain to Colonel Pride ; but having taken orders
J76 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [ A. D. 16715
in the church, he had heen settled in a small living by the
duke of Norfolk. He had been indicted for perjury, and by
some means had escaped. He was afterwards a chaplain on
board the fleet ; whence he had been dismissed on complaint
of some unnatural practices not fit to be named. He then
became a convert to the Catholics ; but he afterwards boasted,
that his conversion was a mere pretence, in order to get into
their secrets and to betray them.* He was sent over to the
Jesuits' college at St. Omers, and though above thirty years
of age, he there lived some time among the students. He was
despatched on an errand to Spain ; and thence returned to St.
Omers ; where the Jesuits, heartily tired of their convert, at
last dismissed him from their seminary. It is likely that, from
resentment of this usage, as well as from want and indigence,
he was induced, in combination with Tongue, to contrive that
plot of which he accused the Catholics.
This abandoned man, when examined before the council,
betrayed his impostures in such a manner, as would have
utterly discredited the most consistent story, and the most
reputable evidence. While in Spain, he had been carried, he
said, to Don John, who promised great assistance to the execu-
tion of the Catholic designs. The king asked him what sort
of a man Don John was : he answered, a tall, lean man ;
directly contrary to truth, as the king well knew.t He totally
mistook the situation of the Jesuits' college at Paris. $ Though
he pretended great intimacies with Coleman, he knew him not,
when placed very near him ; and had no other excuse than
'.hat his sight was bad in candle light. § He fell into like mis-
takes with regard to Wakeman.
Notwithstanding these objections, great attention was paid
to Oates's evidence, and the plot became very soon the subject
of conversation, and even the object of terror to the people
The violent animosity which had been excited against the
Catholics in general, made the public swallow the grossest
absurdities, when they accompanied an accusation of those
religionists : and the more diabolical any contrivance appeared;
the better it suited the tremendous idea entertained of a Jesuit.
Danby, likewise, who stood in opposition to the French and
Catholic interest at court, was willing to encourage every story
which might serve to discredit that party. By his suggestion,
* Burnet, Echard, North, L'Estrange, etc.
t Burnet. North. t North. $ Burnet. North. Trials
A. D. 1G78.] charges u. 177
when a warrant was signed for arresting Coleman, there was
inserted a clause for seizing his papers ; a circumstance
attended with the most important consequences.
Coleman, partly on his own account, partly by orders from
the duke, had been engaged in a correspondence with Father
La Chaise, with the pope's nuncio at Brussels, and with other
Catholics abroad ; and being himself a fiery zealot, busy and
sanguine, the expressions in his letters often betrayed great
violence and indiscretion. His correspondence, during the
years 1674, 1675, and part of 1676, was seized, and con-
tained many extraordinary passages. In particular, he said to
La Chaise, '• We have here a mighty work upon our hands.
no less than the conversion of three kingdoms, and by that
perhaps the utter subduing of a pestilent heresy, which has a
long time domineered over a great part of this northern
world. There were never such hopes of success since the
days of Queen Mary, as now in our days. God has given us
a prince," meaning the duke, " who is become (may I say a
miracle) zealous of being the author and instrument of so
glorious a work ; but the opposition we are sure to meet with
is also like to be great : so that it imports us to get all the aid
and assistance we can." In another letter he said, " I can
scarce believe myself awake, or the thing real, when I think
of a prince in such an age as we live, converted to such a
degree of zeal and piety, as not to regard any thing in the
world in comparison of God Almighty's glory, the salvation of
his own soul, and the conversion of our poor kingdom." In
other passages, the interests of the crown of England, those
of the French king, and those of the Catholic religion, are
spoken of as inseparable. The duke is also said to have con-
nected his interests unalterably with those of Lewis. The
king himself, he affirms, is always inclined to favor the Cath-
olics, when he may do it without hazard. " Money," Cole-
man adds, " cannot fail of persuading the king to any thing.
There is nothing it cannot make him do, were it ever so much
to his prejudice. It has such an absolute power over him, that
he cannot resist it. Logic, built upon money, has in our court
more powerful charms than any other sort of argument." For
these reasons, he proposed to Father La Chaise, that the
French king should remit the sum of three hundred thousand
pounds, on condition that the parliament be dissolved ; a meas-
ure to which, he affirmed, the king was of himself sufficiently
inclined, were it not for his hopes of obtaining money from
n*
17b. UlsLOUY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1678
that assembly. The parliament 1 ., he said, had already con-
strained the king to make peace with Holland, contrary to tho
interests of the Catholic religion, and of his most Christian
majesty : and if they should meet again, they would surely
engage him further, even to the making of war against France.
It appears also from the same letters, that the assembling of
the parliament so late as April in the year 1675, had been pro-
cured by the intrigues of the Catholic and French party, who
thereby intended to show the Dutch and their confederates
that they could expect no assistance from England.
When the contents of these letters were publicly known,
they diffused the panic with which the nation began already to
be seized on account of the Popish plot. Men reasoned more
from their fears and their passions, than from the evidenco
before them. It is certain, that the restless and enterprising
spirit of the Catholic church, particularly of the Jesuits, merits
attention, and is in some degree dangerous to every other com-
munion. Such zeal of proselytism actuates that sect, that its
missionaries have penetrated into every nation of the globe ;
and, in one sense, there is a Popish plot perpetually carrying
on against all states, Protestant, Pagan, and Mahometan. It
is likewise very probable, that the conversion of the duke, and
the favor of the king, had inspired the Catholic priests with
new hopes of ' recovering in these islands their lost dominion,
and gave fresh vigor to that intemperate zeal by which they
are commonly actuated. Their first aim was to obtain a
toleration ; and such was the evidence, they believed, of their
theological tenets, that, could they but procure entire liberty,
they must infallibly in time open the eyes of the people. After
they had converted considerable numbers, they might be ena-
bled, they hoped, to reinstate themselves in full authority, and
entirely to suppress that heresy with which the kingdom had
so long been infected. Though these dangers to the Prot-
estant religion were distant, it was justly the object of great
concern to find, that the heir of the crown was so blinded with
bigotry, and so deeply engaged in foreign interests; and that
the khup - himself had been prevailed on, from low interests,
to hearken to his dangerous insinuations. Very bad conse-
quences might ensue from such perverse habits and attachments ,
nor could the nation and parliament guard against them with
too anxious a precaution. But that the Roman pontiff could
hope to assume the sovereignty of these kingdoms ; a project
which, even during the darkness of the eleventh and twelfth
A. D. 1678 ] charles ii. 17$
centuries, Avould have appeared chimerical : that he should
delegate this authority to the Jesuits, that order in the Romish
church which was the most hated : that a massacre could be
attempted of the Protestants, who surpassed the Catholics a
hundred fold, and were invested with the whole authority of
the state : that the king himself was to he assassinated, and
even the duke, the only support of their party : these were
auch absurdities as no human testimony was sufficient to prove;
much less the evidence of one man, who was noted for infamy,
and who could not keep himself, every moment, from falling
into the grossest inconsistencies. Did such intelligence deserve
even so much attention as to be refuted, it would appear, that
Coleman's letters were sufficient alone to destroy all its credit.
For how could so long a train of correspondence be carried on
by a man so much trusted by the party, and yet no traces of
insurrections, if really intended, of fires, massacres, assassina
tions, invasions, be ever discovered in any single passage of
these letters ? But all such reflections, and many more equally
obvious, were vainly employed against that general preposses-
sion with which the nation was seized. Oates's plot and
Coleman's were universally confounded together: and the
evidence of the latter being unquestionable, the belief of the
former, aided by the passions of hatred and of terror, took
possession of the whole people.
There was danger, however, lest time might open the eyes
of the public ; when the murder of Godfrey completed the
general delusion, and rendered the prejudices of the nation
absolutely incurable. This magistrate had been missing some
days ; and after much search, and many surmises, his body
was found lying in a ditch at Primrose Hill : the marks of
strangling were thought to appear about his neck, and some
contusions on his breast : his own sword was sticking in the
body ; but as no considerable quantity of blood ensued on
drawing it out, it was concluded, that it had been thrust in after
his death, and that he had not killed himself : he had rings on
his fingers and money id his pocket ; it was therefore inferred,
that he had not fallen into the hands of robbers. Without
further reasoning, the cry rose, that he had been assassinated by
the Papists, on account of his taking Oates's evidence. This
clamor was quickly propagated, and met with universal belief.
The panic spread itself on every side with infinite rapidity ; and
all men, astonished with fear, and animated with rage, saw in
Godfrey's fate all the horrible designs ascribed to the Catholics ;
>\
H
180 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. | A. D. 1G76.
and no further doubt remained of Oates's veracity. The voice
of the nation united against that hated sect ; and notwithstand-
ing that the bloody conspiracy was supposed to be now de-
tected, men could scarcely be persuaded that their lives wer«
yet in safety. Each hour teemed with new rumors and sur-
mises. Invasions from abroad, insurrections at home, even
private murders and poisonings, were apprehended. To deny
the reality of the plot was to be an accomplice : to hesitate
was criminal : royalist, republican ; churchman, sectary ,
courtier, patriot ; all parties concurred in the illusion. The
city prepared for its defence as if the enemy were at its gates :
the chains and posts were put up : and it was a noted saying at
that time of Sir Thomas Player, the chamberlain, that, were it
not for these precautions, all the citizens might rise next morn-
ing with their throats cut.*
In order to propagate the popular frenzy, several artifices
were employed. The dead body of Godfrey was carried into
the city, attended by vast multitudes. It was publicly exposed
in the streets, and viewed by all ranks of men ; and every one
who saw it went away inflamed, as well by the mutual conta-
gion of sentiments, as by the dismal spectacle itself. The
funeral pomp was celebrated with great parade. The corpse
was conducted through the chief streets of the city : seventy-
two clergymen marched before : above a thousand persons of
distinction followed after : and at the funeral sermon, two able-
bodied divines mounted the pulpit, and stood on each side of
the preacher, lest in paying the last duties to this unhappy
magistrate, he should, before the whole people, be murdered
by the Papists. f
In this disposition of the nation, reason could no more be
heard than a whisper in the midst of the most violent hurri-
cane. Even at present, Godfrey's murder can scarcely, upon
any system, be rationally accounted for. That he was assas-
tinated by the Catholics, seems utterly improbable. These
religionists could not be engaged to commit that crime from
policy, in order to deter other magistrates from acting against
them. Godfrey's fate was nowise capable of producing that
effect, unless it were publicly known that the Catholics were
his murderers ; an opinion which, it was easy to foresee, must
prove the ruin of their party. Besides, how many magistrates,
during more than a century, had acted in the most violent
* North, p. 206. t North, p. 205.
A. D. 1676.1 charles n. 18.
manner against the Catholics, without its being ever suspected
that any one had been cut off by assassination ? Such jealous
times as the present were surely ill fitted for beginning these
dangerous experiments. Shall we therefore say, that the
Catholics were pushed on, not by policy, but by blind revenge,
against Godfrey 1 But Godfrey had given them little or no
occasion of offence in taking Oates's evidence. His part was
merely an act of form belonging to his office ; nor could he,
or any man in his station, possibly refuse it. In the rest of
his conduct, he lived on good terms with the Catholics, and
was far from distinguishing himself by his severity against
that sect. It is even certain, that he had contracted an inti-
macy with Coleman, and took care to inform his friend of tho
danger to which, by reason of Oates's evidence, he was at
present exposed.
There are some writers who, finding it impossible to account
for Godfrey's murder by the machinations of the Catholics,
have recourse to the opposite supposition. They lay hold of
that obvious presumption, that those commit the crime who
reap advantage by it ; and they affirm, that it was Shaftesbury
and the heads of the popular party who perpetrated that deed,
in order to throw the odium of it on the Papists. If this
supposition be received, it must also be admitted, that the
whole plot was the contrivance of these politicians ; and that
Oates acted altogether under their direction. But it appears
that Oates, dreading probably the opposition of powerful ene-
mies, had very anxiously acquitted the duke, Danby, Ormond,
and all the ministry ; persons who were certainly the most
obnoxious to the popular leaders. Besides, the whole texture
of the plot contains such low absurdity, that it is impossible te
have been the invention of any man of sense or education. It
is true the more monstrous and horrible the conspiracy, the
better was it fitted to terrify, and thence to convince, the pop-
ulace : but this effect, we may safely say, no one could before-
hand have expected ; and a fool was in this case more likel)
to succeed than a wise man. Had Shaftesbury laid the plan
of a Popish conspiracy, he had probably rendered it moderate,
consistent, credible ; and on that very account had never met
with the prodigious success with which Oates's tremendous
actions were attended.
We must, therefore, be contented to remain forever ignorant
of the actors in Godfrey's murder ; and only pronounce in
general, that that ev ;nt, in all likelihood, had no connection,
182 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. (A. D. 1678
one way 01 other, with the Popish plot. Any man, especiall)
bo active a magistrate as Godfrey, might, in such a city as
London, have many enemies, of whom his friends and family
had no suspicion. He was a melancholy man ; and there ia
some reason, notwithstanding the pretended appearances to
the contrary, to suspect that he fell by his own hands. The
affair was never examined with tranquillity, or even with com-
mon sense, during the time ; and it is impossible for us, at
this distance, certainly to account for it.
No one doubted but the Papists had assassinated Godfrey ,
but still the particular actors were unknown. A. proclamation
was issued by the king, offering a pardon and a reward of five
hundred pounds to any one who should discover them. As it
was afterwards surmised, that the terror of a like assassination
would prevent discovery, a new proclamation was issued,
promising absolute protection to any one who should reveal
the secret. Thus were indemnity, money, and security offered
to the fairest bidder : and no one needed to fear, during the
present fury of the people, that his evidence would undergo
too severe a scrutiny.
While the nation was in this ferment, the parliament was
assembled. In his speech, the king told them, that though
they had given money for disbanding the army,* he had
found Flanders so exposed, that he had thought it necessary
btill to keep them on foot, and doubted not but this measure
would meet with their approbation. He informed them, that
his revenue lay under great anticipations, and at best was
never equal to the constant and necessary expense of govern-
ment ; as would appear from the state of it, which he intended
to lay before them. He also mentioned the plot formed
against his life by Jesuits ; but said that he would forbear
delivering any opinion of the matter, lest he should seem to
6ay too much or too little ; and that he would leave the scru-
tiny of it entirely to the law.
The king was anxious to keep the question of the Popish
plot from the parliament ; where, he suspected, many design-
ing people would very much abuse the present credulity of
the nation : but Danby, who hated the Catholics, and courted
popularity, and perhaps hoped that the king, if his life were
believed in danger from the Jesuits, wouk be more cordially
* They had granted him six hundred thousar. I pounds lor disband-
.ng the army, for reimbursing the charges of his naval armament, and
(or paying t he princess of Orange's portion.
A.D. 1G78.J charles n. 163
loved by the nation, had entertained opposite designs ; and
the very first day of the session, he opened the matter in the
house of peers. The king was extremely displeased with this
temerity, and told his minister, " Though you do not believe
it, you will find, that you have given the parliament a handle
to ruin yourself, as well as to disturb all my affairs ; and you
will surely live to repent it." Danby had afterwards sufficient
reason to applaud the sagacity of his master.
The cry of the plot was immediately echoed from one house
to the other. The authority of parliament gave sanction to
that fury with which the people were already agitated. An
address was voted for a solemn fast : a form of prayer was
contrived for that solemnity ; and because the Popish plot had
been omitted in the first draught, it was carefully ordered to
be inserted ; lest omniscience should want intelligence, to use
the words of an historian*
In order to continue and propagate the alarm, addresses
ivere voted for laying before the house such papers as might
discover the horrible conspiracy ; for the removal of Popish
recusants from London ; for administering every where the
oaths of allegiance and supremacy ; for denying access at
court to all unknown or suspicious persons ; and for appointing
the train bands of London and Westminster to be in readiness.
The lords Powis, Stafford, Arundel, Peters, and Bellasis were
committed to the Tower, and were soon after impeached tbi
high treason. And both houses, after hearing Oates's evidence,
voted, " That the lords and commons are of opinion, that there
hath been, and still is, a damnable and hellish plot, contrived
and carried on by the Popish recusants, for assassinating the
king, for subverting the government, and for rooting out and
destroying the Protestant religion."
So vehement were the houses, that they sat every day,
forenoon and afternoon, on the subject of the plot : for no
other business could be attended to. A committee of lords
"was appointed to examine prisoners and witnesses : blank
warrants were put into their hands, for the commitment of
such as should be accused or suspected. Oates, who, though
his evidence were true, must, by his own account, be regarded
as an infamous villain, was by every one applauded, caressed,
and called the savior of the nation. He was recommended
by the parliament to the king. He was lodged in Whitehall,
* North, p. 207.
184 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1673
protected by guards, and encouraged by a pension of on«
thousand two hundred pounds a year.
It was not long before such bountiful encouragement brought
forth new witnesses. William Bedloe, a man, if possible, more
infamous than Oates, appeared next upon the stage. He was
of very low birth, had been noted for several cheats, and even
thefts ; had travelled over many parts of Europe under bor
rowed names, and frequently passed himself ibr a man of
quality ; and had endeavored, by a variety of lies and contri-
vances, to prey upon the ignorant and unwary. When ho
appeared before the council, he gave intelligence of Godfrey's
murder only, which, he said, had been perpetrated in Somerset
House, where the queen lived, by Papists, some of them ser-
vants in her family. He was questioned about the plot ; bu.
utterly denied all knowledge of it, and also asserted, that he
had no acquaintance with Oates. Next day, when examined
before the committee of lords, he bethought himself better,
and was ready to give an ample account of the plot, which he
found so anxiously inquired into. This narrative he made to
tally, as well as he could, with that of Oates, which had been
published : but that he might make himself acceptable by new
matter, he added some other circumstances, and these still
more tremendous and extraordinary. He said, that ten thou-
sand men were to be landed from Flanders in Burlington Bay,
and immediately to seize Hull : that Jersey and Guernsey
were to be surprised by forces from Brest ; and that a French
fleet was all last summer hovering in the Channel for that pur-
pose : that the lords Powis and Peters were to form an army
in Radnorshire, to be joined by another army, consisting of
twenty or thirty thousand religious men and pilgrims, who
were to land at Milford Haven from St. Iago in Spain : that
there were forty thousand men ready in London ; besides
those who would, on the alarm, be posted at every alehouse
door, in order to kill the soldiers as they came out of their
quarters : that Lord Stafford, Coleman, and Father Ireland,
had money sufficient to defray the expenses of all these
armaments : that he himself was to receive four thousand
pounds, as one that could murder a man ; as also a commis-
sion from Lord Bellasis, and a benediction from the pope :
that the king was to be assassinated ; all the Protestants mas-
sacred who would not seriously be converted ; the government
offered to one, if he would consent to hold it of the church ,
but if he should refuse that condition, as was suspected, the
A. D. 1678.] charles n. 1:0
supremo auhortity would be given to cot-tain lords under Ihe
nomination of the pope. In a subsequent examination before
the commons, Bedloe added, (for these men always brought
out their intelligence successively and by piecemeal,) that
Lord Carrington was also in the conspiracy for raising men
and money against the government ; as was likewise Lord
Brudenel. These noblemen, with all the other persons men
tioned by Bedloe, were immediately committed to custody by
the parliament.
It is remarkable, that the only resource of Spain, r'n her
present decayed position, lay in the assistance of England :
and, so far from being in a situation to transport ten thousand
men for the invasion of that kingdom, she had solicited and
obtained English forces to be sent into the garrisons of Flan-
ders, which were not otherwise able to defend themselves
against the French. The French too, we may observe, were
at that very time in open war with Spain, and yet are supposed
to be engaged in the same design against England ; as if
religious motives were become the sole actuating principle
among sovereigns. But none of these circumstances, how-
ever obvious, were able, when set in opposition to multiplied
horrors, antipathies, and prejudices, to engage the least atten-
tion of the populace : for such the whole nation were at this
time become. The Popish plot passed for incontestable : and
had not men soon expected with certainty the legal punishment
of these criminals, the Catholics had been exposed to the haz-
ard of a universal massacre. The torrent, indeed, of nationa,
prejudices ran so high, that no one, without the most imminent
danger, durst venture openly to oppose it ; nay, scarcely any
one, without great force of judgment, could even secretly
entertain an opinion contrary to the prevailing sentiments.
The loud and unanimous voice of a great nation has mighty
authority over weak minds ; and even later historians are so
swayed by the concurring judgment of such multitudes, that
some of them have esteemed themselves sufficiently moderate,
when they affirmed, that many circumstances of the plot were
true, though some were added, and others much magnified.
But it is an obvious principle, that a witness who perjures
himself in one circumstance is credible in none : and the
authority of the plot, even to the end of the prosecutions,
stood entirely upon witnesses. Though the Catholics had
been suddenly and unexpectedly detected, at the very moment
when their conspiracy, it is said, was ripe for execution, no
8f> HISTORY OF ENGLAND. |A.D. \G7^
*rms, no ami j million, no money, no commissions, no papers
no letters, after the most rigorous search, ever were discovered,
to confirm the evidence of Oates and Bedloe. Yet still the
nation, though often frustrated, went on in the eager pursuit
and confident belief of the conspiracy : and even the niaui
r old inconsistencies and absurdities contained in the narratives,
instead of discouraging them, served only as further incentives
to discover the bottom of the plot, and were considered as
slight objections, which a more complete information would
fully remove. In all histoiy, it will be difficult to find such
another instance of popular frenzy and bigoted delusion.
In order to support the panic among the people, especially
among the citizens of London, a pamphlet was published with
this title : " A narrative and impartial discovery of the horrid
Popish plot, carried on for burning and destroying the cities
of London and Westminster, with their suburbs : setting forth
the several consults, orders, and resolutions of the Jesuits con-
jerning the same : by Captain William Bedloe, lately engaged
n that horrid design, and one of the Popish committee for
carrying on such fires." Every fire which had happened for
several years past, is there ascribed to the machinations of the
Jesuits, who purposed, as Bedloe said, by such attempts, to
find an opportunity for the general massacre of the Protestants ;
and, in the mean time, were well pleased to enrich themslves
by pilfering goods from the fire.
The king, though he scrupled not, wherever he could speak
freely, to throw the highest ridicule on the plot, and on all
who believed it, yet found it necessary to adopt the popular
opinion before the parliament. The torrent, he saw, ran too
strong to be controlled ; and he could only hope, by a seem-
:ng compliance, to be able, after some time, to guide and
direct and elude its fury. He made, therefore, a speech to
both houses ; in which he told them, that he would take the
utmost care of his person during these times of danger ; that
he was as ready as their hearts could wish, to join with them
in all means for establishing the Protestant religion, not only
during his own time, but for all future ages ; and that, pro-
vided the right of succession were preserved, he would con-
tent to any laws for restraining a Popish successor : and, in
conclusion, he exhorted them to think of effectual means for
the conviction of Popish recusants; and he highly praised the
duty and loyalty of all his subjects, who had discovered such
anxious concern for his safety.
A. D. 1678.] ciiarles rr. IS?
These gracious expressions abated nothing of the vehement*
rf parliamentary proceedings. A bill was introduced lor a
new test, in which Popery< was denominated idolatry ; and all
members, who refused this test, were excluded from both
houses. The bill passed the commons without much opposi-
tion ; but in the upper house the duke moved, that an excep-
tion might be admitted in his favor. With great earnestness,
and even with tears in his eyes, he told them that he was now
to cast himself on their kindness, in the greatest concern
which he could have in the world ; and he protested, that,
whatever his religion might be, it should only be a private
thing between God and his own soul, and never should appear
in his public conduct. Notwithstanding this strong effort, in
so important a point, he prevailed only by two voices : a suf-
ficient indication of the general disposition of the people. " I
would not have," said a noble peer, in the debate on this bill,
" so much as a Popish man or a Popish woman to remain
here ; not so much as a Popish dog or a Popish bitch ; not so
much as a Popish cat to pur or mew about the king." What
is more extraordinary, this speech met with praise and appro-
bation.
Encouraged by this general fury, the witnesses went still a
step farther in their accusations ; and though both Oates and
Bedloe had often declared, that there was no other person of
distinction whom they knew to be concerned in the plot, they
were now so audacious as to accuse the queen herself of en-
tering into the design against the life of her husband. The
commons, in an address to the king, gave countenance to this
scandalous accusation ; but the lords would not be prevailed
with to join in the address. It is here, if any where, that we
may suspect the suggestions of the popular leaders to havo
had place. The king, it was well known, bore no great affec-
tion to his consort ; and now, more than ever, when his brother
and heir was so much hated, had reason to be desirous of issue,
which might quiet the jealous fears of his people. This very
hatred, which prevailed against the duke, would much facili-
tate, he knew, any expedient that could be devised for tho
exclusion of that prince ; and nothing further seemed requisite
for the king, than to give way in this particular to the rage
and fury of the nation. But Charles notwithstanding all
allurements of pleasure, or interest, or safety, had the gener-
osity to protect his injured consort. "They think," said he,
" I have a mind to a new wife ; but for all that, I will not sea
188 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A.D.I 678
an innocent woman abused."* He immediately ordered
Oates to be strictly confined, seized his papers, and dismissed
his servants; and this daring informer was obliged to make
applications to parliament, in order to recover his liberty.
During this agitation of men's minds, the parliament gave
new attention to the militia ; a circumstance which, even
during times of greatest tranquillity, can never prudently be
neglected. They passed a bill, by which it was enacted, that
a regular militia should be kept in arms during six weeks of
the year, and a third part of them do duty every fortnight of
that time. The popular leaders probably intended to make
use of the general prejudices, and even to turn the arms of the
people against the prince. t But Charles refused his assent to
the bill, and told the parliament, that he would not, were it for
half an hour, part so far with the power of the sworn : but if
they would contrive any other bill for ordering the militia, and
still leave it in his power to assemble or dismiss them as he
thought proper, he would willingly give it the royal assent
The commons, dissatisfied with this negative, though the king
had never before employed that prerogative, immediately
voted that all the new-levied forces should be disbanded
They passed a bill, granting money for that purpose ; but to
show their extreme jealousy of the crown, besides appropri-
ating the money by the strictest clauses, they ordered it to be
paid, not into the exchequer, but into the chamber of London.
The lords demurred with regard to so extraordinary a clause,
which threw a violent reflection on the king's ministers, and
even on himself; and by that means the act remained in sus-
pense.
It was no wonder, that the present ferment and credulity of
the nation engaged men of infamous character and indigent
circumstances to become informers, when persons of rank
and condition could be tempted to give into that scandalous
practice. Montague, the king's ambassador at Paris, had pro-
cured a seat in the lower house ; and without obtaining or
asking the king's leave, he suddenly came over to England.
Charles, suspecting his intention, ordered his papers to be
seized ; but Montague, who forsaw this measure, had taken
care to secrete one paper, which he immediately laid before
the house of commons. It was a letter from the treasurel
Danby, written in the beginning of the year, during the nego«
* North's Examen, p. 186. t Burnet, vol. i. p. 437.
A. D. 107F | CHARLES II. lfel
liations at Nimeguen for the general peace Montague was
there directed to make a demand of money from France ; or,
»n other words, the king was willing secretly to sell his good
nfhces to Lewis, contrary to the general interests of the con-
federates, and even to those of his own kingdoms. The letter,
among other particulars, contains these words : " In case the
conditions of peace shall be accepted, the king expects to
have six millions of livres a year for three years, from the
time that this agreement shall be signed between his majesty
and the king of France ; because it will probably be two or
three years before the parliament will be in humor to give
him any supplies after the making of any peace with France ;
and the ambassador here has always agreed to that sum ; but
not for so long a time." Danby was so unwilling to engage
in this negotiation, that the king, to satisfy him, subjoined with
his own hand these words : " This letter is writ by my order.
C. It." Montague, who revealed this secret correspondence,
had even the baseness to sell his base treachery at a high
price to the French monarch.*
The commons were inflamed with this intelligence against
Danby ; and carrying their suspicions further than the truth,
they concluded, that the king had all along acted in concert
with the French court ; and that every step which he had
taken in conjunction with the allies, had been illusory and
deceitful. Desirous of getting to the bottom of so important
a secret, and being pushed by Danby's numerous enemies,
they immediately voted an impeachment of high treason
against that minister, and sent up six articles to the house of
peers. These articles were, That he had traitorously en-
grossed to himself regal power, by giving instructions to his
majesty's ambassadors, without the participation of the secre-
taries of state, or the privy council : that he had traitorously
endeavored to subvert the government, and introduce arbitrary
power ; and to that end, had levied and continued an army,
contrary to act of parliament : that he had traitorously endeav-
ored to alienate the affections of his majesty's subjects, by
negotiating a disadvantageous peace with France, and pro-
curing money for that purpose: that he was popishly affected,
and had traitorously concealed, after he had notice, the late
horrid and bloody plot, contrived by the Papists against his
majesty's person and government : that he had wasted the
* Appendix to Sir John Dalrymple's Memoirs
100 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A.D. 1G78
king's treasure : and that he had, by indirect means, obtain^-
several exorbitant grants from the crown.
It is certain that the treasurer, in giving instructions to an
ambassador, had exceeded the bounds of his office ; and ta
the genius of a monarchy, strictly limited, requires, that the
uroper minister should be answerable for every abuse of
power, the commons, though they here advanced a new pre-
tension, might justify themselves by the utility, and even
necessity of it. But in other respects their charge against
Danby was very ill grounded. That minister made it appear
to the house of lords, not only that Montague, the informer
against him, had all along promoted the money negotiations
with France, but that he himself was ever extremely averse
to the interests of that crown, which he esteemed pernicious
to his master and to his country. The French nation, he
said, had always entertained, as he was certainly informed.
Aie highest contempt both of the king's person and govern-
ment. His diligence, he added, in tracing and discovering
the Popish plot, was generally known ; and if he had common
sense, not to say common honesty, he would surely be anxious
to preserve the life of a master by whom he was so much fa-
vored. He had wasted no treasure, because there was no
treasure to waste. And though he had reason to be grateful
for the king's bounty, he had made more moderate acquisitions
than were generally imagined, and than others in his office
had often done, even during a shorter administration.
The house of peers plainly saw, that, allowing all the
charges of the commons to be true, Danby's crimes fell not
under the statute of Edward III ; and though the words
treason and traitorously had been carefully inserted in several
articles, this appellation could not change the nature of things,
or subject him to the penalties annexed to that crime. They
refused, therefore, to commit Danby upon this irregular charge :
the commons insisted on their demand ; and a great contest
was likely to arise, when the king, who had already seen
sufficient instances of the ill humor of the parliament, thought
proper to prorogue them. This prorogation was soon after
followed by a dissolution ; a desperate remedy in the present
disposition of the nation. But the disease, it must be owned,
the king had reason to esteem desperate. The utmost rage
had been discovered by the commons, on account of the
Popish plot ; and their fury began already to point against the
i\»yal family, if not against the throne itself. The duke had
A.D. 1G78.1 CHARLES s. I»l
been struck at in several motions : the treasurer bail been
impeached : all supply had been refused, except on the mosi
disagreeable conditions : fears, jealousies, and antipathies were
every day multiplying in parliament ; and though the people
were strongly infected with the same prejudices, the king
hoped, that, by dissolving the pi - esent cabals, a set of men
might be chosen, more moderate in their pursuits, and less
tainted with the virulence of faction.
Thus came to a period a parliament which had sitten
during the whole course of this reign, one year excepted
Its conclusion was very different from its commencement.
Being elected during the joy and festivity of the restoration,
it consisted almost entirely of royalists ; who were disposed
to support the crown by all the liberality which the habits of
that age would permit. Alarmed by the alliance with France
they gradually withdrew their confidence from the king ; and
finding him still to persevere in a foreign interest, they pro-
ceeded to discover symptoms of the most refractory and mosi
jealous disposition. The Popish plot pushed them beyond all
bounds of moderation ; and before their dissolution, they
seemed to be treading fast in the footsteps of the last long
parliament, on whose conduct they threw at first such violent
blame. In all their variations, they had still followed the
opinions and prejudices of the nation ; and ever seemed to be
more governed by humor and party views than by public
interest, and more by public interest than by any corrupt or
private influence.
During the sitting of the parliament, and after its proroga-
tion and dissolution, the trials of the pretended criminals were
carried on ; and the courts of judicature, places which, if
possible, ought to be kept more pure from injustice than even
national assemblies themselves, were strongly infected with
the same party rage and bigoted prejudices. Coleman, the
most obnoxious of the conspirators, was first brought to hia
trial. His letters were produced against him. They con-
tained, as he himself confessed, much indiscretion : but unless
so far as it is illegal to be a zealous Catholic, they seemed to
prove nothing criminal, much less treasonable against him.
Gales and Bedloe deposed, that he had received a commission,
signed by the superior of the Jesuits, to be Papal secretary of
state, and had consented to the poisoning, shooting, and stab
bing of the king : he had even, according to Oates's deposition,
advanced a g'linea to promote those bloody purposes. Thew
192 II.'-STORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1679
wild stories wer; coribunded with the projects contained in
his letters ; and Coleman received sentence of death. The
sentence was soon after executed upon him.* He suffered
with calmness and constancy, and to the last persisted in the
strongest protestations of his innocence.
Coleman's execution was succeeded by the trial of Father
Ireland, who, it is pretended, had signed, together with fifty
Jesuits, the great resolution of murdering the king. Grove
and Pickering, who had undertaken to shoot him, were tried
at the same time. The* only witnesses against the prisoners
were still Oates and Bedloe. Ireland affirmed, that he was in
Staffordshire all the month of August last, a time when Oates'a
evidence made him in London. He proved his assertion by
good evidence ; and would have proved it by undoubted, hat
he not most iniquitously been debarred, while in prison, from
all use of pen, ink, and paper, and denied the liberty of send-
ing for witnesses. All these men, before their arraignment,
were condemned in the opinion of the judges, jury, and spec-
tators ; and to be a Jesuit, or even a Catholic, was of itself a
sufficient proof of guilt. The chief justice,! in particular,
gave sanction to all the narrow prejudices and bigoted fury
of the populace. Instead of being counsel for the prisoners,
as his office required, he pleaded the cause against them,
browbeat their witnesses, and on every occasion represented
their guilt as certain and uncontroverted. He even went so
far as publicly to affirm, that the Papists had not the same
principles which Protestants have, and therefore were not en-
titled to that common credence, which the principles and prac-
tices of the latter call for. And when the jury brought in
their verdict against the prisoners, he said, " You have done,
gentlemen, like very good subjects, and very good Christians,
that is to say, like very good Protestants ; and now much good
may their thirty thousand masses do them ;" alluding to the
masses by which Pickering was to be rewarded for murdering
the king. All these unhappy men went to execution, protest-
ing their innocence ; a circumstance which made no impres-
Bion on the spectators. [1679.] The opinion, that the Jesuits
allowed of lies and mental reservations for promoting a good
cause, was at this time so universally received, that no credit
jvus given to testimony delivered either by that order, or by
ny of their disciples. It was forgotten, that all the conspira-
* December 3 t Sir William Seroggs.
A. D. 1679. J CHARLES u. 194
tors engaged in the gunpowder treason, and Garnet, the Jesuit,
among the rest, had freely on the scaffold made confession of
their guilt.
Though Bedloe had given information of Godfrey's murder,
he still remained a single evidence against the persons accused ;
and all the allurements of profit and honor had not hitherto
tempted any one to confirm the testimony of that informer.
At last, means were found to complete the legal evidence.
One Prance, a silversmith and a Catholic, had been accused
by Bedloe of being an accomplice in the murder ; and upon
his denial, had been thrown into prison, loaded with heavy
irons, and confined to the condemned hole, a place cold, dark,
and full of nastiness. Such rigors were supposed to be exer-
cised by orders from the secret committee of lords, particu-
larly Shaftesbury and Buckingham ; who, in examining the
prisoners, usually employed (as it is said, and indeed suffi-
ciently proved) threatenings and promises, rigor and indul-
gence, and ever" art, under pretence of extorting the truth
from them. Prance had not courage to resist, but confessed
himself an accomplice in Godfrey's murder. Being asked
concerning the plot, he also thought proper to be acquainted
with it, and conveyed some intelligence to the council. Among
other absurd circumstances, he «aid that one Le Fevre bought
a second-hand sword of him ; because he knew not, as he said,
what times were at hand ; and Prance expressing some con-
cern for poor tradesmen if such times came, Le Fevre
replied, that it would be better for tradesmen if the Catholic
religion were restored ; and particularly, that there would be
more church work for silversmiths. All this information, with
regard to the plot as well as the murder of Godfrey, Prance
solemnly retracted, both before the king and the secret com-
mittee : but being again thrown into prison, he was induced,
by new terrors and new sufferings, to confirm his first infor-
mation, and was now produced as a sufficient evidence.
Hill, Green, and Berry were tried for Godfrey's murder ,
all of them men of low stations. Hill was servant to a physi-
cian : the other two belonged to the Popish chapel at Somer
eet House. It is needless to run over all the particulars of a
long trial : it will be sufficient to say, that Bedloe's evidence
and Prance's were in many circumstances totally irreconcila-
ble ; that both of them labored under unsurmountable diffi-
sulties, not to say gross absurdities ; and that they were inval-
idated by contrary evidence, which is altogether convincing.
vol vr. — I
|«.»4 HISTOilY OF ENGLAND. [A D. lG7 f J.
Bat all was in vain : the prisoners were condemned and exe-
cuted. They all denied their guilt at their execution ; and aa
Berry died a Protestant, this circumstance was regarded as
very considerable : but, instead of its giving some check to
the general credulity of the people, men were only surprised,
that a Protestant could be induced at his death to persist in so
manifest a falsehood.
As the army could neither be kept up nor disbanded with-
out money, the king, how little hopes soever he could enter-
tain of more compliance, found himself obliged to summon a
new parliament. The blood already shed on account of the
Popish plot, instead of satiating the people, served only as an
incentive to their fury ; and each conviction of a criminal
was hitherto regarded as a new proof of these horrible designs
imputed to the Papists. This election is perhaps the first in
England, which, since the commencement of the monarchy,
had been carried on by a violent contest between the parties,
and where the court interested itself to a high degree in the
choice of the national representatives. But all its efforts were
fruitless, in opposition to the torrent of prejudices which pre-
vailed. Religion, liberty, property, even the lives of men,
were now supposed to be at stake; and no security, it was
thought, except in a vigilant parliament, could be found against
the impious and bloody conspirators. Were there any part
of the nation to which the ferment, occasioned by the Popish
plot, had not as yet propagated itself, the new elections, by
interesting the whole people in public concerns, tended to dif-
fuse it into the remotest corner ; and the consternation univer-
sally excited proved an excellent engine for influencing the
electors. All the zealots of the former parliament were re-
chosen : new ones were added : the Presbyterians, in particu-
lar,being transported with the most inveterate antipathy against
Popery, were very active and very successful in the elections.
That party, it is saivl, first began at this time the abuse of
splitting their freeholds, in order to multiply votes and electors.
By accounts which came from every part of England, it was
concluded, that the new representatives would, if possible,
exceed the old in their refractory opposition to the court, and
furious persecution of the Catholics.
The king was alarmed when he saw so dreadful a tempest
arise from such small and unaccountable beginnings. His
life, if Oates and Bedloe's information were true, had been
unind at by the Catholics: even the duke's was in danger
A.D. 1679.J CHA1.LE3 n. 19c
/
the higher, therefore, the rage mounted against Popery, the
more should the nation have been reconciled to tueee princes,
in whom, it appeared, the church of Rome reposed no con-
fidence. But there is a sophistry which attends all the pas>
sions, especially those into which the populace enter. Men
gave credit to the informers, so far as concerned the guilt of
the Catholics : but they still retained their old suspicions, that
these religonists were secretly favored by the king, and had
obtained the most entire ascendant over his brother. Charlea
had too much penetration not to see the danger to which the
ouccession, and even his own crown and dignity, now stood
exposed. A numerous party, he found, was formed against
him : on the one hand, composed of a populace, so credulous
from prejudice, so blinded with religious antipathy, as implicitly
to believe the most palpable absurdities ; and conducted, on
the other hand, by leaders so little scrupulous, as to endeavor,
by encouraging perjury, subornation, lies, impostures, and
even by shedding innocent blood, to gratify their own furious
ambition, and subvert all legal authority. Roused from his
lethargy by so imminent a peril, he began to exert that vigor
of mind, of which, on great occasions, he was not destitute ;
and without quitting in appearance his usual facility of temper,
he collected an industry, firmness, and vigilance, of which he
was believed altogether incapable. These qualities, joined to
dexterity and prudence, conducted him happily through the
many shoals which surrounded him ; and he was at last able
to make the storm fall on the heads of those who had blindly
raised or artfully conducted it.
One chief step which the king took towards gratifying and
appeasing his people and parliament, was, desiring the duke
to withdraw beyond sea, that no further suspicion might remain
of the influence of Popish counsels. The duke readily com-
plied; but first required an order for that purpose, signed by
the king ; lest his absenting himself should be interpreted as
a proof of fear or of guilt. He also desired, that his brother
Khould satisfy him, as well as the public, by a declaration of
the illegitimacy of the duke of Monmouth.
James, duke of Monmouth, was the king's natural son by
Lucy Walters, and born about ten years before the restora
tion. He possessed all the qualities which could engage the
affections of the populace ; a distinguished valor, an afiable
address, a thoughtless generosity, a graceful person. He
rose still higher hi the public favor, by reason of the Universal
1 90 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A.D. 1679
hatred to which the duke, on account of his religion, wa?
exposed. Monmouth's capacity was mean ; his temper pliai>t :
bo that, notwithstanding his great popularity, he had never
been dangerous, had he not implicitly resigned himself to the
guidance of Shaftesbury, a man of such a restless temper, such
subtle wit, and such abandoned principles. That daring pol-
itician had flattered Monmouth with the hopes of succeeding
to the crown. The story of a contract of marriage, passed
between the king and Monmouth's mother, and secretly kept
in a certain black box, had been industriously spread abroad,
and was greedily received by the multitude. As the horrors
of Popery still pressed harder on them, they might be induced
either to adopt that fiction, as they had already done many
others more incredible, or 1 1 commit open violation on the
right of succession. And it would not be difficult, it was
hoped, to persuade the king, who was extremely fond of his
son, to give him the preference above a brother, who, by his
imprudent bigotry, had involved him in such inextricable dif-
ficulties. But Charles, in order to cut off all such expecta-
tions, as well as to remove the duke's apprehensions, took
care, in full council, to make a declaration of Monmouth's
illegitimacy, and to deny all promise of marriage with his
mother. The duke, being gratified in so reasonable a re-
quest, willingly complied with the king's desire, and retired
to Brussels.
But the king soon found that, notwithstanding this precau-
tion, notwithstanding his concurrence in the prosecution of
the Popish plot, notwithstanding the zeal which he expressed,
and even at this time exercised against the Catholics, he had
nowise obtained the confidence of his parliament. The re-
fractory humor of the lower house appeared in the first step
which they took upon their assembling. It had ever been
usual for the commons, in the election of their speaker, to
consult the inclinations of the sovereign ; and even the long
parliament, in 1641, had not thought proper to depart from so
sstablished a custom. The king now desired, that the choice
should fall on Sir Thomas Meres : but Seymour, speaker to
'.he last parliament, was instantly called to the chair, by a vote
*- hich seemed unanimous. The king, when Seymour was
presented to him, for his approbation, rejected him, and ordered
thrt commons to proceed to a new choice. A great flame was
excited. The commons maintained, that the king's approba-
tion was merely a matter of ibrm, and that ho could not,
A..D. 1679. | CHARLES II. 19?
without giving a reason, reject the speaker chosen ; the king,
that, since he had the power of reject 'ng, he might, if he
pleased, keep the reason in his own breast. As the o t ucstioa
had never before been started, it might seem difficult to find
principles upon which it could be decided * By way of com-
promise, it was agreed to set aside both candidates. Gregory
a lawyer, was chosen ; and the election was ratified by the
king. It has ever since been understood, that the choice of
the speaker lies in the house ; but that the king retains tht
power of rejecting any person disagreeable to him.
Seymour was deemed a great enemy to Danby ; and it
was the influence of that nobleman, as commonly supposed,
which had engaged the king to enter into this ill-timed contro-
versy with the commons. The impeachment, therefore, of
Danby was on that account the sooner revived ; and it was
maintained by the commons, that notwithstanding the interven-
ing dissolution, every part of that proceeding stood in the same
condition in which it had been left by the last parliament ; a
pretension which, though unusual, seems tacitly to have been
yielded them. The king had beforehand had the precaution
to grant a pardon to Danby ; and, in order to screen the chan-
cellor from all attacks by the commons, he had taken the great
seal into his own hands, and had himself affixed it to the
parchment. He told the parliament, that, as Danby had acted
in every thing by his orders, he was in no respect criminal ;
that his pardon, however, he would insist upon ; and if it should
be found anywise defective in form, he would renew it again
and again, till it should be rendered entirely complete ; but
that he was resolved to deprive him of all employments, and
to remove him from court.
The commons were nowise satisfied with this concession.
They pretended, that no pardon of the crown could be pleaded
in bar of an impeachment by the commons. The preroga-
tive of mercy had hitherto been understood to be altogether
unlimited in the king; and this pretension of the commons, it
must be confessed, was entirely new. It was, however, not
unsuitable to the genius of a monarchy strictly limited, where
* In 1566, the speaker said to Queen Elizabeth, that without her
allowance the election of the house was of no signineane?. D'Ewes's
Journal, p. 97. In the parliament 1592, 1593, the spo&ier, who was
Sir Edward Coke, advances a like position. D'Ewes, p. 459; Town*
shend, p. 35. So that this pretension of the common' seems to have
been somewhat new; like many of their other powers ?.*] privileges.
198 HISTORY OF ENGLAND [A. D. 1G79
the king's ministers are supposed to be forever accountable
to national assemblies, even ibr such abuses of power as they
may commit by orders from their master. The piesent emer-
gence, while the nation was so highly inflamed, was the proper
time for pushing such popular claims ; and the commons failed
not to avail themselves of this advantage. They still insisted
on the impeachment of Danby. The peers, in compliance with
them, departed from their former scruples, and ordered Danby
to be taken into custody. Danby absconded. The commons
passed a bill, appointing him to surrender himself before a
certain day, or, in default of it, attainting him. A bill had
passed the upper house, mitigating the penalty to banishment ;
but after some conferences, the peers thought proper to yield
to the violence of the commons, and the bill of attainder was
carried. Rather than undergo such severe penalties. Danby
ippeared, and was immediately committed to the Tower.
While a Protestant nobleman met with such violent prose-
cution, it was not likely that the Catholics would be overlooked
by the zealous commons. The credit of the Popish plot still
Btood upon the oaths of a few infamous witnesses. Though
such immense preparations were supposed to have been made
in the very bowels of the kingdom, no traces of them, after
the most rigorous inquiry, had as yet appeared. Though so
many thousands, both abroad and at home, had been engaged
in the dreadful secret, neither hope, nor fear, nor remorse,
nor lenity, nor suspicions, nor private resentment, had engaged
any one to confirm the evidence. Though the Catholics, par-
ticularly the Jesuits, were represented as guilty of the utmost
indiscretion, insomuch that they talked of the king's murdei
as common news, and wrote of it in plain terms by the com-
mon post, yet, among the great number of letters seized,
no one contained any part of so complicated a conspiracy.
Though the informers pretended that, even after they had
resolved to betray the secret, many treasonable commissions
and papers had passed through their hands, they had not had
the precaution to keep any one of them, in order to fortify
their evidence. But all these difficulties, and a thousand more,
were not found too hard of digestion by the nation and parlia-
ment. The prosecution and further discovery of the plot were
still the object of general concern. The commons voted, that,
if the king should come to an untimely end, they would re
venge his death upon the Papists; not reflecting that this sect
were not his only enemies. They promised rewards to ne\»
AD. 1679.] CHARLES II. 19$
discoverers ; not considering the danger which they incurred
sf granting bribes to perjury. They made Bedloe a present
of five hundred pounds ; and particularly recommended the
sare of his safety to the duke of Monmouth. Colonel Sack-
ville, a member, having in a private company, spoken oppro-
briously of those who affirmed that there was any plot, was |
expelled the house. The peers gave power to their com-
mittees to send for and examine such as would maintain the
innocence of those who had been condemned for the plot. A
pamphlet having been published to discredit the informers, and
to vindicate the Catholic lords in the Tower, these lords were
required to discover the author, and thereby to expose their
own advocate to prosecution. And both houses concurred in
renewing the former vote, that the Papists had undoubtedly
entered into a horrid and treasonable conspiracy against the
king, the state, and the Protestant religion.
It must be owned, that this extreme violence, in prosecution
of so absurd an imposture, disgraces the noble cause of liberty,
in which the parliament was engaged. We may even con-
clude from such impatience of contradiction, that the prose-
cutors themselves retained a secret suspicion, that the general
belief was but ill grounded. The politicians among them
were afraid to let in light, lest it might put an end to so useful
a delusion : the weaker and less dishonest party took care, by
turning their eyes aside, not to see a truth, so opposite to those
furious passions by which they were actuated, and in which
they were determined obstinately to persevere.
Sir William Temple had lately been recalled from his
foreign employments ; and the king, who, after the removal
of Dauby, had no one with whom he could so much as dis-
course with freedom of public affairs, was resolved, upon
Coventry's dismission, to make him one of his secretaries of
state. But that philosophical patriot, too little interested foi
the intrigues of a court, too full of spleen and delicacy for the
noisy turbulence of popular assemblies, was alarmed at the
universal discontents and jealousies which prevailed, and was
determined to make his retreat, as soon as possible, from a
scene which threatened such confusion. Meanwhile, he could
not refuse the confidence with which his master honored him ;
and he resolved to employ it to the public service. He repre-
sented to the king, that, as the jealousies of the nation were
extreme, it was necessary to cure them by some new remedy,
and to restore that mutual confidence, so requisite for the
£00 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. | A. D. l0/ f .>
fiafety both of king and people : that to refuse every thing tt>
the parliament in their present disposition, or to yield every
thing, was equally dangerous to the constitution as well as to
public tranquillity : that if the king would introduce into ma
councils such men as enjoyed the confidence of his people,
; fewer concessions would probably be required ; or, if unrea-
sonable demands were made, the king, under the sanction of
Buch counsellors, might be enabled, with the greater safety, to
refuse them : and that the heads of the popular party, being
gratified with the king's favor, would probably abate of that
violence by which they endeavored at present to pay court to
the multitude.
The king assented to these reasons ; and, in concert with
Temple, he laid the plan of a new privy council, without
whose advice he declared himself determined for the future
to take no measure of importance. This council was to con-
sist of thirty persons, and was never to exceed that number.
Fifteen of the chief officers of the crown were to be continued,
who, it was supposed, would adhere to the king, and, in case
of any extremity, oppose the exorbitances of faction. The
other half of the council was to be composed, either of men
of character, detached from the court, or of those who pos-
sessed chief credit in both houses. And the king, in filling
up the names of his new council, was well pleased to find,
that the members, in land and offices, possessed to the amount
of three hundred thousand pounds a year ; a sum nearly equal
to the whole property of the house of commons, against whose
violence the new council was intended as a barrier to the
throne.*
This experiment was tried, and seemed at first to give some
satisfaction to the public. The earl of Essex, a nobleman
of the popular party, son of that Lord Capel who had been
beheaded a little after the late king, was created treasurer in
the room of Danby : the earl of Sunderland, a man of intrigue
* Their names were : Prince Rupert, the archbishop of Canterbury,
Lord Finch, chancellor, earl of Shaftesbury, president, earl of Angel-
sea, privy seal, duke of Albemarle, duke of Monmouth, duke of New-
castle, duke of Lauderdale, duke of Ormond, marquis of Winchester,
marquis of Worcester, earl of Arlington, earl of Salisbury, earl of
Bridgewater, earl of Sunderland, earl of Essex, earl of Bath, Viscount
Fauconberg, Viscount Halifax, bishop of London, Lord Robarts, Lord
Hollis, Lord Russel, Lord Cavendish, Secretary Coventry, Sir Francis
North, chief justice, Sir Henry Capel, Sir John Ernley, Sir Thomaa
Chicheley. Sir William Temple, Edward Seymour, Henry Powel.
A.D.IG79.] gharljss h. 301
and capacity, was made secretary of state : Viscount Halifax,
a fine genius, possessed of learning, eloquence, industry, but
subject to inquietude, and fond of refinements, was admitted
into the council. These three, together witb Temple, wbo
often joined them, though he kept himself more detached
from public business, formed a kind of cabinet council, from
which all affairs received their first digestion. Shaftesbury
was made president of the council ; contrary to the advice of
Temple, who foretold the consequences of admitting a man of so
dangerous a character into any part of the public administration.
As Temple foresaw, it happened. Shaftesbury, finding that
he possessed no more than the appearance of court favor, was
resolved still to adhere to the popular party, by whose attach-
ment he enjoyed an undisputed superiority in the lower house,
and possessed great influence in the other. The very appear-
ance of court favor, empty as it was, tended to render him
more dangerous. His partisans, observing the progress which
he had already made, hoped that he would soon acquire the
entire ascendant ; and he constantly flattered them, that if
they persisted in their purpose, the king, from indolence, and
necessity, and fondness for Monmouth, would at last be in-
duced, even at the expense of his brother's right, to make
them every concession.
Besides, the antipathy to Popery, as well as jealousy of the
king and duke, had taken too fast possession of men's minds,
to be removed by so feeble a remedy as this new council pro-
jected by Temple. The commons, soon after the establish-
ment of that council, proceeded so far as to vote unanimously,
" That the duke of York's being a Papist, and the hopes of
his coming to the crown, had given the highest countenance
to the present conspiracies and designs of the Papists against
the king and the Protestant religion." It was expected, that
a bill for excluding him the throne would soon be brought in.
To prevent this bold measure, the king concerted some limita-
tions, which he proposed to the parliament. He introduced
his plan by the following gracious expressions : " And to
show you that, while you are doing your parts, my thoughts
have not been misemployed, but that it is my constant care to
do every thing that may preserve your religion, and secure it
foi the future in all events ; I have commanded my lord chan-
cellor to mention several particulars, which, I hope, will be
an evidence that, in all things which concern the public se>
ourity, I shall not follow your zeal, but lead it."
202 HISTORY OF ENGLAND [ A. D. 1679
The limitations projected were of the utmost importance
and deprived the successor of the chief branches of royalty
A method was there chalked out, by which the nation, on
every new reign, could be insured of having a parliament
which the king should not, for a certain time, have it in his
power to dissolve. In case of a Popish successor, the prince
was to lbrfeit the right of conferring any ecclesiastical prefer-
ments : no member of the privy council, no judge of the
common law or in chancery, was to be put in or displaced but
by consent of parliament : and the same precaution was
extended to the military part of the government ; to the lord
lieutenants and deputy lieutenants of the counties, and to all
officers of the navy. The chancellor of himself added, " It
is hard to invent another restraint ; considering how much the
revenue will depend upon the consent of parliament, and how
impossible it is to raise money without such consent. But yet.
if any thing else can occur to the wisdom of parliament, which
may further secure religion and liberty against a Popish suc-
cessor, without defeating the right of succession itself, his
majesty will readily consent to it."
It is remarkable, that when these limitations were first laid
before the council, Shaftesbury and Temple were the only
members who argued against them. The reasons which they
employed were diametrically opposite. Shaftesbury's opinion
was, that the restraints were insufficient ; and that nothing
but the total exclusion of the duke could give a proper secu-
rity to the kingdom. Temple, on the other hand, thought, tha'
the restraints were so rigorous as even to subvert the constitu
tion ; and that shackles put upon a Popish successor woul «.
<ioi afterwards be easily cast off by a Protestant. It is certain,
thai the duke was extremely alarmed when he heard of this
step taken by the king, and that he was better pleased even
with the bill of exclusion itself, which, he thought, by reason
of its violence and injustice, could never possibly be carried
into execution. There is also reason to believe, that the king
would not have gone so far, had he not expected, from the
extreme fury of the commons, that his concessions would be
rejected, and that the blame of not forming a reasonable
accommodation would by that means lie entirely at their door.
It soon appeared that Charles had entertained a just opinion
of the dispositions of the house. So much were the com-
mons actuated by the cabals of Shaftesbury and other male-
contents, such violent antipathy prevailed against Popery, that
A D 1G79.] chakles u 20S
the king's concessions, though much more important than
could reasonably have been expected, were not embraced.
A bill was brought in for the total exclusion of the duke from
the crown of England and Ireland. It was there declared,
that the sovereignty of these kingdoms, upon the king's death
or resignation, should devolve to the person next in succession
after the duke ; that all acts of royalty which that prince
should afterwards perform, should not only be void, but be
deemed treason ; that if he so much as entered any of these
dominions, he should be deemed guilty of the same offence ;
and that all who supported his title should be punished as
rebels and traitors. This important bill, which implied banish-
ment as well as exclusion, passed the lower house by a major-
ity of seventy-nine.
The commons were not so wholly employed about the ex-
clusion bill as to overlook all other securities to liberty. Tho
country party, during all the last parliament, had much ex-
claimed against the bribery and corruption of the members ;
and the same reproach had been renewed against the present
parliament. An inquiry was made into a complaint which
was so dangerous to the honor of that assembly ; but very
little foundation was found for it. Sir Stephen Fox, who was
the paymaster, confessed to the house, that nine members
received pensions to the amount of three thousand four hun-
dred pounds ; and after a rigorous inquiry by a secret com-
mittee, eight more pensioners were discovered. A sum also,
about twelve thousand pounds, had been occasionally given or
lent to others. The writers of that age pretend, that Clifford
and Danby had adopted opposite maxims with regard to
pecuniary influence. The former endeavored to gain the
leaders and orators of the house, and deemed the others
of no consequence. The latter thought it sufficient to gain
the majority, however composed. It is likely, that the means,
rather than the intention, were wanting to both these min-
isters.
Pensions and bribes, though it be difficult entirely to exclude
them, are dangerous expedients for government ; and cannot
be too carefully guarded against, nor too vehemently decried,
by every one who has a regard to the virtue and liberty of a
nation. The influence, however, which the crown acquires
from the disposal of places, honors, and preferments, is to bo
esteemed of a different nature. This engine of power may
become too forcible, but it cannot altogether be abolished
204 HISTORY 01' ENGLAND. [A. D 1G7&
without the total destruction of monarchy, and evtn of all
regular authority. But the commons at this time were so jeal-
ous of the crown, that they brought in a bill, which was twice
read, excluding from the lower house all who possessed any
lucrative office.
The standing army and the king's guards were by the
commons voted to be illegal ; a new pretension, it must be
confessed, but necessary for the full security of liberty and a
limited constitution.
Arbitrary imprisonment is a grievance which, in some de-
gree, has place almost in every government, except in that of
Great Britain ; and our absolute security from it we owe
chiefly to the present parliament ; a merit, which makes some
atonement for the faction and violence into which their preju-
dices had, in other particulars, betrayed them. The Great
Charter had laid the foundation of this valuable part of liberty ;
the petition of right had renewed and extended it ; but some
provisions were si ill wanting to render it complete, and prevent
all evasion or delay from ministers and judges. The act of
habeas corpus, which passed this session, served these pur-
poses. By this act, it was prohibited to send any one to a
prison beyond sea. No judge, under severe penalties, must
refuse to any prisoner a writ of habeas corpus, by which the
jailer was directed to produce in court the body of the pris-
oner, (whence the writ has its name,) and to certify the cause
of his detainer and imprisonment. If the jail lie within
twenty miles of the judge, the writ must be obeyed in three
days ; and so proportionably for greater distances. Every
prisoner must be indicted the first term after his commitment,
and brought to trial in the subsequent term. And no man,
after being enlarged by order of court, can be recommitted
for the same offence. This law seems necessary for the pro-
tection of liberty in a mixed monarchy ; and as it has not
place in any other form of government, this consideration
alone may induce us to prefer our present constitution to all
others. It must, however, be confessed, that there is some
difficulty to reconcile with such extreme liberty the full secu-
rity and the regular police of a state, especially the police of
great cities. It may also be doubted, whether the low state
of the public revenue in this period, and of the military power,
did not still render some discretionary authority in the crown
pcces&ary to the support of government.
During these zealous efforts for the protection of liberty, nr
a.l). Iu79] ciiA.iLES n. 20C
romplaisance for the crown was discovered by this parliament
The king's revenue lay under great debts and anticipations .
those branches granted in the years 1669 and 1670 were
ready to expire. And the fleet was represented by the king
as in great decay and disorder. But the commons, instead of
being affected by these distresses of the crown, trusted chiefly
to them for passing the exclusion bill, and for punishing and
displacing all the ministers who were obnoxious to them. They
were therefore in no haste to relieve the king ; and grew only
the more assuming on account of his complaiuts and uneasi-
ness. Jealous, however, of the army, they granted the sum
of two hundred and six thousand pounds, which had been
voted for disbanding it by the last parliament ; though the
vote, by reason of the subsequent prorogation and dissolution,
joined to some scruples of the lords, had not been carried intc
iiu act. This money was appropriated by very strict clauses ;
but the commons insisted not, as formerly, upon its being paid
into the chamber of London.
The impeachment of the five Popish lords in the Tower,
with that of the earl of Danby, was carried on with vigor.
The power of this minister, and his credit with the king, ren-
dered him extremely obnoxious to the popular leaders ; and
the commons hoped that, if he were pushed to extremity, he
would be obliged, in order to justify his own conduct, to lay
open the whole intrigue of the French alliance, which they
suspected to contain a secret of the most dangerous nature.
The king, on his part, apprehensive of the same consequences,
and desirous to protect his minister, who was become criminal
merely by obeying orders, employed his whole interest to sup-
port the validity of that pardon which had been granted him.
The lords appointed a day for the examination of the question,
and agreed to hear counsel on both sides : but the commons
would not submit their pretensions to the discussion of argu-
ment and inquiry. They voted, that whoever should presume,
without their leave, to maintain before the house of peers the
validity of Danby's pardon, should be accounted a betrayer
of the liberties of the English commons. And they made a
demand, that the bishops, whom they knew to be devoted to
the court, should be removed, not only when the trial of tha
earl should commence, but also when the validity of his par-
don should be discussed.
The bishops before the reformation had always enjoyed a
seat in parliament : but so far were they anciently from
CUC HISTOm OF ENGLAND [A. D. IG7S
regarding that dignity as a privilege, that they affected rathei
to form a separate order in the state, independent of the civi]
magistrate, and accountable only to the popu and to their own
order. By the constitutions, however, of Clarendon, enacted
during the reign of Henry II., they were obliged to give their
presence in parliament ; but as the canon law prohibited them
from assisting in capital trials, they were allowed in such cases
vhe privilege of absenting themselves. A practice which was
ftt first voluntary, became afterwards a rule ; and on the earl
of Strafford's trial, the bishops, who would gladly have attended,
and whe were no longer bound by the canon law, were yet
obliged to withdraw. It had been usual for them to enter a
protest, asserting their right to sit ; and this protest, being con-
sidered as a mere form, was always admitted and disregarded.
But here was started a new question of no small importance.
The commons, who were now enabled, by the violence of the
people, and the necessities of the crown, to make new acquisi-
tions of powers and privileges, insisted, that the bishops had no
more title to vote in the question of the earl's pardon than in
the impeachment itself. The bishops asserted, that the pardon
was merely a preliminary ; and that, neither by the canon
law nor the practice of parliament, were they ever obliged, in
capital cases to withdraw till the very commencement of the
tibial itself. If their absence were considered as a privilege,
which was its real origin, it depended on their own choice how
far they would insist upon it. If regarded as a diminution of
their right of peerage, such unfavorable customs ough 1 ; never
to be extended beyond the very circumstance established by
them ; and all arguments, from a pretended parity of reason,
were in that case of little or no authority.
The house of lords was so much influenced by these
reasons, that they admitted the bishops' right to vote, when
the validity of the pardon should be examined. The commons
insisted still on their withdrawing ; and thus a quarrel being
commenced between the two houses, the king, who expected
nothing but fresh instances of violence from this parliament
began to entertain thoughts of laying hold of so favorable a
pretence, and of finishing the session by a prorogation. While
in this disposition, he was alarmed with sudden intelligence,
that the house of commons was preparing a remonstrance, in
order to inflame the nation still further upon the favorite topics
of the plot and of Popery. He hastened, therefore, to executo
his intention, even without consulting his new council, by whoso
A.. D. 1679. J Charles n. 20*
advice he had promised to regulate his whole conduct. And
fehiis were disappointed all the projects of the malecontcnts,
who were extremely enraged at this vigorous measure of the
king's. Shaftesbury publicly threatened, that he would have
the head of whoever had advised, it. The parliament was
soon after dissolved without advice of council ; and writs were
issued for a new parliament. The king was willing to try
every means which gave a prospect of more compliance in his
subjects ; and, in case of failure, the blame, he hoped, would
lia on those v/hose obstinacy forced him to extremities.
But even during the recess of parliament, there was no
interruption to the prosecution of the Catholics accused of the
plot : the king found himself obliged to give way to this popu-
lar fury. Whitebread, provincial of the Jesuits, Fenwick,
Gavan, Turner, and Harcourt, all of them of the same order,
were first brought to their trial. Besides Oates and Bedloe,
Dugdale, a new witness, appeared against the prisoners. This
man had been steward to Lord Ashton, and, though poor, pos-
sessed a character somewhat more reputable than the other
two : but his account of the intended massacres and assassina
tions was equally monstrous and incredible. He even asserted,
that two hundred thousand Papists in England were ready to
take arms. The prisoners proved by sixteen witnesses from
St. Omers, students, and most of them young men of family,
that Oates was in that seminary at the time when he swore
that he was in London : but as they were Catholics and disci-
ples of the Jesuits, their testimony, both with the judges and
jury, was totally disregarded. Even the reception which they
met with in the court was full of outrage and mockery. One
of them saying, that Oates always continued at St. Omers. if
he could believe his senses, " You Papists," said the chief
justice, " are taught not to believe your senses." It must be
confessed that Oates, in opposition to the students of St. Omers,
found means to bring evidence of his having been at that time
in London : but this evidence, though it had at that time the
appearance of some solidity, was afterwards discovered, when
Oates himself was tried for perjury, to be altogether deceitful.
Tn order further to discredit that witness, the Jesuits proved, by
undoubted testimony, that he had perjured himself in Father
Ireland's trial.whom they showed to have been in Staffordshire
at the very time when Oates swore that he was committing
treason in London. But all these pleas availed them nothing
Against the general prejudices. They received sentence of
208 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D . 167S
death, ani were executed, persisting to their last breath in
the most solemn, earnest, and deliberate, though disregarded,
protestations of their innocence.
The next trial was that of Langhorne, an eminent lawyer,
by whom all the concerns of the Jesuits were managed. Oatea
and Bedloe swore, that all the Papal commissions by which
the chief offices in England were filled with Catholics, passed
through his hands. When verdict was given against the
} risoner, the spectators expressed their savage joy by loud
acclamations. So high indeed had the popular rage mounted,
that the witnesses for this unhappy man, on approaching the
court, were almost torn in pieces by the rabble : one in
particular was bruised to such a degree, as to put his life in
danger. And another, a woman, declared that, unless the
court could aflbrd her protection, she durst not give evidence :
but as the judges could go no further than promise to punish
such as should do her any injury, the prisoner himself had the
humanity to waive her testimony.
So far the informers had proceeded with success : theii
accusation was hitherto equivalent to a sentence of death.
The first check which they received was on the trial of Sir
George Wakeman, the queen's physician, whom they accused
of an intention to poison the king. It was a strong circum-
stance in favor of Wakeman, that Oates, in his first informa-
tion before the council, had accused him only upon hearsay ;
and when asked by the chancellor, whether he had any thing
further to charge him with, he added, " God forbid I should say
any thing against Sir George ; for I know nothing more against
him." On the trial he gave positive evidence of the prisoner's
guilt. There were many other circumstances which favored
Wakeman : but what chiefly contributed to his acquittal, was
the connection of his cause with that of the queen, whom no
one, even during the highest prejudices of the times, could
sincerely believe guilty. The great importance of the trial
made men recollect themselves, and recall that good sense
and humanity which seemed, during some time, to have
abandoned the nation. The chief justice himself, who had
hitherto favored the witnesses, exaggerated the plot, and railed
against the prisoners, was observed to be considerably mol-
lified, and to give a favorable charge to the jury. Oates and
Bedloe had the assurance to attack him to his face, and even
to accuse him of partiality before the council. The wholo
party, who had formerly much extolled his conduct, now ir.adu
A.U. TG79.J CHARLES tl. 20<J
him the object of their resentment. Wakeman's acquittal was
indeed a sensible mortification to the furious prosecutors of
the plot, and fixed an indelible stain upon the witnesses. But
Wakeman, after he recovered his liberty, finding' himself
exposed to such inveterate enmity, and being threatened with
further prosecutions, thought it prudent to retire beyond sea :
and his flight was interpreted as a proof of guilt, by those who
were still resolved to persist in the belief of the conspiracy.
The great discontents in England, and the refractory dis-
position of the parliament, drew the attention of the Scottish
Covenanters, and gave them a prospect of some time putting
an end to those oppressions under which they had so long
labored. It was suspected to have been the policy of Lauder-
dale and his associates to push these unhappy men to extrem-
ties, and force them into rebellion, with a view of reaping
profit from the forfeitures and attainders which would ensue
upon it. But the Covenanters, aware of this policy, had
hitherto forborne all acts of hostility ; and that tyrannical
minister had failed of his purpose. An incident at last hap-
pened, which brought on an insurrection in that country.
The Covenanters were much enraged against Sharpe, the
primate, whom they considered as an apostate from their
principles, and whom they experienced to be an unrelenting
persecutor of all those who dissented from the established
worship. He had an officer under him, one Carmichael, no
less zealous than himself against conventicles, and who, by
his violent prosecutions, had rendered himself extremely
obnoxious to the fanatics. A company of these had waylaid
him on the road near St. Andi'ews, with an intention, if not
of killing him, at least of chastising him so severely as would
afterwards render him more cautious in persecuting iJie non-
conformists.* While looking out for their prey, they were
surprised at seeing the archbishop's coach pass by ; and they
immediately interpreted this incident as a declaration of the
secret purpose of Providence against him. But when they
observed that almost all his servants, by some accident, weie
absent, they no longer doubted, but Heaven had here delivered
their capital enemy into their hands. Without further deliber-
ation, they fell upon him ; dragged him from his coach ; tora
* Woodrowrs History of the Sufferings of tho Church of Scotland,
eoL li. p. 28.
210 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. ^A. D 1670
him from the arms of his daughter, who interposed with erica
and tears; and piercing him with redoubled wounds, left him
dead on the spot, and immediately dispersed themselves.
This atrocious action served the ministry as a pretence lor
a more violent persecution against the fanatics, on whom,
without distinction, they threw the guilt of these furious as-
sassins. It is indeed certain, that the murder of Sharpe had
excited a universal joy among the Covenanters ; and llial
their blind zeal had often led them, in their books and ser-
mons, to praise and recommend the assassination of t lieu-
enemies, whom they considered as the enemies of all true
piety and godliness. The stories of Jael and Sisera, of Ehud
and Egion, resounded from every pulpit. The officers quar-
tered in the west received more strict orders to find out and
disperse all conventicles ; and for that reason the Covenanters,
instead of meeting in small bodies, were obliged to celebrate
their worship in numerous assemblies, and to bring arms for
their security. At Itutherglen, a small borough near Glas-
gow, they openly set forth a declaration against prelacy ; and
in the market place burned several acts of parliament and acts
of council, which had established that mode of ecclesiastical
government, and had prohibited conventicles. For this insult
on the supreme authority, they purposely chose the tvveuty-
ninth of May, the anniversary of the restoration; and pre-
viously extinguished the bonfires which had been kindled for
that solemnity.
Captain Graham, afterward Viscount Dundee, an active
and enterprising officer, attacked a great conventicle upon
Loudon Hill, and was repulsed with the loss of thirty men.
The Covenanters, finding that they were unwarily involved in
in such deep guilt, were engaged to persevere, and to seek, from
their valor and fortune alone, for that indemnity which the
severity of the government left them no hopes of ever being
able otherwise to obtain. They pushed on to Glasgow ; and
though at first repulsed, they afterwards made themselves
masters of that city ; dispossessed the established clergy ; and
issued proclamations, in which they declared, that they fought
against the king's supremacy, against Pcpery and prelacy,
and against a Popish successor.
How accidental soever this insurrection might appear, them
is reason to suspect that some great men in combination with
the popular leaders in England, had secretly instigated the
AD. 1&/0.| CHARLES 11. 21i
Covenanters to proceed to such extremities,* and hoped foi
the same effects that had forty years before ensued from the
disorders in Scotland. The king also, apprehensive of lika
consequences, immediately despatched thither Monmouth with
a small body of English cavalry. That nobleman joined to
these troops the Scottish guards, and some regiments of militia,
levied from the well-affeeted counties ; and with great celerity
marched in quest of the rebels. They had taken post near
Rothwell Castle, between Hamilton and Glasgow, where there
was no access to them but over a bridge, which a small body
was able to defend against the king's forces. They showed
judgment in the choice of their post, but discovered neither
judgment nor valor in any other step of their conduct. No
nobility and few gentry had joined them : the clergy were in
reality the generals ; and the whole army never exceeded
eight thousand men. Monmouth attacked the bridge ; and
the body of rebels who defended it maintained their post as
long as their ammunition lasted. When they sent for more,
they received orders to quit their ground, and to retire back-
wards. This imprudent measure occasioned an immediate
defeat to the Covenanters. Monmouth passed the bridge
without opposition, and drew up his forces opposite to the
enemy. His cannon alone put them to rout. About seven
hundred fell in the pursuit ; for, properly speaking, there was
no action. Twelve hundred were taken prisoners ; and were
treated by Monmouth with a humanity which they had never
experienced in their own countrymen. Such of them as
would promise to live peaceably were dismissed. About three
hundred, who were so obstinate as to refuse this easy condi-
tion, were shipped for Barbadoes ; but unfortunately perished
in the voyage. Two of their clergy were hanged. Monmouth
was of a generous disposition ; and, besides, aimed at popu-
larity in Scotland. The king intended to intrust the govern-
ment of that kingdom in his hands. He had married a Scot-
tish lady, heir of a great family, and allied to all the chief
nobility. And Lauderdale, as he was now declining in hia
parts, and was much decayed in his memory, began to lose
with the king that influence which he had maintained during
so many years, notwithstanding the efforts of his numei'ous
enemies both in Scotland and England, and notwithstanding
the many violent and tyrannical actions of which he had been
* Algernon Sidney's Letters, p. 90.
212 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1C7>
guilty. Even at present, he retained so much influence as U
poison all the good intentions which the king, either of him-
self or by Monmouth's suggestion, had formed with regard tc
Scotland. An act of indemnity was granted ; but LauderdaU
took care that it should be so worded, as rather to affbro
protection to himself and his associates, than to the unhappy
Covenanters. And though orders were given to connive
thenceforwards at all conventicles, he found means, under a
variety of pretences, to elude the execution of them. It must
be owned, however, to his praise, that he was the chief person
who, by his counsel, occasioned the expeditious march of the
forces and the prompt orders given to Monmouth ; and there
by disappointed all the expectations of the English malecon
tents, who, reflecting on the disposition of men's minds in botb
kingdoms, had entertained great hopes from the progress of
the Scottish insurrection.
A, l>. 107D. I OILVELES II. 21 J
CHAPTER LXTIII.
CHARLES II.
[1G79.] The king, observing that the whole nation con-
curred at first in the belief and prosecution of the Popish
plot, had found it necessary for his own safety to pretend, in
all public speeches and transactions, an entire belief and
acquiescence in that famous absurdity ; and by this artifice
he had eluded the violent and irresistible torrent of the people.
When a little time and recollection, as well a? the execution
of the pretended conspirators, had somewhat moderated the
general fury, he was now enabled to form a considerable party,
devoted to the interests of the crown, and determined to oppose
the pretensions of the malecon tents.
In every mixed government, such as that of England, the
bulk of the nation will always incline to preserve the entire
frame of the constitution ; but according to the various preju-
dices, interests, and dispositions of men, some will ever attach
themselves with more passion to the regal, others to the popu-
lar part of the government. Though the king, after his res-
toration, had endeavored to abolish the distinction of parties,
and had chosen his ministers from among all denominations,
no sooner had he lost his popularity, and exposed himself to
general jealousy, than he found it necessary to court the old
cavalier party, and to promise them full compensation for that
neglect of which they had hitherto complained. The present
emergence made it still more necessary for him to apply foi
their support ; and there were many circumstances which
determined them, at this time, to fly to the assistance of the
crown, and to the protection of the royal family.
A party strongly attached to monarchy will naturally be
iealous of the right of succession, by which alone they believe
stability to be preserved in the government, and a barrier
fixed against the encroachments of popular assemblies. The
project, openly embraced, of excluding the duke, appeared to
that party a dangerous innovation : and the design, secretlj
projected, of advancing Mcnmouth, made them apprehensive,
%XA HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1G79
test the inconveniences of a disputed succession should b«
propagated to all posterity. While the jealous lovers of liberty
maintained, that a king, whose title depended on the parlia-
ment, would naturally be more attentive to the interests, at
least to the humors of the people, the passionate admirers of
monarchy considered all dependence as a degradation of kingly
government, and a great step towards the establishment of a
commonwealth in England.
But though his union with the political royalists brought great
accession of force to the king, he derived no less support from
the confederacy which he had at this time the address to form
with the church of England. He represented to the ecclesi-
astics the great number of Presbyterians and other sectaries,
who had entered into the popular party ; the encouragement
and favor which they met with ; the loudness of their cries
with regard to Popery and arbitrary power. And he m.ade
the established clergy and their adherents apprehend, that the
old scheme for the abolition of prelacy as well as monarchy
was revived, and that the same miseries and oppressions await-
ed them, to which, during the civil wars and usurpations, they
had so long been exposed.
The memory also of those dismal times united many indif-
ferent and impartial persons to the crown, and begat a dread
lest the zeal for liberty should ingraft itself on fanaticism, and
should once mere kindle a civil war in the kingdom. Had not
the king still retained the prerogative of dissolving the parlia-
ment, there was indeed reason to apprehend the renewal of all
the pretensions and violences which had ushered in the last
commotions. The one period appeared an exact counterpart
to the other : but still discerning judges could perceive, both
in the spirit of the parties and in the genius of the prince, a
material difference ; by means of which Charles was enabled
at last, though with the imminent peril of liberty, to preserve
the peace of the nation.
The cry against Popery was loud ; but it proceeded less
from religious than from party zeal, in those who propagated,
and even in those who adopted it. The spirit of enthusiasm
had occasioned so much mischief, and had been so successfully
exploded, that it was not possible, by any artifice, again to
revive and support it. Cant had been ridiculed, hypocrisy de-
tected ; the pretensions to a more thorough reformation, and to
greater purity, had become suspicious ; and instead of denom-
inating themselves the gadhj party, the appellation affected
&.D. 1G79.J Charles a 215
at the beginning of the civil wars, the present patriots wore
content with calling themselves the good and the honest party ;*
a sure prognostic that their measures were not to be so furious
nor their pretensions so exorbitant.
The king too, though not endowed with the integrity and
strict principles of his father, was happy in a more amiable
manner and more popular address. Far from being distant,
stately, or reserved, he had not a grain of pride or vanity in
his whole composition ; t but was the most affable, best bred
man. alive. He treated his subjects like noblemen, like gen-
tlemen, like freemen ; not like vassals or boors. His
professions were plausible, his whole behavior engaging ;
so that he won upon the hearts, even while he lost the good
opinion of his subjects, and often balanced their judgment
of things by their personal inclination. % In his public
conduct likewise, though he had sometimes embraced meas-
ures dangerous to the liberty and religion of his people, he-
had never been found to persevere obstinately in them, but
had always returned into that path which their united opinion
seemed to point out to him. And upon the whole, it appeared
to many cruel, and even iniquitous, to remark too rigorously
the failings of a prince who discovered so much facility in
correcting his errors, and so much lenity in pardoning tho
offences committed against himself.
The general affection borne the king appeared signally
about this time. He fell sick at Windsor ; and had two or
three fits of a fever, so violent as made his life be thought in
danger. A general consternation seized all ranks of men,
increased by the apprehensions entertained of his successor.
In the present disposition of men's minds, the king's death, to
use an expression of Sir William Temple,§ was regarded as
the end of the world. The malecontents, it was feared, would
proceed to extremities, and immediately kindle a civil war in
the kingdom. Either their entire success, or entire failure, or
even the balance and contest of parties, seemed all of them
events equally fatal. The king's chief counsellors, therefore,
Essex, Halifax, and Sunderland, who stood on bad terms with
Shaftesbury and the popular party, advised him to send secretly
tor the duke, that, in case of any sinister accident, that prince
might be ready to assert his right against the opposition which
* Temple, vol. i. p. 335. t Temple, vol. i. p. 449.
t Dissertation on Parties, letter vii. § Vol. i. p. 312.
210 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. I A. If. 1679
he was Jikjly to meet with. When the duke arrived, he fcund
his brother out of danger ; and it was agreed to conceal the
invitation which he had received. His journey, however, was
attended with important consequences. He prevailed on the
king to disgrace Monmouth, whose projects were now known
and avowed ; to deprive him of his command in the army ;
and to send him beyond sea. He himself returned to Brus-
sels ; but made a short stay in that place. He obtained leave
to retire to Scotland, under pretence still of quieting the
apprehensions of the English nation ; but in reality with a
view of securing that kingdom in his interests.
Though Essex and Halifax had concurred in the resolution
of inviting over the duke, they soon found that they had not
obtained his confidence, and that even the king, while he made
use of their service, had no sincere regard ibr their persons.
Essex in disgust resigned the treasury : Halifax retired to his
country seat : Temple, despairing of any accommodation
among such enraged parties, withdrew almost entirely*to his
books and his gardens. The king, who changed ministers
as well as measures with great indifference, bestowed at this
tune his chief confidence on Hyde, Sunderland, and Godolphin.
Hyde succeeded Essex in the treasury.
All the king's ministers, as well as himself, were extremely
averse to the meeting of the new parliament, which they
expected to find as refractory as any of the preceding. The
elections had gone mostly in favor of the country party. The
terrors of the plot had still a mighty influence over the popu-
lace ; and the apprehensions of the duke's bigoted principles
and arbitrary character weighed with men of sense and reflec-
tion. The king therefore resolved to prorogue the parliament,
that he might try whether time would allay those humors,
which, by eveiy other expedient, he had in vain attempted to
mollify. In this measure he did not expect the concurrence
of his council. He knew that those popular leaders, whom
he had admitted, would zealously oppose a resolution which
disconcerted all their schemes ; and that the royalists would not
dare, by supporting it, to expose themselves to the vengeance
of the parliament, when it should be assembled. These
reasons obliged him to take this step entirely of himself; and
he only declared his resolution in council. It is remarkable
that, though the king had made profession never to embrace
any measure without the advice of these counsellors, he had
often broken that resolution, and had been necessitated, in
A.D 1079] charles n. 217
affairs of the greatest consequence, to control tueir opinion.
Many of them in disgust threw up about this time ; particu-
larly Lord Pvussel, the most popular man in the nation, as well
from the mildness and integrity of his character, as from his
zealous attachment to the religion and liberties of his country.
Though carried into some excesses, his intentions were ever
esteemed upright ; and being heir to the greatest fortune in
the kingdom, as well as void of ambition, men believed that
nothing but the last necessity could ever engage him to em-
brace any desperate measures. Shaftesbury, who was, in
most particulars, of an opposite character, was removed by
the king from the office of president of the council ; and the
earl of Radnor, a man who possessed whimsical talents and
splenetic virtues, was substituted in his place.
It was the favor and countenance of the parliament which
had chiefly encouraged the rumor of plots ; but the nation
had gotten so much into that vein of credulity, and every ne-
cessitous villain was so much incited by the success of Oates and
Bedloe, that even during the prorogation the people were not
allowed to remain in tranquillity. There was one Dangerfield, a
fellow who had been burned in the hand for crimes, transported
whipped, pilloried four times, fined for cheats, outlawed foi
felony, convicted of coining, and exposed to all the public
infamy which the laws could inflict on the basest and most
shameful enormities. The credulity of the people, and the
humor of the times, enabled even this man to become a per-
son of consequence. He was the author of a new incident,
called the meal-tub plot, from the place where some papers
relating to it were found. The bottom of this affair it is diffi-
cult and not very material to discover. It only appears, that
Dangerfield, under pretence of betraying the conspiracies of
the Presbyterians, had been countenanced by some Catholics
of condition, and had even been admitted to the duke's pres-
ence and the king's ; and that under pretence of revealing
new Popish plots, he had obtained access to Shaftesbury and
some of the popular leaders. Which side he intended to
cheat, is uncertain ; or whether he did not rather mean to
cheat both : but he soon found, that the belief of the nation
was more open to a Popish than a Presbyterian plot ; and he
resolved to strike in with the prevailing humor. Though no
weight could be laid on his testimony, great clamor was
raised ; as if the court, by way of retaliation, had intended
to load the Presbyterians with the guilt of a false conspiracy
VOL. vi. — F
2)8 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. ' A D. 1080
It must be confessed, that the present period, by the preva-
lence and suspicion of such mean and ignoble arts on all
sides, throws a great stain on the British annals.
One of the most innocent artifices practised by party men
at this time, was the additional ceremony, pomp, and expense,
with which a pope-burning was celebrated in London : the
spectacle served to entertain, and amuse, and inflame the
populace. The duke of Monmouth likewise came over with-
out leave, and made a triumphant procession through many
parts of the kingdom, extremely caressed and admired by the
people. All these arts seemed requisite to support the gen-
eral prejudices during the long interval of parliament. Great
endeavors were also used to obtain the king's consent for the
meeting of that assembly. [1680.] Seventeen peers presented
a petition to this purpose. Many of the corporations imitated the
example. Notwithstanding several marks of displeasure, and
even a menacing proclamation from the king, petitions came
from all parts, earnestly insisting on a session of parliament.
The danger of Popery, and the terrors of the plot, were never
'forgotten in any of these addresses.
Tumultuous petitioning was one of the chief artifices by
which the malecontents in the last reign had attacked the
crown : and though the manner of subscribing and delivering
petitions was now somewhat regulated by act of parliament
the thing itself still remained ; and was an admirable expedient
lor infesting the court, for spreading discontent, and for unit-
ing the nation in any popular clamor. As the king found no
law by which he could punish those importunate, and, as he
deemed them, undutiful solicitations, he was obliged to encoun-
ter them by popular applications of a contrary tendency.
Whenever the church and court party prevailed, addresses
were framed, containing expressions of the highest regard to
his majesty, the most entire acquiescence in his wisdom, the
most dutiful submission to his prerogative, and the deepest
ablwrrcnce of those who endeavored to encroach upon it, by
prescribing to him any time lor assembling the parliament.
Thus the nation came to be distinguished into petitioners, and
abkorrers. Factions indeed were at this time extremely
animated against each other. The very names by which each
party denominated its antagonist, discover the virulence and
rancor which prevailed. For besides petitioner and abhorrer,
appellations which were soon forgotten, this year is remark-
able for lieing the epoch of the well-known epithets of " whig"
A. D. 1680.] chaules n. 219
and " tory," by which, and sometimes without any materia]
difference, this island has been so long divided. The court
party reproached their antagonists with their affinity to the
fanatical conventiclers in Scotland, who were known by the
name of whigs : the country party found a resemblance,
between the courtiers and the Popish banditti in Ireland, to
whom the appellation of tory was affixed. And after this
manner these foolish terms of reproach came into public and
general use ; and even at present seem not nearer their end
than when they were first invented.
The king used every art to encourage his partisans, and to
reconcile the people to his government. He persevered in the
great zeal which he affected against Popery. He even allowed
several priests to be put to death, for no other crime than their
having received orders in the Romish church. It is singular,
that one of them, called Evans, was playing at tennis when the
warrant for his immediate execution was notified to him : he
swore that he would play out his set first Charles, with the
same view of acquiring popularity, formed an alliance with
Spain, and also offered an alliance to Holland : but the Dutch,
terrified with the great power of France, and seeing little
resource in a country so distracted as England, declined
acceptance. He had sent for the duke from Scotland ; but
desired him to return, when the time of assembling the par-
liament began to approach.
It was of great consequence to the popular party, while the
meeting of parliament depended on the king's will, to keep
the law, whose operations are perpetual, entirely on their side.
The sheriffs of London by their office return the juries : it had
been usual for the mayor to nominate one sheriff by drinking
to him ; and the common hall had ever, without dispute, con
firmed the mayor's choice. Sir Robert Clayton, the mayor,
appointed one who was not acceptable to the popular party :
the common hall rejected him ; and Bethel and Cornish, two
Independents and republicans, and of consequence deeply
engaged with the malecontents, were chosen by a majority of
voices. In spite of all remonstrances and opposition, the citi-
zens persisted in their choice ; and the court party was obliged
for the present to acquiesce.
Juries, however, were not so partial in the city, but that
reason and justice, even when the Popish plot was in question,
could sometimes prevail. The earl of Castlemaine, husband
to the duchess of Cleveland, was acquitted about this liruei
220 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1680.
though accused by Oates and Dangerfield ( f an intention to
assassinate the king Sir Thomas Gascoigue, a very aged
gentleman in the north, being accused by two servants, whom
he had dismissed for dishonesty, received a like verdict.
These trials were great blows to the plot, which now began to
stagger, in the judgment of most men, except those who
were entirely devoted to the country party. But in order still
to keep alive the zeal against Popery, the earl of Shaftesbury
appeared in Westminster Hall, attended by the earl of Hun
tingdon, the lords Hussel, Cavendish, Grey, Brandon, Sir Henry
Caverly, Sir Gilbert Gerrard, Sir William Cooper, and othei
persons of distinction, and presented to the grand jury of Mid-
dlesex reasons for indicting the duke of York as a Popish recu-
sant. While the jury were deliberating on this extraordinary
presentment, the chief justice sent lor them, and suddenly,
even somewhat irregularly, dismissed them. Shaftesbury,
however, obtained the end lor which he had undertaken this
oold measure : he showed to all his followers the desperate
resolution which he had embraced, never to admit of any
accommodation or composition with the duke. By such dar-
ing conduct he gave them assurance, that he was fully deter-
mined not to desert their cause ; and he engaged them to a
like devoted perseverance in all the measures which he should
suggest to them.
As the kingdom was regularly and openly divided into two
zealous parties, it was not difficult for the king to know, that
the majority of the new house of commons was engaged in
interests opposite to the court : but that he might leave no
expedient untried, which could compose the unhappy differ-
ences among his subjects, he resolved at last, after a long
interval, to assemble the parliament. In his speech he told
them, that the several prorogations which he had made had
been very advantageous to his neighbors, and very useful to
himself: that he had employed that interval in perfecting with
the crown of Spain an alliance which had often been desired
by former parliaments, and which, he doubted not, would be
extremely agreeable to them : that, in order to give weight to
this measure, and render it beneficial to Christendom, it was
necessary to avoid all domestic dissensions, and to unite them-
selves firmly in the same views and purposes : that he was
determined, that nothing on his part should be wanting to such
a salutary end ; and provided the succession were preserved in
its due and legal course, he would concur in any expedient
A.D. 168U.J CHARLES u. 221
for the security of the Protestant religion : that the furthei
examination of the Popish plot, and the punishment of the
criminals, were requisite for the safety hoth of king and king-
dom : and after recommending to them the necessity of pro-
viding, bj some supplies, for the safety of Tangiers, he pro-
ceeded in these words : " But that which I value above all
the treasure in the world, and which I am sure will give ua
greater strength and reputation both at home and abroad than
any treasure can do, is a perfect union among ourselves.
Nothing but this can restore the kingdom to that strength and
vigor which it seems to have lost, and raise us again to that
consideration which England hath usually possessed. All
Europe have their eyes upon this assembly, and think their
own happiness and misery, as well as ours, will depend upon
it. If we should be so unhappy as to fall into misunderstand-
ings among ourselves to that degree as would render our
friendship unsafe to trust to, it will not be wondered at, if our
neighbors should begin to take new resolutions, and perhaps
such as may be fatal to us. Let us therefore take care, that
we do not gratify our enemies, and discourage our friends, by
any unseasonable disputes. If any such do happen, the world
will see that it is no fault of mine ; for I have done ail that it
was possible for me to do, to keep you in peace while I live,
and to leave you so when I die. But from so great prudence
and so good affection as yours, I can fear nothing of this kind ;
but do rely upon you all, that you will do your best endeavors
to bring this parliament to a good and happy conclusion."
All these mollifying expressions had no influence with the
commons. Every step which they took betrayed the zeal
with which they were animated. They voted, that it was the
undoubted right of the subject to petition the king for the call-
ing and sitting of parliament. Not content with this decision,
which seems justifiable in a mixed monarchy, they fell with
the utmost violence on all those abhorrers, who in their
addresses to the crown, had expressed their disapprobation
of those petitions. They did not reflect, that it was as lawful
for one party of men as for another to express their sense of
public affairs ; and that the best established right may. in par-
ticular circumstances, be abused, and even the exercise of it
become an object of abhorrence. For this offence they expelled
Sir Thomas Withens. They appointed a committee for further
inquiry into such members as had been guilty of a l : ke crime ;
wad complaints were lodged against Lord Paston, Sir Hobcri
22'2 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A.D. 1G30.
Malvcrer, Sir Bryaa Slapleton, Taylor, and Turner. They
addressed the king against Sir George Jefieiies, recorder oi
London, for his activity in the same cause ; and they fright-
2ned him into a resignation of his office, in which he wag
succeeded by Sir George Treby, a great leader of the popular
party. They voted an impeachment against North, chief
justice of the common pleas, for drawing the proclamation
against tumultuous petitions ; but upon examination found the
proclamation so cautiously worded, that it afforded them no
handle against him. A petition had been presented to the
king from Taunton. " How dare you deliver me such a
paper ?" said the king to the person who presented it. " Sir,"
replied he, " my name is Dare." For this saucy reply, but
under other pretences, he had been tried, fined, and committed
to prison. The commons now addressed the king ibr his lib-
erty, and for remitting his fine. Some printers also and authors
of seditious libels they took under their protection.
Great numbers of the abhorrers, from all parts of England,
were seized by order of the commons, and committed to
custody. The liberty of the subject, which had been so care-
fully guarded by the Great Charter, and by the late law of
habeas corpus, was every day violated by their arbitrary and
capricious commitments. The chief jealousy, it is true, of
the English constitution is naturally and justly directed against
the crown ; nor indeed have the commons any other means
of securing their privileges than by commitments, which, as
they can not beforehand be exactly determined by law, must
always appear in some degree arbitrary. Sensible of these
reasons, the people had hitherto, without murmuring, seen
this discretionary power exercised by the house : but as it was
now carried to excess, and was abused to serve the purposes
of faction, great complaints against it were heard from all
quarters. At last, the vigor and courage of one Stowel of
Exeter, an abhorrer, put an end to the practice. He refused
to obey the serjeant at arms, stood upon his defence, and said
that he knew of no law by which they pretended to commit
him. The house, finding it equally dangerous to proceed or
to recede, got off by an evasion : they inserted in their votes,
that Stowel was indisposed, and that a month's time wag
allowed him for the recovery of his health.
But the chief violence of the house of commons appeared
in all their transactions with regard to the plot, which they
prosecuted with the same zea\ and the same credulity as fheii
S..JD ll>»0.] chatiles, n 1J25
predecessors. They renewed the former vote, which affirmed
the reality of the horrid Popish plot ; and, in order the more
to terrify the people, they even asserted that, notwithstanding
the discovery, the plot still subsisted. They expelled Sir Rob-
ert Can and Sir Robert Yeomans, who had been complained
of for saying, that there was no Popish, but there was a Presby-
terian plot. And they greatly lamented the death of Bedloe,
whom they called a material witness, and on whose testimony
they much depended. He had been seized with a fever at
Bristol ; had sent for Chief Justice North ; confirmed all his
former evidence except that with regard to the duke and the
queen ; and desired North to apply to the king for some
money to relieve him in his necessities. A few days after, he
expired ; and the whole party triumphed extremely in these
circumstances of his death : as if such a testimony could be
deemed the affirmation of a dying man ; as if his confession of
perjury in some instances could assure his veracity in the rest ;
and as if the perseverance of one profligate could outweigh
the last words of so many men, guilty of no crime but that of
Popery.
The commons even endeavored, by their countenance and
protection, to remove the extreme infamy with which Danger-
field was loaded, and to restore him to the capacity of being
an evidence. The whole tribe of informers they applauded
and rewarded : Jennison, Turberville, Dugdale, Smith, La
Faria, appeared before them ; and their testimony, however
frivolous or absurd, met with a favorable reception : the king
was applied to in their behalf for pensions and pardons : their
narratives were printed with that sanction which arose from
the approbation of the house : Dr. Tongue was recommended
for the first considerable church preferment which should
become vacant. Considering men's determined resolution to
believe, instead of admiring that a palpable falsehood should be
maintained by witnesses, it may justly appear wonderful, that
no better evidence was ever produced against the Catholics.
The principal reasons which still supported the clamor oi
the Popish plot, were the apprehensions entertained by the
people of the duke of York, and the resolution embraced by
their leaders of excluding him from the throne. Shaftesbury,
and many considerable men of the party, had rendered
themselves irreconcilable with him, and could find theii
safety no way but in his ruin. Monmouth's friends hoped,
that the exclusion of that prince would make way for their
224 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1630
patron. The resentment against the duke's apostasy, the lov?
of liberty, the zeal for religion, the attachment to faction ; all
these motives incited the country party. And above all, what
supported the resolution of adhering to the exclusion, and
rejecting all other expedients offered, was the hope, artfully
encouraged, that the king would at last be obliged to yield to
their demand. His revenues were extremely burdened ; and.
even if free, could scarcely suffice for the necessaiy charges
of government, much less for that pleasure and expense to
which he was inclined. Though he had withdrawn his coun-
tenance from Monmouth, he was known secretly to retain a
great affection for him. On no occasion had he ever been
found to persist obstinately against difficulties and importunity.
And as his beloved mistress, the duchess of Portsmouth, had
been engaged, either from lucrative views, or the hopes of
making the succession fall on her own children, to unite her-
self with the popular party, this incident was regarded as a
favorable prognostic of their success. Sunderland, secretary
of state, who had linked his interest with that of the duchess,
had concurred in the same measure.
But besides friendship for his brother, and a regard to the
right of succession, there were many strong reasons which had
determined Charles to persevere in opposing the exclusion.
All the royalists and the devotees to the church, that party
by which alone monarchy was supported, regarded the right
of succession as inviolable ; and if abandoned by the king
in so capital an article, it was to be feared that they would,
in their turn, desert his cause, and deliver him over to the
pretensions and usurpations of the country party. The conn
try party, or the whigs, as they were called, if they did not
still retain some propensity towards a republic, were at least a r
fected with a violent jealousy of regal power ; and it was equally
to be dreaded, that being enraged with past opposition, and ani-
mated by present success, they would, if they prevailed in this
pretension, be willing as well as able to reduce the prerogative
within very narrow limits. All menaces therefore, all prom-
ise^ were in vain employed against the king's resolution : he
never would be prevailed on to desert his friends, and put
himself into the hands of his enemies. And having voluntarily
made such important concessions, and tendered, over and over
again, such strong limitations, he was well pleased to find
them rejected by the obstinacy of the commons ; and hoped
that, after the spirit of opposition had spent itself in fruitless
A. D. 1080.J CHAELES II. d2b
violence, the time would come, when he might safely appeai
against his parliament to his people.
So much were the popular leaders determined to carry
matters to extremities, that in less than a week after the com'
mencement of the session, a motion was made for bringing in
an exclusion bill, and a committee was appointed for that pur-
pose. This bill differed in nothing from the former, but in
two articles, which showed still an increase of zeal in the
commons : the bill was to be read to the people twice a year
in all the churches of the kingdom ; and every one who should
support the duke's title, was rendered incapable of receiving
a pardon but by act of parliament.
The debates were carried on with great violence on both
sides. The bill was defended by Sir William Jones, who had
now resigned his office of attorney-general, by Lord Russel,
by Sir Francis Winnington, Sir Harry Capel, Sir William
Pulteney, by Colonel Titus, Treby, Hambden, Montague. It
was opposed by Sir Leoline Jenkins, secretary of state, Si*
John Ernley, chancellor of the exchequer, by Hyde, Seymour,
Temple. The arguments transmitted to us may be reduced
to the following topics.
In every government, said the exclusionists, there is some-
where an authority absolute and supreme ; nor can any deter-
mination, how unusual soever, which receives the sanction of
the legislature, admit afterwards of dispute or control. The
liberty of a constitution, so far from diminishing this absolute
power, seems rather to add force to it, and to give it greater
influence over the people. The more members of the state
concur in any legislative decision, and the more free theii
voice, the less likelihood is there that any opposition will be
made to those measures which receive the nnalsanction of
their authority. In England, the legislative power is lodged
in king, lords, and commons, which comprehend every order
of the community ; and there is no pretext for exempting any
circumstance of government, not even the succession of the
crown, from so full and decisive a jurisdiction. Even express
declarations have, in this particular, been made of parliament
ary authority : instances have occurred where it has been
exerted ; and though prudential reasons may justly be alleged,
why such innovations should not be attempted but on extraor
dinary occasions, the power and right are forever vested in the
community. But if any occasion can be deemed extraordina-
ry, if any emergence can require unusual expedients, it is thff
K*
22b HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. ] Girl)
present ; when the heir to the crown has renounced the reli-
gion of the state, and has zealously embraced a faith totally
hostile and incompatible. A prince of that communion can
never put trust in a people so prejudiced against him : the
people must be equally diffident of such a prince : foreign
and destructive alliances will seem to one the only protection
of his throne : perpetual jealousy, opposition, faction, even
insurrections will be employed by the other as the sole securi-
ties for their liberty and religion. Though theological princi-
* les, when set in opposition to passions, have often small influ-
ence on mankind in general, still less on princes, yet when
they become symbols of faction, and marks of party distinc-
tions, they concur with one of the strongest passions in the
human frame, and are then capable of carrying men to the
greatest extremities. Notwithstanding the better judgment
and milder disposition of the king, how much has the influ-
ence of the duke already disturbed the tenor of government !
how often engaged the nation into measures totally destructive
of their foreign interests and honor, of their domestic repose and
tranquillity ! The more the absurdity and incredibility of the
Popish plot are insisted on, the stronger reason it affords for
the exclusion of the duke ; since the universal belief of it
discovers the extreme antipathy of the nation to his religion,
and the utter impossibility of ever bringing them to acquiesce
peaceably under the dominion of such a sovereign. The
prince, finding himself in so perilous a situation, must seek
for security by desperate remedies, and by totally subduing
the privileges of the nation, which had betrayed such hostile
dispositions towards himself, and towards every thing which
he deems the most sacred. It is in vain to propose limitations
and expedients. Whatever share of authority is left in the
duke's hands, will be employed to the destruction of the na-
tion ; and even the additional restraints, by discovering the
public diffidence and aversion, will serve him as incitements
to put himself in a condition entirely superior and independent.
And as the laws of England still make resistance treason, and
neithar do nor can admit of any positive exceptions, what
folly to leave the kingdom in so perilous and absurd a situa-
tion, where the greatest virtue will be exposed to the most
gevere proscription, and where the laws can only be saved by
expedients, which these same laws have declared the highest
trime and enormity !
The court party reasoned ir an opposite manner An
4. D 1680.] criARLES ii 227
authority, they said, wholly absolute and uncontrollable is a
mere chimera, and is nowhere to be found in any human
institutions. All government is founded on opinion and a
sense of duty ; and wherever the supreme magistrate, by any
law or positive prescription, shocks an opinion regarded aa
fundamental, and established with a firmness equal to that of
his own authority, he subverts the principle by which he him-
self is established, and can no longer hope for obedience.
In European monarchies, the right of succession is justly
esteemed a fundamental ; and even though the whole legisla-
ture be vested in a single person, it would never be permitted
him, by an edict, to disinherit his lawful heir, and call a stran-
ger or more distant relation to the throne. Abuses in other
parts of government are capable of redress, from more dis-
passionate inquiry or better information of the sovereign, and
till then ought patiently to be endured : but violations of the
right of succession draw such terrible consequences after them,
as are not to be paralleled by any other grievance or inconve-
nience. Vainly is it pleaded that England is a mixed mon-
archy ; and that a law, assented to by king, lords, and com-
mons, is enacted by the concurrence of every part of the
state : it is plain, that there remains a very powerful party,
who may indeed be outvoted, but who never will deem a law,
subversive of hereditary right, anywise valid or obligatory.
Limitations, such as are proposed by the king, give no shock
to the constitution, which, in many particulars, is already
limited ; and they may be so calculated as to serve every pur-
pose sought for by an exclusion. If the ancient barriers
against regal authority have been able, during so many ages,
v x> remain impregnable, how much more those additional
./nes, which, by depriving the monarch of power, tend so far
to their own security ? The same jealousy too of religion,
which has engaged the people to lay these restraints upon the
successor, will extremely lessen the number of his partisans,
and make it utterly impracticable for him, either by force or
artifice, to break the fetters imposed upon him. The king's
age and vigorous state of health promise him a long life ; and
can it be prudent to tear in pieces the whole state, in order to
provide against a contingency which, it is verr likely, may
never happen ? No human schemes can secure the public in
all possible, imaginable events ; and the bill of exclusion itself,
however accurately framed, leaves room for obvious and nat-
ural suppositions, to which it pretends not to provide anj
22« , 5 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. I OK
remedy. Should the duke have a son after the king's death
must that son, without any default of his own, forfeit his title 1
or must the princess of Orange descend from the throne, in
order to give place to the lawful successor 1 But were all
these reasonings false, it still remains to he considered that, in
public deliberations, we seek not the expedient which is best
in itself, but the best of such as are practicable. The king
willingly consents to limitations, and has already offered some
which are of the utmost importance : but he is determined to
endure any extremity rather than allow the right of succession
to be invaded. Let us beware of that factious violence, which
leads to demand more than will be granted ; lest we lose the
advantage of those beneficial concessions, and leave the nation,
on the king's demise, at the mercy of a zealous prince, irri-
tated with the ill usuage which, he imagines, he has already
met with.
Tu the house of commons, the reasoning of the exclusion-
ists appeared the more convincing ; and the bill passed by a
great majority. It was in the house of peers that the king
expected to oppose it with success. The court party was
there so prevalent, that it was carried only by a majority of
two to pay so much regard to the bill as even to commit it.
When it came to be debated, the contest was violent. Shaftes-
bury, Sunderland, and Essex argued for it ; Halifax chiefly
conducted the debate against it, and displayed an extent of
capacity and a force of eloquence which had never been sur-
passed in that assembly. He was animated, as well by the
greatness of the occasion, as by a rivalship with his uncle
Shaftesbury ; whom, during that day's debate, he seemed, in
the judgment of all, to have totally eclipsed. The king was
present during the. whole debate, which was prolonged till
eleven at night. The bill was thrown out by a considerable
majority. All the bishops, except three, voted against it.
Besides the influence of the court over them, the church of
England, they imagined or pi-etended, was in greater danger
from the prevalence of Presbyterianism than of Popery,
which, though favored by the duke, and even by the king,
was extremely repugnant to the genius of the nation.
The commons discovered much ill humor upon this disap-
pointment. They immediately voted an address for the re
moval of Halifax from the king's councils and presence for-
ever. Though the pretended cause was his advising the late
frequent prorogations of parliament, the res»l reason was appa^
A.D. 1GS0.J CHARLES II 229
rently bis vigorous opposition, to the ex elusion bill. When the
king applied for money to enable him to maintain Tangiers
which he declared his present revenues totally unable to de-
fend, instead of complying, they voted such an address as was
in reality a remonstrance, and one little less violent than that
famous remonstrance which ushered in the civil wars. All
the abuses of government, from the beginning almost of the
reign, are there insisted on ; the Dutch war, the alliance with
France, the prorogations and dissolutions of parliament ; and
as all these measures, as well as the damnable and liellish
plot, are there ascribed to the machinations of Papists, it was
plainly insinuated, that the king had, all along, lain under the
influence of that party, and was in reality the chief conspira-
tor against the religion and liberties of his people.
The commons, though they conducted the great business
of the exclusion with extreme violence, and even imprudence,
had yet much reason for the jealousy which gave rise to it:
but their vehement prosecution of the Popish plot, even after
so long an interval, discovers such a spirit, either of credulity
or injustice, as admits of no apology. The impeachment of
the Catholic lords in the Tower was revived ; and as Viscount
Stafford, from his age, infirmities, and narrow capacity, was
deemed the least capable of defending himself, it was deter-
mined to make him the first victim, that his condemnation
might pave the way for a sentence against the rest. The
chancellor, now created earl of Nottingham, was appointed
high steward for conducting the trial.
Three witnesses were produced against the prisoner ; Oates,
Dugdale, and Turberville. Oates swore, that he saw Fenwick,
the Jesuit, deliver to Stafford a commission signed by De Oliva,
general of the Jesuits, appointing him paymaster to the Papal
army, which was to be levied for the subduing of England ;
for this ridiculous imposture still maintained its credit with
the commons. Dugdale gave testimony, that the prisoner, at
Tixal, a seat of Lord Aston's, had endeavored to engage him
in the design of murdering the king ; and had promised him,
besides the honor of being sainted by the church, a reward of
five hundred pounds for that service. Turberville deposed,
that the prisoner, in his own house at Paris, had made him a
like proposal. To offer money for murdering a king, without
laying down any scheme by which the assassin may insure
some probability or possibility of escape, is so incredible in
itself, and may so easily be maintained by any prostitute evi
a"10 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1680.
dence, that an accusation of that nature, not accompanied with
circumstances, ought very little to be attended to by any court
of judicature. But notwithstanding the small hold which the
witnesses afforded, the prisoner was able, in many material
particulars, to discredit their testimony. It was sworn by
Dugdale, that Stafford had assisted in a great consult of the
Catholics held at Tixal ; but Stafford proved by undoubted
testimony, that at the time assigned he was in Bath, and in
that neighborhood. Turberville had served a novitiate among
the Dominicans ; but having deserted the convent, he had en-
listed as a trooper in the French army ; and being dismissed
that service, he now lived in London, abandoned by all his
relations, and exposed to great poverty. Staflbrd proved, by
the evidence of his gentleman and his page, that Turberville
had never, either at Paris or at London, been seen in his com-
pany : and it might justly appear strange, that a person who
had so important a secret in his keeping, was so long entirely
neglected by him.
The clamor and outrage of the populace, during the trial,
were extreme : great abilities and eloquence were displayed
by the managers, Sir William Jones, Sir Francis Winnington,
and Serjeant Maynard : yet did the prisoner, under all these
disadvantages, make a better defence than was expected,
either by his friends or his enemies : the unequal contest in
which he was engaged, was a plentiful source of compassion
to every mind seasoned with humanity. He represented that,
during a course of forty years, from the very commencement
of the civil Avars, he had, through many dangers, difficulties,
and losses, still maintained his loyalty : and was it credible,
that now, in his old age, easy in his circumstances, but dis-
pirited by infirmities, he would belie the whole course of
his life, and engage against his royal master, from whom he
had ever received kind treatment, in the most desperate and
most bloody of all conspiracies ? He remarked the infamy of
the witnesses ; the contradictions and absurdities of their testi-
mony ; the extreme indigence in which they had lived, though
engaged, as they pretended, in a conspiracy with kings, princes,
and nobles ; the credit and opulence to which they were s at
present raised. With a simplicity and tenderness more per-
suasive than the greatest oratory, he still made protestations
of his innocence ; and could not forbear, every moment, express-
ing the most lively surprise and indignation at the audacious
impudence of th i witnesses
A D I (3H0.J CHARLES. II. 231
It will appear astonishing to us, as it did to Stafford himself,
that the peers, after a solemn trial of six days, should, by a
majority of twenty-four voices, give sentence against him. He
received, however, with resignation the latal verdict. "God's
holy name he praised," was the only exclamation which he
uttered. When the high steward told him, that the peers
would intercede with the king for remitting the more cruel
and ignominious parts of the sentence, hanging and quarter-
ing, he burst into tears ; but he told the lords, that he was
moved to this weakness by his sense of their goodness, not by
any terror of that fate which he was doomed to suffer.
It is remarkable that, after Charles, as is usual in such cases,
had remitted to Stafford the hanging and quartering, the two
sheriffs, Bethel and Cornish, indulging their own republican
humor, and complying with the prevalent spirit of their party,
ever jealous of monarchy, started a doubt with regard to the
king's power of exercising even this small degree of lenity
" Since he cannot pardon the whole," said they, "how can ha
have power to remit any part of the sentence V They pro-
posed the doubt to both houses : the peers pronounced it super-
fluous ; and even the commons, apprehensive lest a question
of this nature might make way for Stafford's escape, gave this
singular answer : " This house is content, that the sheriffs do
execute William late Viscount Stafford by severing his head
from his body will/." Nothing can be a stronger proof of the
fury of the times, than that Lord Russel, notwithstanding the
virtue and humanity of his character, seconded in the house
this barbarous scruple of the sheriffs.
In the interval between the sentence and execution, many
efforts were made to shake the resolution of th<> infirm and
aged prisoner, and to bring him to some confession of the
treason for which he was condemned. It was even rumored,
that he had confessed ; and the zealous partymen who, no
doubt, had secretly, notwithstanding their credulity, entertained
some doubts with regard to the reality of the Popish conspiracy,
expressed great triumph on the occasion. But Staflbrd, when
again called before the house of peers, discovered many
schemes which had been laid by himself and others, lor pro-
curing a toleration to the Catholics, at least a mitigation of the
penal laws enacted against them : and he protested, that this
was the sole treason of which he had ever been guilty.
Stafford now prepared himself for death with the intrepidity
which becann his birth and station, and which was the natura.
232 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A D. 1080
result of the innocence and integrity which, during the course
of a long life, he had ever maintained: his mind seemed even
to collect new force from the violence and oppression under
which he labored. When going to execution, he called for a
cloak to defend him against the rigor of the season. " Per-
haps," said he, " I may shake with cold ; but I trust in God,
not for fear." On the scaffold, he continued, with reiterated
and earnest asseverations, to make protestations of his inno-
cence : all his fervor was exercised on that point : when he
mentioned the witnesses, whose perjuries had bereaved him
of life, his expressions were lull of mildness and of charity.
He solemnly disavowed all those immoral principles, which
over zealous Protestants had ascribed without distinction to the
church of Rome : and he hoped, he said, that the time Avas
now approaching, when the present delusion would be dis-
sipated ; and when the force of truth, though late, would
engage the whole world to make reparation to his injured
honor.
The populace, who had exulted at Stafford's trial and con-
demnation, were now melted into tears, at the sight of that
tender fortitude which shone forth in each feature, and motion,
and accent of this aged noble. Their pi'ofound silence was
only interrupted by sighs and groans : with difficulty they
found speech to assent to those protestations of innocence
which he frequently repeated : " We believe you, my lord !
God bless you, my lord '!" These expressions with a faltering
accent flowed from them. The executioner himself was
touched with sympathy. Twice he lifted up the axe, with
intent to strike the fatal blow ; and as often felt his resolution
to fail him. A deep sigh was heard to accompany his last
effort, which laid Stafford forever at rest. All the spectators
seemed to feel the blow. And when the head was held up
to them with the usual cry, " This is the head of a traitor,"
no clamor of assent was uttered. Pity, remorse, and astonish-
ment had taken possession of every heart, and displayed itself
in every countenance.
This is the last blood which was shed on account of the
Popish plot ; an incident which, for the credit of the nation, it
were better to bury in eternal oblivion ; but which it is neces-
sary to perpetuate, as well to maintain the truth of history, as
to warn, if possible, their posterity and all mankind bevel
again to fall into so shameful, so barbarous a delusion.
The execution of Stafford gratified the prejudices of tht
A. D. IG60.| Charles n 23 i
country party; but it contributed nothing to their power and
security : on the contrary, by exciting commiseiation, it tended
still further to increase the disbelief of the whole plot, which
began now to prevail The commons, therefo/e, not to lose
the present opportunity, resolved to make both friends and
enemies sensible of their power. They passed a bill for easing
the Protestant dissenters and for repealing the persecuting
statute of the thirty-fifth of Elizabeth : this laudable bill was
likewise carried through the house of peers. The chief justice
was very obnoxious for dismissing the grand jury in an irregu-
lar manner, and thereby disappointing that bold measure of
Shaftesbury and his friends, who had presented the duke as a
recusant. For this crime the commons sent up an impeach-
ment against him ; as also against Jones and Weston, two of
the judges, who, in some speeches from the bench, had gone
so far as to give to many of the first reformers the appellation
of fanatics.
The king, in rejecting the exclusion bill, had sheltered him-
self securely behind the authority of the house of peers ; and
the commons had been deprived of the usual pretence, to
attack the sovereign himself under color of attacking bis min-
isters and counsellors. In prosecution, however, of the scheme
which he had formed, of throwing the blame on the commons
in case of any rupture, he made them a new speech. Ai'tei
warning them, that a neglect of this opportunity would nevei
be retrieved, he added these words : " I did promise you the
fullest satisfaction which your hearts could wish, for the secu-
rity of the Protestant religion, and to concur with you in any
remedies which might consist with preserving the succession
of the crown in its due and legal course of descent. I do
again, with the same reservations, renew the same promises to
you : and being thus ready on my part to do all that can
reasonably be expected from me, I should be glad to know
from you, as soon as may be, how far I shall be assisted by
you, and what it is you desire from me."
The most reasonable objection against the limitations pro-
posed by the king, is, that they introduced too considerable an
innovation in the government, and almost totally annihilated
the power of the future monarch. But considering the present
disposition of the commons and their leaders, we may fairly
presume, that this objection would have small weight with
them, and that their disgust against the court would rathei
mclinf thera to diminish than support regal authority. They
234 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. H)80
still hoped, fi im the king's urgent necessities and his usual
facility, that lie would throw himself wholly into their hands;
and that thus, without waiting lor the accession of the duke,
they might immediately render themselves absolute masteis
of the government. The commons, therefore, besides insist-
ing still on the exclusion, proceeded to bring in bills of an
important, and some of them of an alarming nature : one to
renew the triennial act, which had been so inadvertently
repealed in the beginning of the reign ; a second to make the
office of judge during good behavior; a third to declare the
levying of money without consent of parliament to be high
treason ; a fourth to order an association for the safety of his
majesty's person, for defence of the Protestant religion, for
the preservation of the Protestant subjects against all invasions
and opposition whatsoever, and for preventing the duke of
York, or any Papist, from succeeding to the crown. The
memory of the covenant was too recent for men to overlook
the consequences of such an association ; and the king, who
was particularly conversant in Davila, could not fail of recol-
lecting a memorable foreign instance, to fortify this domestic
experience.
The commons also passed many votes, which, though they
had not the authority of laws, served, however, to discover the
temper and disposition of the house. They voted, that who-
ever had advised his majesty to refuse the exclusion bill, were
promoters of Popery and enemies to the king and kingdom.
In another vote, they named the marquis of Worcester, the
earls of Clarendon, Feversham, and Halifax, Laurence Hyde,
and Edward Seymour, as those dangerous enemies ; and they
'requested his majesty to remove them from his person and
councils forever. They voted, that, till the exclusion bill
were passed, they could not, consistent with the trust reposed
in them, grant the king any manner of supply. And lest he
should be enabled, by any other expedient, to support the
government, and preserve himself independent, they passed
another vote, in which they declared, that whoever should
hereafter lend, by way of advance, any money upon those
branches of the king's revenue arising from the customs, excise,
or hearth money, should be judged a hinderer of the sitting
of parliament, and be responsible for the same in parliament.
The king might presume that the peers, who had rejected
the exclusion bill, would still continue to defend the throne,
and that none of the dangerous bills, introduced into theothel
A D. 1G81.] chaule= ii. 23«
house, would ever be presented for the royal assent and appro
bation. But as there remained no hopes of bringing the com-
mons to any better temper, and as their further sitting served
only to keep faction alive, and to perpetuate the general
ferment of the nation, he came secretly to a resolution of
proroguing them. [1681.] They got intelligence about a
quarter of an hour before the black rod came to their door
Not to lose such precious time, they passed, in a tumultuous
manner, some extraordinary resolutions. They voted, that
whosoever advised his majesty to prorogue this parliament to
any other purpose than in order to pass the bill of exclusion,
was a betrayer of the king, of the Protestant religion, and of
the kingdom of England; a promoter of the French interest,
and a pensioner of France : that thanks be given to the city
of London for their manifest loyalty, and lor their care and
vigilance in the preservation of the king and of the Protestant
religion : that it is the opinion of this house, that that city was
burned in the year 1GGG by the Papists, designing thereby to
introduce arbitrary power and Popery into the kingdom : that
humble application be made to his majesty for restoring the
duke of Monmouth to all his offices and commands, from
which, it appears to the house, he had been removed by the
influence of the duke of York : and that it is the opinion of
the house, that the prosecution of the Protestant dissenters
upon the penal laws is at this time grievous to the subject, a
weakening of the Protestant interest, an encouragement of
Popery, and dangerous to the peace of the kingdom.
The king passed some laws of no great importance : but
the bill for repealing the thirty-fifth of Elizabeth, he privately
ordered the clerk of the crown not to present to him. By
this artifice, which was equally disobliging to the country party
as if the bill had been rejected, and at the same time implied
some timidity in the king, that salutary act was for the present
eluded. The king had often of himself attempted, and some-
times by irregular means, to give indulgence to nonconform
ists : but besides that he had usually expected to comprehend
the Catholics in this liberty, the present refractory disposition
of the sectaries had much incensed him against them ; and he
was resolved, if possible, to keep them still at mercy.
The last votes of the commons seemed to be an attempt of
forming indirectly an association against the crown, after they
found that their association bill could not pass : the dissenting
interest, the city, and the duke of Monmouth, they endeavored
230 HISTORY OF ENGLAND [A.D 1GS1
to connect A'ith the country party. A civ J war indeed nevei
appeared so likely as at present ; and it was high time for the
king to dissolve a parliament which seemed to have entertained
such dangerous projects. Soon after, he summoned another.
Though he observed, that the country party had established
their interest so strongly in all the electing boroughs, that he
could not hope for any disposition more favorable in the new
parliament, this expedient was still a prosecution of his forme"
project, of trying every method by which he might form ai
accommodation with the commons ; and i n °J.l failed, he hoped
that he could the better justify to his people, at least to his
party, a final breach with them.
It had always been much regretted by the royalists, during
the civil wars, that the long parliament had been assembled at
Westminster, and had thereby received force and encourage-
ment from the vicinity of a potent and factious city, which
had zealously embraced their party. Though the king was
now possessed of guards, which in some measure overawed
the populace, he was determined still further to obviate all
inconveniences ; and he summoned the new parliament to
meet at Oxford. The city of London showed how just a
iudgment he had formed of their dispositions. Besides re-
electing the same members, they voted thanks to them for
their former behavior, in endeavoring to discover the depth
of the horrid and hellish Popish plot, and to exclude the duke
of York, the principal cause of the rum and misery impending
over the nation. Monmouth with fifteen peers presented a
petition against assembling the parliament at Oxibrd, " where
the two houses," they said, " could not be in safety ; but would
be easily exposed to the swords of the Papists and their
adherents, of whom too many had crept into his majesty's
guards." These insinuations, which pointed so evidently at
the king himself, were not calculated to persuade him, but to
mflame the people.
The exclusionists might have concluded, both from the
king's dissolution of the last parliament, and from his summon-
ing of the present to meet at Oxford, that he was determined
to maintain his declared resolution of rejecting their favorite
bill : but they still flattered themselves, that his urgent neces-
sities would influence his easy temper, and finally gain them
the ascendant. The leaders came to parliament, attended not
only by their servants, but by numerous bands of their parti-
sans The four city members in particular were followed by
A.D. lbSx.j CHARLES II. 23"*
great multitudes, wearing ribbons, in wbich were woven these
words, "No Popery! No slavery!" The king had his
guards regularly mustered : his party likewise endeavored to
make a show of their strength ; and on the whole, the assem-
bly at Oxford rather bore the appearance of a tumultuous
Polish diet, than of a regular English parliament.
The king, who had hitherto employed the most gracious
expressions to all his parliaments, particularly the two last,
thought proper to address himself to the present in a more
authoritative manner. He complained of the unwarrantable
proceedings of the former house of commons ; and said, that,
as he would never use arbitrary government himself, neither
would he ever suffer it in others. By calling, however, this
parliament so soon, he had sufficiently shown, that no past
irregularities could inspire him with a prejudice against those
assemblies. He now afforded them, ha added, yet another
opportunity of providing for the public safety ; and to all the
world had given one evidence move, that on his part he had
aot neglected the duty incumbent on him.
The commons were not overawed by the magisterial air of
the king's speech. They consisted almost entirely of the
same members ; they chose the same speaker ; and they in-
stantly fell into the same measures, the impeachment of Dan-
by, the repeal of the persecuting statute of Elizabeth, the
inquiry into the Popish plot, and the bill of exclusion. So
violent were they on this last article, that no other expedient,
however plausible, could so much as be hearkened to. Ern-
ley, one of the king's ministers, proposed, that the duke should
be banished, during life, five hundred miles from England,
and that on the king's demise the next heir should be consti-
tuted regent with regal power : yet even this expedient, which
left the duke only the bare title of king, could not, though
seconded by Sir Thomas Lyttleton and Sir Thomas Mompes-
son, obtain the attention of the house. The past disappoint-
ments of the country party, and the opposition made by the
court, had only rendered them more united, more haughty, and
more determined. No method but their own, of excluding the
duke, could give them any satisfaction.
There was one Fitzharris, an Irish Catholic, who had insin
uated himself into the duchess of Portsmouth's acquaintance,
and had been very busy in conveying to her intelligence of
any libel written by the country party, or of any designs en-
tertained against her or against the court. For services of
238 HISTORY OF ENGLANE [A.D.I 68 1
this kind, and perhaps too from a regard to his father, Sii
Edward Fitzharris, who had been air eminent royalist, he had
received from the king a present of two hundred and fifty
pounds. This man met with one Everard, a Scotchman, a
spy of the exclusionists, and an informer concerning the
Popish plot ; and he engaged him to write a libel against the
king, the duke, and the whole administration. What Fitz-
harris's intentions were, cannot well be ascertained : it is prob-
able, as he afterwards asserted, that he meant to carry this
libel to his patron, the duchess, and to make a merit of the
discovery. Everard, who suspected some other design, and
who was well pleased on his side to have the merit of a dis-
covery with his patrons, resolved to betray his friend : he
posted Sir William Waller, a noted justice of peace, and two
persons more, behind the hangings, and gave them an opportu-
nity of seeing and hearing the whole transaction. The libel,
sketched out by Fitzharris, and executed partly by him, partly
by Everard, was the most furious, indecent, and outrageous per-
formance imaginable, and such as was fitter to hurt than serve
any party which should be so imprudent as to adopt it. Wal-
ler carried the intelligence to the king, and obtained a warrant
for committing Fitzharris, who happened at that very time to
have a copy of the libel in his pocket. Finding himself now
delivered over to the law, he resolved to pay court to the pop-
ular party, who were alone able to protect him, and by whom
he observed almost all trials to be governed and directed.
He affirmed, that he had been employed by the court to write
the libel, in order to throw the odium of it on the exclusion-
ists : but this account, which was within the bounds of credi-
bility, he disgraced by circumstances which are altogether
absurd and improbable. The intention of the ministers, he
said, was to send about copies to all the heads of the country
party ; and the moment they received them, they were to be
arrested, and a conspiracy to be imputed to them. That he
might merit favor by stil more important intelligence, he com-
menced a discoverer of the great Popish plot ; and he failed
not to confirm all the tremendous circumstances insisted on by
his predecessors. He said that the second Dutch war was
entered into with a view of extirpating the Protestant religion,
both abroad and at home ; that Father Parry, a Jesuit, on the
disappointment by the peace, told him, that the Catholics
resolved to murder the king, and had even engaged the queeu
in that design ; that the envoy of Modena ollered him tea
A JJ. 1681.] chaulks i) 23S
thousand pounds to kill the king, and upc.i his refusal the
envoy said, that the duchess of Mazarine, who was as expert
at poisoning as her sister, the countess of Soissons, would,
with a little phial, execute that design ; that upon the king's
death, the army in Flanders was to come over and massacre
the Protestants ; that money was raised in Italy for recruits
and supplies, and there should be no more parliaments ; and
that the duke was privy to this whole plan, and had even
entered into the design of Godfrey's murder, which was exe-
cuted in the manner related by Prance.
The popular leaders had all along been very desirous of
having an accusation against the duke ; and though Oates and
Bedloe, in their first evidence, had not dared to go so far, both
Dugdale and Dangerfield had afterwards been encouraged to
supply so material a defect, by comprehending him in the
conspiracy. The commons, therefore, finding that Fitzharris
was also willing to serve this purpose, were not ashamed to
adopt his evidence, and resolved for that end to save him from
the destruction with which he was at present threatened. The
king had removed him from the city prison, where he was
exposed to be tampered with by the exclusionists ; had sent
him to the Tower; and had ordered him to be prosecuted by
an indictment at common law. In order to prevent his trial
and execution, an impeachment was voted by the commons
against him, and sent up to the lords. That they might show
the greater contempt of the court, they ordered, by way of
derision, that the impeachment should be carried up by Secre-
tary Jenkins ; who was so provoked by the intended affront,
that he at first refused obedience ; though afterwards, being
threatened with commitment, he was induced to comply.
The lords voted to remit the affair to the ordinary courts of
justice, before whom, as the attorney-general informed them,
it was already determined to try Fitzharris. The commons
maintained, that the peers were obliged to receive every im-
peachment from the commons ; and this indeed seems to have
been the first instance of their refusal : they therefore voted,
that the lords, in rejecting their impeachment, had denied jus-
tice, and had violated the constitution of parliament. They
also declared, that whatever inferior court should proceed
against Fitzharris, or any one that lay under impeachment,
would be guilty of a high breach of privilege. Great heata
were likely to ensue; and as the king saw no appearance of
aiiy better temper in the commons, he gladly laid hold of tin
240 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A.D. 1G8\
opportunity afforded by a quarrel between the two housea
and be proceeded to a dissolution of the parliament. Tho
secret was so well kept, that the commons had nc intimation
of it till the black rod came to their door, and summoned them
to attend the king at the house of peers.
This vigorous measure, though it might have been foreseen,
excited such astonishment in the country party, as deprived
them of all spirit, and reduce 1 them to absolute despair.
They were sensible, though too late, that the king had finally
taken his resolution, and was determined to endnre any ex-
tremity rather than submit to those terms which they had re-
solved to impose upon him. They found that he had patiently
waited till affairs should come to full maturity ; and having
now engaged a national party on his side, had boldly set his
enemies at defiance. No parliament, they knew, would be
summoned for some years ; and during that long interval, the
court, though perhaps at the head of an inferior party, yet
being possessed of all authority, would have every advan-
tage over a body dispersed and disunited. These reflections
crowded upon every one ; and all the exclusionists were terri-
fied, lest Charles should follow the bloAV by some action more
violent, and immediately take vengeance on them for their long
and obstinate opposition to his measures. The king on his
part was no less apprehensive, lest despair might prompt them
to have recourse to force, and make some sudden attempt
upon his person. Both parties therefore hurried from Oxford ;
and in an instant that city, so crowded and busy, was left in
its usual emptiness and tranquillity.
The court party gathered force from the dispersion and
astonishment of their antagonists, and adhered more firmly to
the king, whose resolutions, they now saw, could be entirely
depended on. The violences of the exclusionists were every
where exclaimed against and aggravated ; and even the reality
of the plot, that great engine of their authority, was openly
called in question. The clergy especially were busy in this
great revolution ; and being moved, partly by their own fears,
partly by the insinuations of the court, they represented all
their antagonists as sectaries and republicans, and rejoiced in
escaping those perils which they believed to have been hang-
ing over them. Principles the most opposite to civil liberty
were every where enforced from the pulpit, and adopted in
numerous addresses ; where the king was flattered in his
present measures, and congratulated on His escape from par-
AD. 1681. J CHARLES II. £\\
liaments. Could words have teen depended on, the nation
appeared to be running fast into voluntary servitude, and
seemed even ambitious of resigning into the Icing's hands all
the privilege"? transmitted to them, through so many ages, by
their gallant ancestors.
But Cha'tas had sagacity enough to distinguish between
men's real internal sentiments, and the language which zeai
and opposition to a contrary faction may sometimes extort
from them. Notwithstanding all these professions of duty and
obedience, he was resolved not to trust, for a long time, the
people with a new election, but to depend entirely on his own
economy for alleviating those necessities under which he
labored. Great retrenchments were made in the household :
even his favorite navy was neglected : Tangiers, though it had
cost great sums of money, was a few years after abandoned
and demolished. The mole was entirely destroyed ; and the
garrison, being brought over to England, served to augment
that small army which the king relied on as the solid basis of
his authority. It had been happy for the nation, had Charles
used his victory with justice and moderation equal to the pru-
dence and dexterity with which he obtained it.
The first step taken by the court was the trial of Fitzharris.
Doubts were raised by the jury with regard to their power of
trying him, after the concluding vote of the commons : but
the judges took upon them to decide the question in the affirm-
ative, and the jury were obliged to proceed. The writing of
the libel was clearly proved upon Fitzharris : the only ques-
tion was with regard to his intentions. He asserted, that he
was a spy of the court, and had accordingly carried the libel
to the duchess of Portsmouth ; and he was desirous that the
jury should, in this transaction, consider him as a cheat, not as
a traitor. He failed, however, somewhat in the proof; and
was brought in guilty of treason by the jury.
Finding himself entirely in the hands of the king, he now
retracted all his former impostures with regard to the Popish
plot, a&d even endeavored to atone for them by new impos-
tures against the country party. He affirmed, that these
fictions had been extorted from him by the suggestions and
artifices of Treby, the recorder, and of Bethel and Cornish, the
two sheriffs : this account he persisted in even at his execution ;
and though men knew that nothing could be depended on
which came from one so corrupt, and so lost to all sense of
honor, yet were they inclined, from his perseverance, to rely
•'oi .. vi. — L
ZVZ HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D 1G81
somewhat more on his veracity in these last asseverations.
But it appears that his wife had some connections with Mrs.
Wall, the favorite maid of the duchess of Portsmouth ; and
Fitzharris hoped, if he persisted in a story agreeable to the
court, that some favor might, on that account, he shown to his
family.
It is amusing to reflect on the several lights in which this
story has been represented by the opposite factions. The
country party affirmed, that Fitzharris had been employed by
the court, in order to throw the odium of the libel on the
exclusionists, and thereby give rise to a Protestant plot : th«
court party maintained, that the exclusionists had found out Fitz-
harris, a spy of the ministers, and had set him upon this under-
taking, from an intention of loading the court with the imputa
lion of such a design upon the exclusionists. Rather than
acquit their antagonists, both sides were willing to adopt an
account the most intricate and incredible. It was a strange
situation in which the people at this time were placed ; to be
every day tortured with these perplexed stories, and inflamed
with such dark suspicions against their fellow-citizens. This
was no less than the fifteenth false plot, or sham plot, as they
were then called, with which the court, it was imagined, had
endeavored to load their adversaries.*
The country party had endeavored to make use of Fitzharris's
evidence against the duke and the Catholics ; and his execu-
tion was therefore a great mortification to them. But the king
and his ministers were resolved not to be contented with so
slender an advantage. They were determined to pursue tho
victory, and to employ against the exclusionists those very
offensive arms, however unfair, which that party had laid up
in store against their antagonists. The whole gang of spies,
witnesses, informers, suborners, who had so long been sup-
ported and encouraged by the leading patriots, finding now
that the king was entirely master, turned short upon their old
patrons, and offered their service to the ministers. To the
disgrace of the court and of the age, they were received with
hearty welcome, and their testimony, or rather perjury, made
use of in order to commit legal murder upon the opposite
party. With an air of triumph and derision, it was asked,
"Are not these men good witnesses, who have established the
Popish plot, upon whose testimony Stafford and so many
* CollesoV trial
A..D 1GS1.] ciiaulks n. 243
Catholics have been executed, and whom you yourselves have
bo long celebrated as men of credit and veracity 1 You have
admitted them into your bosom : they are best acquainted
with your treasons : they are determined in another shape to
serve their king and country : and you cannot complain, thaf
the same measure which you meted to others, should now, by
a righteous doom or vengeance, be measured out to you."
It is certain that the principle of retaliation may serve ir.
Borne cases as a full apology, in others as an alleviation, for z
conduct which would otherwise be exposed to great blame
But these infamous arts, which poison justice in its very
source, and break all the bands of human society, are so
detestable and dangerous, that no pretence of retaliation can
be pleaded as an apology or even an alleviation of the crime
incurred by them. On the contrary, the greater indignation
the king and his ministers felt, when formerly exposed to the
perjuries of abandoned men, the more reluctance should they
now have discovered against employing the same instruments
of vengeance upon their antagonists.
The first person on whom the ministers fell was one Col-
lege, a London joiner, who had become extremely noted for
his zeal against Popery, and was much connected with
Shaftesbury and the leaders of the country party : for as they
relied much upon the populace, men of College's rank and
station were useful to them. College had been in Oxford
armed with sword and pistol during the sitting of the parlia-
ment ; and this was made the foundation of his crime. It was
pretended that a conspiracy had been entered into to seize the
king's person, and detain him in confinement, till he should
make the concessions demanded of him. The sheriffs of
London were in strong opposition to the court ; and it was not
strange, that the grand jury named by them rejected the bill
against College. The prisoner was therefore sent to Oxford,
where the treason was said to have been committed. Lord
Norris, a courtier, was sheriff' of the count}' ; and the inhabit-
ants were in general devoted to the court party. A jury was
named, consisting entirely of royalists ; and though they were
men of credit and character, yet such was the factious rage
which prevailed, that little justice could be expected by the
prisoner. Some papers, containing hints and directions for
his defence, were taken from him, as he was conducted to his
trial ; an iniquity which some pretended to justify by alleging,
that a like violence had been practised against a prisonej
214 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A D. 1691.
during the fury of the Popish plot. Such wild notions of retal-
iation were at that time propagated by the ccurt party.
The witnesses produced against College were Dugdale, T lr-
berville, Haynes, Smith ; men who had. before given evidence
against the Catholics, and whom the jury, for that very rea-
son, regarded as the most perjured villains. College, though
beset with so many toils, and oppressed with so many iniqui-
ties, defended himself with spirit, courage, capacity, presence
of mind ; and he invalidated the evidence of the crown, by
convincing arguments and undoubted testimony : yet did the
jury, after half an hour's deliberation, bring in a verdict
against him. The inhuman spectators received the verdict
with a shout of applause : but the prisoner was nowise dis-
mayed. At his execution, he maintained the same manly
fortitude, and still denied the crime imputed to him. His
whole conduct and demeanor prove him to have been a man
led astray only by the fury of the times, and to have been
governed by an honest but indiscreet zeal for his country and
his religion.
Thus the two parties, actuated by mutual rage, but cooped
up within the narrow limits of the law, levelled with poisoned
daggers the most deadly blows against each other's breast,
and buried in their factious divisions all regard to truth, honcr,
and humanity .
A. D. 1681.] CHARLES n. 24fl
CHAPTER LXIX.
CHARLES II.
[1681.] When the cabal entered into the mysterious
alliance with France, they took care to remove the duke of
Ormond from the committee of foreign affairs ; and nothing
tended further to increase the national jealousy entertained
against the new measures, than to see a man of so much loy
alty, as well as probity and honor, excluded from public coun-
cils. They had even so great interest with the king as to get
Ormond recalled from the government of Ireland ; and Lord
Robarts, afterwards earl of Radnor, succeeded him in that
important employment. Lord Berkeley succeeded Robarts ;
and the earl of Essex, Berkeley. At last, in the year 1677,
Charles cast his eye again upon Ormond, whom he had so
long neglected ; and sent him over lieutenant to Ireland. " I
have done everything," said the king, " to disoblige that man ,
but it is not in my power to make him my enemy." Ormond,
during his disgrace, had never joined the malecontents, nor
encouraged those clamors which, with too much reason, but
often for bad purposes, were raised against the king's measures.
He even thought it his duty regularly, though with dignity, to
pay his court at Whitehall ; and to prove that his attachments
were founded on gratitude, inclination, and principle, not on
any temporary advantages. All the expressions which dropped
from him, while neglected by the court, showed mor« of good
humor than any prevalence of spleen and indignation. " I can
do you no service," said he to his friends ; " I have only the
power left by my applications to do you some hurt." When
Colonel Cary Dillon solicited him to second his pretensions for
an office, and urged that he had no friends but God and cis
grace, " Alas ! poor Cary," replied the duke, " I pity thee :
thou couldst not have two friends that possess less interest at
court." " I am thrown by," said he, on another occasion,
" like an old rusty clock ; yet even that neglected machine,
twice in twenty-four hours, points right."
On such occasions, when Ormond, from decency, paid his
24') /IISTORV OF ENGLAND [A.D. 1GS1.
attendance at court, tlie king, equally ashamed to slow him
civility and to neglect him, was abashed and confounded.
" Sir '" said the profligate Buckingham, " I wish to know
whether it be the duke of Ormond that is out of favor with
your majesty, or your majesty with the duke of Ormond; for,
of the two you seem the most out of countenance."
When Charles found it his interest to show favor to the old
loyalists, and to the Church of England, Ormond, who was
much revered by that whole party, could not fail of recover-
ing, together with the government of Ireland, his lormer
credit and authority. His administration, when lord lieuten-
ant, corresponded to the general tenor of his life ; and tended
equally to promote the interests of prince and people, of
Protestant and Catholic. Ever firmly attached to the estab-
lished religion, he was able, even during those jealous times,
to escape suspicion, though he gratified not vulgar prejudices
by any persecution of the Popish party. He increased the reve-
nue of Ireland to three hundred thousand pounds a year : he
maintained a regular army of ten thousand men : he supported
a well-disciplined militia of twenty thousand : and though the
act of settlement had so far been infringed, that Catholics
were permitted to live in corporate towns, they were guarded
with so careful an eye, that the most timorous Protestant nevei
apprehended any danger from them.
The chief object of Essex's ambition was to return to the
station of lord lieutenant, where he had behaved with honor
and integrity : Shaftesbury and Buckingham bore an extreme
hatred to Ormond, both from personal and party considera-
tions : the great aim of the anti-courtiers was to throw reflec-
tions on every part of the king's government. It could be no
surprise, therefore, to the lord lieutenant to learn, that his
administration was attacked in parliament, particularly by
Shaftesbury ; but he had the satisfaction, at the same time, to
hear of the keen though polite defence made by his son, the
generous Ossory. After justifying several particulars of Or-
mond's administration against that intriguing patriot, Ossory
proceeded in the following words : " Having spoken of what
the lord lieutenant has done, I presume with the same truth to
tell your lordships what he has not done. He never advised
the breaking of the triple league ; he never advised the shut-
'ing up of the exchequer; he never advised the declaration
Tor a toleration ; he never advised the falling out with the
Dutch and the joining with France : he was not the author of
A..D. 1H81 | charles it. 247
that most excellent position, Delcnda est Carthago, that Hol-
land, a Protestant country, should, contrary to the true interests
of England, be totally destroyed. I beg that your lordships
will be so just as to judge of rny father and all men according
to their actions and their counsels." These few sentences,
pronounced by a plain, gallant soldier, noted for probity, had
a surprising effect upon the audience, and confounded all the
rhetoric of his eloquent and factious adversary. The prince of
Orange, who esteemed the former character as much as he
despised the latter, could not forbear congratulating by letter
the earl of Ossory on this new species of victory which he had
obtained.
Ossory, though he ever kept at a distance from faction, was
the most popular man in the kingdom ; though he never made
any compliance with the corrupt views of the court, was
beloved and respected by the king. A universal grief ap
peared on his death, which happened about this time, arid
which the populace, as is usual wherever they are much
affected, foolishly ascribed to poison. Ormond bore the loss
with patience and dignity ; though he ever retained a pleasing,
however melancholy, sense of the signal merit of Ossory. " 1
would not exchange my dead son," said he, " for any living son
in Christendom."
These particularities may appear a digression ; but it is with
pleasure, I own, that I relax myself for a moment in the con-
templation of these humane and virtuous characters, amidst
that scene of fury and faction, fraud and violence, in which at
present our narration has unfortunately engaged us.
Besides the general interest of the countiy party to decry
the conduct of all the king's ministers, the prudent and peace-
able administration of Ormond was in a particular mannei
displeasing to them. In England, where the Catholics were
scarcely one to a hundred, means had been lound to excite a
universal panic, on account of insurrections and even mas-
sacres projected by that sect ; and it could not but seem
strange that in Ireland, where they exceeded the Protestants
six to one, there should no symptoms appear of any combina-
tion or conspiracy. Such an incident, when duly considered,
might even in England shake the credit of the plot, and
diminish the authority of those leaders who had so long, with
such industry, inculcated the belief of it on the nation
Rewards, therefore, were published in Ireland to any that
Would brin<r intelligence or become witnesses ; and soinr
44b HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [AD 1681
profligates were sent over to that kingdom, with a coinmission
to seek out evidence against the Catholics. Under pretence
of siarching for arms or papers, they broke into houses, and
plundered them : they threw innocent men into prison, and
took bribes for their release : and after all their diligence, it
was with difficulty that that country, commonly fertile enough
in witnesses, could furnish them with any fit for their purpose.
At last, one Fitzgerald appeared, followed by Ivey, Sanson,
Dennis, Bourke, two Macnamaras, and some others. These
men were immediately sent over to England ; and though
they possessed neither character sufficient to gain belief even
for truth, nor sense to invent a credible falsehood, they were
caressed, rewarded, supported, and recommended by the earl
of Shaftesbuiy. Oliver Plunket, the titular primate of Ire-
land, a man of peaceable dispositions, was condemned and
executed upon such testimony. And the Oxford parliament
entered so far into the matter, as to vote that they were entirely
satisfied in the reality of the horrid and damnable Irish plot.
But such decisions, though at first regarded as infallible, had
now lost much of their authority ; and the public still remained
somewhat indifferent and incredulous.
After the dissolution of the parliament, and the subsequent
victory of the royalists, Shaftesbury's evidences, with Turber-
ville, Smith, and others, addressed themselves to the ministers,
and gave information of high treason against their former
patron. It is sufficiently scandalous, that intelligence con-
veyed by such men should have been attended to ; but there
is some reason to think, that the court agents, nay, the minis-
ters, nay, the king himself* went further, and were active in
endeavoring, though in vain, to find more reputable persons tc
support the blasted credit of the Irish Avitnesses. Shaftesbury
was committed to prison, and his indictment was presented to
the grand jury. The new sheriffs of London, Shute and Pil-
kington, were engaged as deeply as their predecessors in the
country party ; and they took care to name a jury devoted to
the same cause ; a precaution quite necessary, when it was
scarcely possible to find men indifferent or attached to neither
party. As far as swearing could go, the treason was clearly
proved against Shaftesbury ; or rather so clearly as to merit
no kind of credit or attention. That veteran leader of a
party, inured from his early youth to faction and intrigue, to
* See Captoin Wilkinson's Narrative.
A. D. 1661.] ciiarles a 2 IS
cabals and conspiracies, was represented as opening, without
reserve, his treasonable intentions to these obscure banditti,
and throwing out such violent and outrageous reproaches upon
the king, as none but men of low education, like themselves,
could be supposed to employ. The draught of an association,
it is true, against Popery and the duke, was found in Shaftes-
bury's cabinet ; and dangerous inferences might be drawn
from many clauses of that paper. But it did not appear, that
it had been framed by Shaftesbury, or so much as approved
by him. And as projects of an association had been proposed
in parliament, it was very natural for this nobleman, or hib
correspondents, to be thinking of some plan which it might be
proper to lay before that assembly. The grand jury, there-
fore, after weighing all these circumstances, rejected the
indictment ; and the people who attended the hall testified
their joy by the loudest acclamations, which were echoed
throughout the whole city.
About this time, a scheme of oppression was laid in Scot-
land, after a manner still more flagrant, against a nobleman
much less obnoxious than Shaftesbury ; and as that country
was reduced to a state of almost total subjection, the project
had the good fortune to succeed.
The earl of Argyle, from his youth, had distinguished him
self by his loyalty, and his attachment to the royal family.
Though his father was head of the Covenanters, he himself
refused to concur in any of their measures ; and when a
commission of colonel was given him by the convention of
states, he forebore to act upon it till it should be ratified by the
king. By his respectful behavior, as well as by his services,
he made himself acceptable to Charles when that prince was
in Scotland : and even after the battle of Worcester, all the
misfortunes which attended the royal cause could not engage
him to desert it. Under Middleton, he obstinately persevered
to harass and infest the victorious English ; and it was not til]
he received orders from that general, that he would submit to
accept of a capitulation. Such jealousy of his loyal attach-
ments was entertained by the commonwealth and protector,
that a pretence was soon after fallen upon to commit him to
prison ; and his confinement was rigorously continued till the
restoration. The king, sensible of his services, had remitted
to him his father's forfeiture, and created him earl of Argyle ;
and when a most unjust sentence was passed upon him by
the Scottish parliament, Charles had anew remitted it. In
2C>U HISTOKY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1681
the subsequent part, of this reign, Argyle behaved himself duti-
fully ; and though he seemed not disposed to go all lengths with
the court, he always appeared, even m his opposition, to be a
man of mild dispositions and peaceable deportment.
A parliament was summoned at Edinburgh this summer,
and the duke was appointed commissioner. Besides granting
money to the king and voting the indefeasible right of suc-
cession, this parliament enacted a test, which all persons pos-
sessed of offices, civil, military, or ecclesiastical, were bound
to take. In this test the king's supremacy was asserted, the
covenant renounced, passive obedience assented to, and all
obligations disclaimed of endeavoring any alteration in civii
or ecclesiastical establishments. This was the state of the
test, as proposed by the courtiers ; but the country party pro-
posed also to insert a clause, which could not with decency
be refused, expressing the person's adherence to the Protestant
religion. The whole was of an enormous length, considered
as an oath ; and what was worse, a confession of faith was
there ratified, which had been imposed a little after the refor-
mation, and which contained many articles altogether forgotten
by the parliament and nation. Among others, the doctrine of
resistance was inculcated ; so that the test, being voted in a
hurry, was found on examination to be a medley of contradic-
tion and absurdity. Several persons, the most attached to
the crown, scrupled to take it : the bishops and many of the
clergy remonstrated : the earl of Queensberry refused to swear,
except he might be allowed to add an explanation : and
even the privy council thought it necessary to publish, for
general satisfaction, a solution of some difficulties attending
the test.
Though the courtiers could not reject the clause of adher-
ing to the Protestant religion, they proposed, as a necessary
mark of respect, that all princes of the blood should be ex-
empted from taking the oath. This exception was zealously
opposed by Argyle ; who observed, that the sole danger to be
dreaded for the Protestant reLgion must proceed from the
perversion of the royal family. By insisting on such topics,
he drew on himself the secret indignation of the duke, of which
he soon felt the fatal consequences.
When Argyle took the test as a privy counsellor, he sub-
joined, in the duke's presence, an explanation, which he had
beforehand communicated to that prince, and which he believed
to have been approved by him. It was in these words: "]
AD. 1681] CHARLES II. 25l
have considered the test, and am very desirous of giving
obedience as far as I can. I am confident that the parliament
never intended to impose contradictory oaths : therefore I think
no man can explain it but for himself. Accordingly, I take it
as far as it is consistent with itself and the Protestant religion.
And I do declare, that I mean not to bind myself, in my
station, and in a lawful way, from wishing and endeavoring
any alteration which I think to the advantage of church or
state, and not repugnant to the Protestant religion and my
loyalty : and this I understand as a part of my oath." The
duke, as was natural, heard these words with great tranquillity ;
no one took the least offence : Argyle was admitted to sit that
day in council : and it was impossible to imagine, that a
capital offence had been committed, where occasion seemed
not to have been given so much as for a frown or reprimand.
Argyle was much surprised, a few days after, to find that a
warrant was issued for committing him to prison ; that he was
mdicted for high treason, leasing-making, and perjury ; and
that from these innocent words an accusation was extracted,
by which he was to forfeit honors, life, and fortune. It is
needless to enter into particulars where the iniquity of the
whole is so apparent. Though the sword of justice was dis-
played, even her semblance was not put on ; and the forms
alone of law were preserved, in order to sanctify, or rather
aggravate, the oppression. Of five judges, three did not scruple
to find the guilt of treason and leasing-making to have been
incurred by the prisoner : a jury of fifteen noblemen gave
verdict against him : and the king, being consulted, ordered
the sentence to be pronounced, but the execution of it to be
suspended till further orders.
It was pretended by the duke and his creatures, that Ai'gyle's
life and fortune were not in any danger, and that the sole
reason for pushing the trial to such extremities against him
was, in order to make him renounce some hereditary jurisdic-
tions, which gave his family a dangerous authority in the high-
lands, and obstructed the course of public justice. But allow-
ing the end to be justifiable, the means were infamous ; and
such as were incompatible, not only with a free, but a civilized
government. Argyle had therefore no reason to trust any
longer to the justice or mercy of such enemies : he made hia
escape from prison ; and till he should find a ship for Holland,
he concealed himself during some time in London. The king
heard of his lurking-place, but would not allow him to ba
262 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1 bS2
arrested.* All the parts, however, of his sentence, as far an
the government in Scotland had power, were rigorously exe
cuted ; his estate confiscated, his arms reversed and torn.
It would seem, that the genuine passion for liberty was at
this time totally extinguished in Scotland : there was only
preserved a spirit of mutiny and sedition, encouraged by a
mistaken zeal for religion. Cameron and Cargil, two furious
preachers, went a step beyond all their brethren : they publicly
excommunicated the king for his tyranny and his breach
of the covenant ; and they renounced all allegiance to him.
Cameron was killed by the troops in an action at Airs Moss ;
Cargil was taken and hanged. Many of their followers were
tried and convicted. Their lives were offered them if they
would say, " God save the king :" but they would only agree
to pray for his repentance. This obstinacy was much insisted
on as an apology for the rigors of the administration : but if
duly considered, *it will rather afford reason for a contrary
inference. Such unhappy delusion is an object rather of com-
miseration than of anger : and it is almost impossible that men
could have been carried to such a degree of frenzy, unless
provoked by a long train of violence and oppression.
[1GS2.] As the king was master in England, and no
longer dreaded the clamors of the country party, he permitted
the duke to pay him a visit ; and was soon after prevailed on
to allow of his return to England, and of his bearing a part in
the administration. The duke went to Scotland, in order to
bring up his family, and settle the government of that country ;
and he chose to take his passage by sea. The ship struck on
a sand-bank, and was lost : the duke escaped in the barge ;
and it is pretended that, while many persons of rank and
quality were drowned, and among the rest Hyde, his brother-
in-law, he was very careful to save several of his dogs and
priests; for these two species of favorites are coupled together
by some writers. It has likewise been asserted, that the barge
might safely have held more persons, and that some who swam
to it were thrust off, and even their hands cut, in order to
disengage them. But every action of every eminent person,
during this period, is so liable to be misinterpreted and mis-
represented by faction, that we ought to be very cautious in
passing judgment on too slight evidence. It is remarkable,
that the sailors on board the ship, though they felt themselves
Burnet-, vol. i. p. 522.
A.D. 1G82.J Charles ii. 25o
sinking, arid saw inevitable death before their eyes, yet, as soon
as they observed the duke to be in safety, gave a loud'shout
in testimony of their joy and satisfaction.
The duke, during his abode in Scotland, had behaved with
great civility towards the gentry and nobility ; and by his
courtly demeanor had much won upon their affections : but
his treatment of the enthusiasts was still somewhat rigorous ;
and in many instances he appeared to be a man of a severe,
if not an unrelenting temper. It is even asserted, that he
sometimes assisted at the torture of criminals, and looked on
with tranquillity, as if he were considering some curious
experiment.* He left the authority in the hands of the earl
of Aberdeen, chancellor, and the earl of Queensberry, treas-
urer : a very arbitrary spirit appeared in their administration.
A gentleman of the name of Weir was tried, because he had
kept company with one who had been in rebellion ; though
that person had never been marked out by process or procla-
mation. The inferences upon which Weir was condemned,
(for a prosecution by the government and a condemnation
were in Scotland the same thing,) hung upon each other aftei
the following manner. No man, it was supposed, could have
been in a rebellion without being exposed to suspicion in the
neighborhood : if the neighborhood had suspected him, it was
to be presumed that each individual had likewise heard of the
grounds of suspicion : every man was bound to declare to the
government his suspicion against every man, and to avoid
the company of traitors : to fail in this duty was to partici-
pate in the treason : the conclusion, on the whole, was, You
have conversed with a rebel ; therefore you are yourself a
rebel. A reprieve was with some difficulty procured for
Weir ; but it was seriously determined to make use of the
precedent. Courts of judicature were erected in the southern
and western countries, and a strict inquisition carried on against
this new species of crime. The term of three years was
appointed for the continuance of these courts ; after which an
indemnity was promised. Whoever would take the test, was
instantly entitled to the benefit of this indemnity. The Pres-
byterians, alarmed with such tyranny, from which no man
could deem himself safe, began to think of leaving the coun-
* Burnet, vol. i. p. 583. Wodrow, vol. ii. p. 169. This last author,
who is much the better authority, mentions only ons instance, thai o(*
Spreul, which seems to have been an extraordinary one.
25 J HISTJRY OF ENGLANU. [A. V. 1 682
try ; and some of their agents were sent to England, in ordei
to treat with the proprietors of Carolina for a settlement in
that colony. Any condition seemed preferable to the living in
their native country, which, by the prevalence of persecution and
violence, was become as insecure to them as a den of robbers.
Above two thousand persons were outlawed on pretence of
their conversing or having intercourse with rebels,* and they
wero continually hunted in their retreat by soldiers, spies, in-
formers, and oppressive magistrates. It was usual to put in
cnaring questions to people living peaceably in their own houses ,
such as, "Will you renounce the covenant'? Do you esteem
the rising at Both well to be rebellion ? Was the killing of the
archbishop of St. Andrews murder?" And when the poor
deluded creatures refused to answer, capital punishments were
inflicted on them.f Even women were brought to the gibbet
for this pretended crime. A number of fugitives, rendered
frantic by oppression, had published a seditious declaration,
renouncing allegiance to Charles Stuart, whom they called, as
*,hey, for their parts, had indeed some reason to esteem him, a
tyrant. This incident afforded the privy council a pretence
for an unusual kind of oppression. Soldiers were dispersed
over the country, and power was given to all commission offi-
cers, even the lowest, to oblige every one they met with to ab-
jure the declaration ; and, upon refusal, instantly, without fur-
ther questions, to shoot the delinquent. J It were endless, a?
well as shocking, to enumerate all the instances of persecu-
tion, or, in other words, of absurd tyranny, which at that time
prevailed in Scotland. One of them, however, is so singular,
that I cannot forbear relating it.
Three women were seized ;$ and the customary oath was
tendered to them, by which they were to abjure the sedition
declaration above mentioned. They all refused, and were
condemned to a capital punishment by drowning. One of them
was an elderly woman : the other two were young ; one eigh-
teen years of age, the other only thirteen. Even these violent
persecutors were ashamed to put the youngest to death : but
the othej two were conducted to the place of execution, and
were tied to stakes within the sea mark at low water; a con-
trivance which rendered their death lingering and dreadful. The
elderly woman was placed farthest in, and by the rising of the
* Wodrow, vol. ii. appendix, 94. t Wodrow, vol. :.i. passim.
I Wodrow, p. 434 $ Wodrow. p. SOfi.
A.. D. 10*2. J ciiari.es n. 25-5
waters was first suffocated. The younger, partly terrified with
Ihe view of her companion's death, partly subdued by the en-
treaty of her friends, was prevailed with to say, " God save the
king." Immediately the spectators called out, that she had sub-
mitted ; and she was loosened from the stake. Major Winrani,
the officer who guarded the execution, again required her to
sign the abjuration; and upon her refusal, he ordered her in-
stantly to be plunged in the water, where she was suffocated.
The severity of the administration in Scotland is in part to
be ascribed to the duke's temper, to whom the king had
consigned over the government of that country, and who gave
such attention to affairs as to allow nothing of moment to es-
cape him. Even the government of England, from the same
cause, began to be somewhat infected with the same severity.
The duke's credit was great at court. Though neither so
much beloved nor esteemed as the king, he was more dreaded ;
and thence an attendance more exact, as well as a submission
more obsequious, was paid to him. The saying of Waller
was remarked, that Charles, in spite to the parliament, who
had determined that the duke should not succeed him, was
resolved that he should reign even in his lifetime.
The king, however, who loved to maintain a balance in his
councils, still supported Halifax, whom he created a marquis,
and made privy seal; though ever in opposition to the duke.
This man, who possessed the finest genius and most extensive
capacity of all employed in public affairs during the present
reign, affected a species of neutrality between the parties, and
was esteemed the head of that small body known by the denom-
ination of " trimmers." This conduct, which is more natural
to men of integrity than of ambition, could not, however, pro-
cure him the former character ; and he was always, with rea-
son, regarded as an intriguer rather than a patriot. Sunder-
land, who had promoted the exclusion bill, and who had been
displaced on that account, was again, with the duke's consent,
brought into the administration. The extreme duplicity, at
least variableness, of this man's conduct, through the whole
course of his life, made it be suspected, that it was by the king's
direction he had mixed with the country party. Hyde, created
earl of Rochester, was first commissioner of the treasury, and
was entirely in the duke's interests.
The king himself was obliged to act as the head of a party ; a
iisagreeable situation for a prince, and always the source of
much injustice and oppression. He knew how obnoxious the
2t)6 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. | A. D. sG82
dissenters were to the church ; and he resolved, contrary to the
maxims of toleration, which he had hitherto supported in Eng-
land, to gratify his friends by the persecution of his enemies.
The laws against conventicles were now rigorously executed ;
an expedient which, the king knew, would diminish neither the
numbers nor influence of the nonconformists ; and which is
therefore to be deemed more the result of passion than of pol-
icy. Scarcely any persecution serves the intended purpose
but such as amounts to a total extermination.
Though the king's authority made every day great advances
it still met with considerable obstacles, chiefly from the city,
which was entirely in the hands of the malecontents. The
juries, in particular, named by the sheriffs, were not likely to
be impartial judges between the crown and the people ; and
after the experiments already made in the case of Shaftesbury,
and that of College, treason, it was apprehended, might there
be committed with impunity. There could not, therefore, be a
more important service to the court than to put affairs upon a
different footing. Sir John Moore, the mayor, was gained by
Secretary Jenkins, and encouraged to insist upon the cus-
tomary privilege of his office, of naming one of the sheriffs.
Accordingly, when the time of election came, he drank to
North, a Levant merchant, who accepted of that expensive of
flee. The country party said, that, being lately returned from
Turkey, he was, on account of his recent experience, better
qualified to serve the purposes of the court. A poll was
opened for the election of another sheriff; and here began the
contest. The majority of the common hall, headed by the
two sheriffs of the former year, refused to acknowledge the
mayor's right of appointing one sheriff, but insisted that both
must be elected by the livery. Papillon and Dubois were the
persons whom the country party agreed to elect ; Box was
pointed out by the courtiers. The poll was opened ; but as
the mayor would not allow the election to proceed for two
vacancies, the sheriffs and he separated, and each carried on
the poli apart. The country party, who voted with the sheriff?
'or Papillon and Dubois, were much more numerous than those
who voted with the mayor for Box : but as the mayor insisted
that his poll was the only legal one, he declared Box to be duly
elected. All difficulties, however, were not surmounted. Box,
apprehensive of the consequences which might attend so dubi-
ous an election, fined off; and the mayor found it necessary tr
proceed to a new choice. When the matter was propose to
AD. 1683.) charles ii. 297
the common hal\ a loud cry was raised, " No election ! No
election !" The two sheriffs already elected, Papillon and
Dubois, were insisted on as the only legal magistrates. But
as the mayor still maintained, that Box alone had been legally
chosen, and that it was now requisite to supply his place, he
opened books anew ; and during the tumult and confusion of
tha citizens, a lew of the mayor's partisans elected Rich,
unknown to and unheeded by the rest of the livery. North and
Rich were accordingly sworn in sheriffs for the ensuing year;
but it was necessary to send a guard of the train bauds to pro-
tect there in entering upon their office. A new mayor of the
court party was soon after chosen, by means, as is pretended,
still more violent and irregular.
Thus the country party were dislodged from their strong-
hold in the city ; where, ever since the commencement of fac-
tions in the English government, they had, without interruption,
almost without a molestation, maintained a superiority. It had
been happy, had the partialities, hitherto objected to juries,
been corrected, without giving place to partialities of an oppo-
site kind : but in the present distracted state of the nation.
an equitable neutrality was almost impossible to be attained.
The court and church party who were now named on juries,
made justice subservient to their factious views ; and the king
had a prospect of obtaining full revenge on his enemies. It
was not long before the effects of these alterations were seen.
When it was first reported that the duke intended to leave Scot-
land, Pilkington, at that time sheriff, a very violent man, had
broken out in these terms : " He has already burned the city ;
and he is now coming to cut all our throats !" For these
scandalous expressions, the duke sued Pilkington ; and enor-
mous damages, to the amount of one hundred thousand pounds,
were decreed him. By the law of England, ratified in the
Great Charter, no fine or damages ought to extend to the total
ruin of a criminal. Sir Patience Ward, formerly mayor, who
gave evidence for Pilkington, was sued for perjury, and con-
demned to the pillory ; a severe sentence, and sufficient to
deter all witnesses from appearing in favor of those who were
prosecuted by the court.
[1683.] But though the crown had obtained so great a vic-
tory in the city, it was not quite decisive ; and the contest
might be renewed every year at the election of magistrates.
An important project, therefore, was formed, not only to
make the king master of the city, but by that precedent tc
9Stt HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A D. 1G83
gain b'ri: uJi^otn rolled influence in all tlie ccrpoiations of
Jilngi and, *ad tnt-ieby give the greatest wound to the lege. I coasti-
tution, which the most powerful and most arbitrary monarchs
had ever yet been able to inflict. A writ of quo warranto was
issued against the city ; that is, an inquiry into the validity of
its charter. It was pretended, that the city had forfeited all its
privileges, and ought to be declared no longer a corporation,
on account of two offences which the court of aldermen and
common council had committed. After the great fire in 1GGG,
all the markets had been rebuilt, and had been fitted up with
many eonveniencies ; and, in order to defray the expense, the
magistrates had imposed a amall toll on goods brought to mar-
ket : in the year 1G79, they had addressed the king against
the prorogation of parliament, and had employed the following
terms : " Your petitioners are greatly surprised at the late pro-
rogation, whereby the prosecution of the public justice of the
Yingdom, and the making of necessary provisions for the pres-
ervation of your majesty and your Protestant subjects, have
received interruption." These words were pretended to con-
tain a scandalous reflection on the king and his measures.
The cause of the city was defended against the attorney and
solicitor-generals by Treby and Pollexfen.
These last pleaded, that, since the foundation of the
monarchy, no corporation had ever yet been exposed to
forfeiture, and the thing itself implied an absurdity : that a
corporation, as such, was incapable of all crime or offence ,
and none were answerable for any iniquity but the persons
themselves who committed it : that the members, in choosing
magistrates, had intrusted them with legal powers oidy ; ae%
where the magistrates exceeded these powers, their acts were
void, but could never involve the body itself in any criminal
imputation : that such had ever been the practice of England,
except at the reformation, when the monasteries were abolished ;
but this Avas an extraordinary case ; and it was even thought
necessary to ratify afterwards the whole transaction by act of
parliament : that corporate bodies, framed for public good, and
calculated for perpetual duration, ought not to be annihilated
for the temporary fault* of their members, who might them-
selves, without hurting the community, be questioned for their
offences : that even a private estate, if entailed, could not be
forfeited to the crown on account of treason committed by the
tenant for life ; but, upon his demise, went to the next iu
remainder : that the offences objected to the city, far from
A.D. 1083. j ciiarles ii. 259
deserving so severe a punishment, were not even worthy of the
smallest reprehension : that all corporations were invested
with the power of making by-laws ; and the smallest borough in
England had ever been allowed to carry the exercise of this
power further than London had done in the instance complained
of: that the city having, at its own expense, repaired the
markets, which were built too on its own estate, might as
lawfully claim a small recompense from such as brought com-
modities thither, as a man might require rent for a house of
which he was possessed : that those who disliked the condition,
might abstain from the market ; and whoever paid, had done
it voluntarily : that it was an avowed right of the subjects to
petition ; nor had the city in their address abused this privilege :
that the king himself had often declared, the parliament often
voted, the nation to be in danger from the Popish plot; which,
it is evident, could not be fully prosecuted but in a parliament-
ary manner : that the impeachment of the Popish lords was
certainly obstructed by the frequent prorogations ; as was also
the enacting of necessary laws, and providing for the defence
of the nation : that the loyalty of the city, no less than their
regard to self-preservation, might prompt them to frame the
petition ; since it was acknowledged, that the king's life was
every moment exposed to the most imminent danger from the
Popish conspiracy : that the city had not accused the king of
obstructing justice, much less of having any such intention ;
since it was allowed, that evil counsellors were alone answer-
able for all the pernicious consequences of any measure : and
that it was unaccountable, that two public deeds, which had
not, during so long a time, subjected to any, even the smallest
penalty, the persons guilty of them, should now be punished
so severely upon the corporation, which always was, and
always must be innocent.
It is evident, that those who would apologize for the measures
of the court, must, in this case, found their arguments, not on
law, but reasons of state. The judges, therefore, who con-
demned the city, are inexcusable ; since the sole object of their
determinations must ever be the pure principles of justice and
equity. But the office of judge was at that time held during
pleasure ; and it was impossible that any cause, where the
court bent its foi'ce, could ever be carried against it. After
sentence was pronounced, the city applied in an humble man-
ner to the king ; and he agreed to restore their charter, but in
return they were obliged to submit to the following regulations :
2(31) HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D 1683
that no mayor, sheriff, recorder, common sergeant., tewn clerk,
or coroner, should be admitted to the exercise oi' his officii
without his majesty's approbation : that if the king disapprove
twice of the mayor or sheriffs elected, he may by commission
appoint these magistrates : that the mayor and court of alder-
men may, with his majesty's leave, displace any magistrate :
and that no alderman, in case of a vacancy, shall be elected
without consent of the court of aldermen, who, if they disap-
prove twice of the choice, may fill the vacancy.
All the corporations in England, having the example of
London before their eyes, saw how vain it would prove to
contend with the court, and were, most of them, successively
induced to surrender their charters into the king's hands. Con-
siderable sums were exacted for restoring the charters ; and
all offices of power and profit were left at the disposal of the
crown. It seems strange that the independent royalists, who
never meant to make the crown absolute, should yet be so
elated with the victory obtained over their adversaries, as to
approve of a precedent which left no national privileges in
security, but enabled the king, under like pretences, and by
means of like instruments, to recall anew all those charters
which at present he was pleased to grant. And every friend
to liberty must allow, that the nation, whose constitution was
thus broken in the shock of faction, had a right, by every
prudent expedient, to recover that security of which it was so
unhappily bereaved.
While so great a faction adhered to the crown, it is apparent
that resistance, however jutifiable, could never be prudent ;
and all wise men saw no expedient but peaceably to submit
to the present grievances. There was, however, a party of
malecontents, so turbulent in their disposition, that, even be-
fore this last iniquity, which laid the whole constitution at the
mercy of the king, they had meditated plans of resistance ; at
a time when it could be as little justifiable as prudent. In the
spring of 1681,* a little before the Oxford parliament, the king
* Lord Grey's Secret History of the Rye-house Plot. This is the most
full and authentic account of all these transactions: but is in the main
confirmed by Bishop Sprat, and even Burnet, as well as by the trial*
and dying confessions of the conspirators; so that nothing can bo
more unaccountable than that any one should pretend that this con-
spiracy was an imposture, like the Popish plot. Monmouth's deelara*
t ion. published in the next reign, confesses a consul* for extraordinary
remedies.
A J). lObb'j CHARLES Ii. 261
was seized with a fit of sickness at Windsor, which eavc
erreat alarm to the public. The duke of Monmouth. Lord
ltussel, Lord Grey, instigated by the restless Shaftesbury, had
agreed, in case the king's sickness should prove mortal, to rise
in arms, and to oppose the succession of the duke. Charles
recovered ; but these dangerous projects were not laid aside.
The same conspirators, together with Essex and Salisbury,
were determined to continue the Oxford parliament, after the
king, as was daily expected, should dissolve it ; and they
engaged some leaders among the commons in the same des-
perate measure. They went so far as to detain several lords
in the house, under pretence of signing a protest against
rejecting Fitzharris's impeachment ; but hearing that the
commons had broken up in great consternation, they were like-
wise obliged at last to separate. Shaftesbury's imprisonment
and trial put an end for some time to these machinations ; and
it was not till the new sheriffs were imposed on the city that
they were revived. The leaders of the country party began
then to apprehend themselves in imminent danger ; and they
were well pleased to find that the citizens were struck with the
same terror, and were thence inclined to undertake the most
perilous enterprises. Besides the city, the gentry and nobility
in several counties of England were solicited to rise in arms
Monmouth engaged the earl of Macclesfield, Lord Brandon, Sir
Gilbert Gerrard, and other gentlemen in Cheshire ; Lord Russel
fixed a correspondence with Sir William Courtney, Sir Francis
Ltowles, Sir Francis Drake, who promised to raise the west ;
and Trenchard in particular, who had interest in the disaffected
town of Taunton, assured him of considerable assistance from
that neighborhood. Shaftesbury and his emissary Ferguson,
an Independent clergyman and a restless plotter, managed
the correspondence in the city, upon which the confederates
chiefly relied. The whole train was ready to take fire ; but
was prevented by the caution of Lord Bussel, who induced
Monmouth to delay the enterprise. Shaftesbury, in the mean
time, was so much affected with the sense of his danger, that
he had left his house, and secretly lurked in the city; meditat-
ing all those desperate schemes which disappointed revenge
and ambition could inspire. He exclaimed loudly against
delay, and represented to his confederates, that having gone
so far, and intrusted the secret into so many hands, there was
no safety for them but in a bold and desperate prosecution
of their purpose. The projects were therefore renewed ;
262 HJSTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1G&3
meetings of the conspirators were appointed in different houses,
particularly in Shephard's, an eminent wine-merchant in the
city : the plan of an insurrection was laid in London, Cheshire,
Devonshire, and Bristol : the several places of rendezvous in
the city were concerted ; and all the operations fixed : the
slate of the guards was even viewed by Monmouth and Arm-
strong, and an attack on them pronounced practicable : a
declaration to justify the enterprise to the public was read and
agreed to : and every circumstance seemed now to render an
insurrection unavoidable ; when a new delay was procured by
Trenchard, who declared that the rising in the west could not
for some weeks be in sufficient forwardness.
Shaftesbury was enraged at these perpetual cautions and de-
lays in an enterprise which, he thought, nothing but courage and
celerity could render effectual : he threatened to commence the
insurrection with his friends in the city alone ; and he boasted,
that he had ten thousand brisk boys, as he called them, who, on
a motion of his finger, were ready to fly to arms. Monmouth.
Ivussel, and the other conspirators, were during some time in
apprehensions lest despair should push him into some danger-
t.us measure ; when they heard that, after a long combat be-
tween fear and rage, he had at last abandoned all hopes of
success, and had retired into Holland. He lived in a private
manner at Amsterdam ; and for greater security desired to be
admitted into the magistracy of that city : but his former vio-
lent counsels against the Dutch commonwealth were remem-
bered ; and all applications from him were rejected. He died
soon after, and his end gave neither sorrow to his friends nor
joy to his enemies. His furious temper, notwithstanding his
capacity, had done great injury to the cause in which he was
engaged. The violences and iniquities which he suggested
and encouraged, were greater than even faction itself could
endure ; and men could not forbear sometimes recollecting
that the same person who had become so zealous a patriot,
was once a most prostitute courtier. It is remarkable, that this
man, whose principles and conduct were in all other respects
bo exceptionable, proved an excellent chancellor ; and that
all his decrees, while he possessed that high office, were equally
remarkable ibr justness and lor integrity: so difficult is it to
find in history a character either wholly bad or perfectly good ;
though the prejudices of party make writers run easily into the
extremes both of panegyric and of satire.
After Shaftesbury's departure, the conspirators found som*
A. 1) 1663. | ciiarles n. 263
difficulty in renewing the correspondence with the city male-
contents, who had been accustomed to depend solely on that
nobleman. Their common hopes, however, as well as com-
mon fears, made them at last have recourse to each other ; and
a regular project of an insurrection was again formed. A
council of six was erected, consisting of Monmouth, Russel,
Essex, Howard, Algernon Sidney, and John Hambden, grand-
Bon of the great parliamentary leader. These men entered
into au agreement with Argyle and the Scottish malecontents ;
who engaged, that, upon the payment of ten thousand pounds
for the purchase of arms in Holland, they would bring the
Covenanters into the held. Insurrections likewise were anew
projected in Cheshire and the west, as well as in the city ; and
some meetings of the leaders were held, in order to reduce
these projects into form. The conspirators differed extremely
in their views. Sidney was passionate for a commonwealth.
Essex had embraced the same project. But Monmouth had
entertained hopes of acquiring the crown for himself. Russel,
as well as Hambden, was much attached to the ancient consti-
tution, and intended only the exclusion of the duke and the
redress of grievances. Lord Howard was a man of no prin-
ciple, and was ready to embrace any party which his imme-
diate interest should recommend to him. But notwithstanding
this difference of characters and of views, their common hatred
ol' the duke and the present administration united them in
one party ; and the dangerous experiment of an insurrection
was fully resolved on.
While these schemes were concerting among the leaders
there was an inferior order of conspirators, who held frequent
meetings, and, together with the insurrection, carried on pro-
jects quite unknown to Monmouth and the cabal of six.
Among these men were Colonel Rumsey, an old republioai
officer, who had distinguished himself in Portugal, and had
been recommended to the king by Mareschal Schomberg ;
Lieutenant-Colonel Walcot, likewise a republican officer ; Good-
enough, under-sheriff of London, a zealous and noted party-
man ; West, Tyley, Norton, Ayloffe, lawyers ; Ferguson,
Rouse, Hone, Keiling, Holloway, Bourne, Lee, Rumbald.
Most of these last were merchants or tradesmen ; and the onl)
persons of this confederacy who had access to the leaders of
the party, were Rumsey and Ferguson. When these men
met together, they indulged themselves in the most desperate
and most criminal discourse ; they frequently mcntioiwi tlm
ih\ HISTORY OF ENGLANl>. |A. D. 1 GS3
assassination of the king and the dnke, to which they had
given the familiar appellation of lopjring : they even went so
far as to have thought of a scheme ibr that purpose. Rum-
bald, who was a maltster, possessed a farm, called the Rye-
house, which lay on the road to Newmarket, whither the king
commonly went once a year, for the diversion of the races.
A plan of this farm had been laid before some of the conspira-
tors by Rumbald, who showed them how easy it would be, by
overturning a cart, to stop at that place the king's coach ;
while they might fire upon him from the hedges, and be
enabled afterwards, through by-lanes and across the fields, to
make their escape. But though the plausibility of this scheme
gave great pleasure to the conspirators, no concerted design
was as yet laid, nor any men, horses, or arms provided : the
whole was little more than loose discourse, the overflowings of
their zeal and rancor. The house in which the king lived at
Newmarket, took fire accidentally ; and he was obliged to
leave that place eight days sooner than he intended. To this
circumstance his safety was afterwards ascribed, when the
conspiracy was detected ; and the court party could not suffi-
ciently admire the wise dispensations of Providence. It is,
indeed, certain, that as the king had thus unexpectedly left
Newmarket, he was worse attended than usual ; and Rumbald
informed his confederates with regret what a fine opportunity
was thus unfortunately lost.
Among the conspirators I have mentioned Keiling, a salter
in London. This man had been engaged in a bold measure,
of arresting the mayor of London, at the suit of Papillon and
Dubois, the outed sheriffs ; and being liable to prosecution for
that action, he thought it safest to purchase a pardon by re-
vealing the conspiracy, in which he was deeply concerned.
He brought to Secretary Jenkins intelligence of the assassina-
tion plot ; but as he was a single evidence, the secretary,
whom many false plots had probably rendered incredulous,
scrupled to issue warrants for the commitment of so great a
number of persons. Keiling, therefore, in order to fortify his
testimony, engaged his brother in treasonable discourse with
Goodenough, one of the conspirators ; and Jenkins began now
to give more attention to the intelligence. The conspirators
had got some hint of the danger in which they were involved ;
and all of them concealed themselves. One person alone, of
the name of Barber, an instrument-maker, was seized ; and ai
his confession concurred in many particulars with Keiling'a
A.D. 1683.J charles ii. 266
information, the affair seemed to be put out of all qr.estion ,
and a more diligent search was every where made after the
conspirators.
West, the lawyer, and Colonel Itumsey, finding the perils
to which they were exposed in endeavoring to escape, re-
solved to save their own lives at the expense of their com-
panions ; and they surrendered themselves with an intention
of becoming evidence. West could do little more than con
firm the testimony of Keiling with regard to the assassination
plot ; but Itumsey, besides giving additional confirmation of
the snme design, was at last, though with much difficul
ty, led to reveal the meetings at Shephard's. Shephard
was immediately apprehended, and had not courage to main-
tain fidelity to his confederates. Upon his information, orders
were issued for arresting the great men engaged in the
conspiracy. Monmouth absconded : Itussel was sent to tho
Tower : Grey was arrested, but escaped from the messenger .
Howard was taken, while he concealed himself in a chimney ;
and being a man of profligate morals, as well as indigent cir-
cumstances, he scrupled not, in hopes of a pardon and a
reward, to reveal the whole conspiracy. Essex, Sidney, and
Hambden were immediately apprehended upon his evidence.
Every day some of the conspirators were detected in their
lurking places, and thrown into prison.
Lieutenant-Colonel Walcot was first brought to his trial.
This man, who was once noted for bravery, had been so far
overcome by the love of life, that he had written to Secretary
Jenkins, and had offered upon promise of pardon to turn evi-
dence : but no sooner had he taken this mean step, than he
felt more generous sentiments arise in him ; and he endeav-
ored, though in vain, to conceal himself. The witnesse
against him were Itumsey, West, Shephard, together with
Bourne, a brewer. His own letter to the secretary was pro-
duced, and rendered the testimony of the witnesses unques-
tionable. Hone and Rouse were also condemned. These
two men, as well as Walcot, acknowledged at their execution
the justice of the sentence ; and from their trial and confession
it is sufficiently apparent, that the plan of an insurrection had
boen regularly formed, and that even the assassination had
been often talked of, and not without the approbation of many
of the conspirator's.
The condemnation of these criminals was probably intend-
ed as a preparative to the trial of Lord Russel, and served to
vol. vi. — M
268 HISTJRY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1683.
mipress the public with a thorough belief of the conspiracy, a*
well as a horror against it. The witnesses produced against
the noble prisoner were Rumsey, Shephard, and Lord Howard.
Rumsey swore, that he himself had been introduced to the
cabal at Shephard's where Russel was present ; and had
delivered them a message from Shaftesbury, urging them to
hasten the intended insurrection ; but had received for answer,
that it was found necessary to delay the design, and that
Shaftesbury must therefore, for some time, rest contented
This answer, he said, was delivered by Ferguson ; but was as-
sented to by the prisoner. He added, that some discourse had
been entered into about taking a survey of the guards; ami
he thought that Monmouth, Grey, and Armstrong undertook to
view them. Shephard deposed, that his house had beforehand
been bespoken by Ferguson for the secret meeting of the con-
spirators, and that he had been careful to keep all his servants
from approaching them, and had served them himself Their
discourse, he said, ran chiefly upon the means of surprising the
guards ; and it was agreed, that Monmouth and his two friends
should take a survey of them. The refpoit which they broughi
next meeting was, that the guards were remiss, and that the de-
sign was practicable : but he did not affirm that any resolution
was taken of executing it. The prisoner, he thought, was pres-
ent at both these meetings ; but he was sure that at least he
was present at one of them. A declaration, he added, had been
read by Ferguson in Russel's presence : the reasons of the
intended insurrection were there set forth, and all the public
grievances fully displayed.
Lord Howard had been one of the cabal of six, established
after Shaftesbury's flight ; and two meetings had been held
by the conspirators, one at Hambden's, another at Russel's.
Howard deposed, that, at the first meeting, it was agreed to
begin the insurrection in the country before the city ; the
places were fixed, the proper quantity and kind of ami:
agreed on, and the whole plan of operations concerted : that
at the second meeting, the conversation chiefly turned upon
their correspondence with Argyle and the discontented Scots ;
and that the principal management of that affair was intrusted
*o Sidney, who had sent one Aaron Smith into Scotland with
proper instructions. He added, that in these deliberations ftu
question was put, or votes collected ; bat there was no contra-
diction ; and, as he took it, all of them, and the prisoner anion:;
the re-l.gave their cdflSBttt
A. D. 1083.] C1IAKLES II. 4(j%
Rurascy and Shephard were very unwilling witnesses
against Lord Itussei ; and it appears from Grey's Secret His-
tory,* that, if they had pleased, they could have given a more
explicit testimony against him. This reluctance, together
with the difficulty in recollecting circumstances of a conversa-
tion which had passed above eight months before, and which
the persons had not at that time any intention to reveal, may
beget some Blight objection to their evidence. But, on the
whole, it wa.s undoubtedly proved, that the insurrection had
been deliberated on by the prisoner, and fully resolved ; the
surprisal of the guards deliberated on, but not fully resolved ;
and that an assassination had never once been mentioned nor
imagined by him. So far the matter of fact seems certain :
but still, with regard to law, there remained a difficulty, and
that of an important nature.
The English laws of treason, both in the manner of defining
that crime, and in the proof required, are the mildest and
most indulgent, and consequently the most equitable, that are
any where to be found. The two chief species of treason
contained in the statute of Edward III. are the compassing
and intending of the king's death, and the actually levying of
war against him ; and by the law of Mary, the crime must be
proved by the concurring testimony of two witnesses, to some
overt act, tending to these purposes. But the lawyers, partly
desirous of paying court to the sovereign, partly convinced of
iil consequences which might attend such narrow limitations,
had introduced a greater latitude both in the proof and defini
tion of the crime. It was not required that the two witnesses
should testify the same precise overt act : it was sufficient that
they both testified some overt act of the same treason ; and
though this evasion may seem a subtilty, it had long prevailed
in the courts of judicature, and had at last been solemnly fixed
by parliament at the trial of Lord Stafford. The lawyers had
used the same freedom with the law of Edward IIL They
had observed that, by that statute, if a man should entei
into a conspiracy for a rebellion, should even fix a correspond
euce with foreign powers for that purpose, should provide
arms and money, yet, if he were detected, and no rebellion
ensued, he could not be tried for treason. To prevent this
inconvenience, which it had been better to remedy by a new
law, they had commonly laid their indictment for intend-
* Pace 43.
£08 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1083
ing the death of the king, and had produced the hit jntiorj
of rebellion as a proof of that other intention. But though
this form of indictment and trial was very frequent, and many
criminals had received sentence upon it, it was still considered
as somewhat irregular, and was plainly confounding by a
sophism two species of treason, which the statute had accu-
rately distinguished. What made this refinement still more
exceptionable, was, that a law had passed soon after ihe res-
toration, in which the consulting or the intending of a rebel-
lion was, during Charles's lifetime, declared treason ; and it
was required, that the prosecution should be commenced within
six months after the crime was committed. But notwith-
standing this statute, the lawyers had persevered, as they still
do persevere, in the old form of indictment ; and both Sir
liarry Vane and Oliver Plunket, titular primate of Ireland,
had been tried by it. Such was the general horror entertained
against the old republicans and the Popish conspirators, that no
one had murmured against this interpretation of the statute ; and
the lawyers thought that they might follow the precedent, even
in the case of the popular and beloved Lord Russel. Russel's
crime fell plainly within the statute of Charles II ; but the
facts sworn to by Rumsey and Shephard were beyond the six
months required by law, and to the other facts Howard was a
single witness. To make the indictment, therefore, more ex-
tensive, the intention of murdering the king was comprehended
in it ; and for proof of this intention the conspiracy lor raising
a rebellion was assigned ; and, what seemed to bring the mat-
ter still nearer, the design of attacking the king's guards.
Russel perceived this irregularity, and desired to have the
point argued by counsel : the chief justice told him, that this
favor could not be granted, unless he previously confessed the
facts charged upon him. The artificial confounding of the
two species of treason, though a practice supported by many
precedents, is the chief, but not the only hardship of which
Russel had reason to complain on his trial. His defence was
feeble : and he contented himself with protesting, that he never
had entertained any design against the life of the king : his
veracity would not allow him to deny the conspiracy for an
insurrection. The jury were men of fair and reputable char-
acters, but zealous royalists : after a short deliberation, they
brought in the prisoner guilty.
Applications were made to the king for a pardon : even money,
to the amount of one hundred thousand pounds, was offered
A.l). 1683. j uharles n. 209
to the duchess of Portsmouth hy the old earl of Bedford, fathei
to Russel. The king wa? inexorable. He had been extremely
harassed with the violence of the country party ; and he hr. d
observed, that the prisoner, besides his secret designs, had al-
ways been carried to the highest extremity of opposition in
parliament. Russel had even adopted a sentiment similar to
what we meet with in a letter of the younger Brutus. Had
his father, he said, advised the king to reject the exclusion bill,
he would be the first to move for a parliamentary impeach-
ment against him. When such determined resolution was
observed, his popularity, his humanity, his justice, his very
virtues, became so many crimes, and were used as arguments
against sparing him. Charles, therefore, would go no further
than remitting the more ignominious part of the sentence
which the law requires to be pronounced against traitors.
"Lord Russel," said he, "shall find that I am possessed of
that prerogative which, in the case of Lord Stafford, he thought
proper to deny me." As the fury of the country party had
rendered it impossible for the king, without the imminent dan-
ger of his crown, to pardon so many Catholics, whom he firmly
believed innocent, and even affectionate and loyal to him, he
probably thought that, since the edge of the law was now ready
to fall upon that party themselves, they could not reasonably
expect that he would interpose to save them.
Russel's consort, a woman of virtue, daughter and heir of
the good earl of Southampton, threw herself at the king's feet,
and pleaded with many tears the merits and loyalty of her
father, as an atonement for those errors into which honest,
however mistaken principles had seduced her husband. These
supplications were the last instance of female weakness (if
they deserve the name) which she betrayed. Finding all
applications vain, she collected courage, and not only fortified
herself against the fatal blow, but endeavored by her exam-
ple to strengthen the resolution of her unfortunate lord. With
a tender and decent composure they took leave of each ether
on the day of his execution. " The bitterness of death i-s now
f*ast," said he, when he turned from her. Lord Cavendish
had lived in the closest intimacy with Russel, and deserted not
his friend in the present calamity. He offered to manage hit
escape, by changing clothes with him, and remaining at all
hazards in his place. Russel refused to save his own life by
an expedient which might expose his friend to so many hard-
ships When the duke cf Monmouth by mewSRge offered to
c7(» IiI3iORY Of ENGLAND. [A. D 1683
Burrender himself, if Fiusscl thought that this measure would
anywise contrihute to his safety, " It will be of no advantage to
me," he said, "to have my friends die with me." Some of his
expressions discover, not only composure, but good humor, in
this melancholy extremity. The day before his execution, he
was seized with a bleeding at the nose. " I shall not now let
blood to divert this distemper," said he to Dr. Burnet, who
attended him ; " that will be done to-morrow." A little belbre
the sheriffs conducted him to the scaffold, he wound up bis
A'atch : " Now I have done," said he, "with time, and hencc-
nrth must think solely of eternity."
The scaflbld was erected in Lincoln's Inn Fields, a place
distant from the Tower ; and it was probably intended, by con-
ducting Russel through eo many streets, to show the mutinous
city their beloved leader, once the object of all their confidence,
now exposed to the utmost rigors of the law. As he was the
most popular among his own party, so was he ever the least
obnoxious to the opposite faction ; and his melancholy fate
united every heart, sensible of humanity, in a tender compas-
sion for him. Without the least change of countenance, he
laid his head on the block ; and at two strokes, it was severed
from his body.
In the speech which he delivered to the sheriffs, he was very
anxious to clear his memory from any imputation of ever in-
tending the king's death, or any alteration in the government .
he could not explicitly confess the projected insurrection with-
out hurting his friends, who might still be called in question
for it ; but he did not purge himself of that design, which, in
the present condition of the nation, he regarded as no crime.
By many passages in his speech, he seems to the last to have
lain under the influence of party zeal ; a passion which, beinu:
nourished by a social temper, and clothing itself under the
appearance of principle, it is almost impossible for a virtuous
man, who has acted in public life, ever thoroughly to eradi-
cate. He professed his entire belief in the Popish plot : and
he said that, though he had often heard the seizure of the
puards mentioned, he had ever disapproved of that attempt.
To which he added, that the massacring of so many innocent
men in cool blood was so like a Popish practice, that he could
not but abhor it. Upon the whole, the integrity and virtuous
intentions, rather than the capacity of this unfortunate noble-
man, 6eem to have been the shining parts of his character.
Algernon Sidney was next brought to his trial. This gallant
A.. D. I G83.J ciiarles n. 27 1
person, sou of the earl of Leicester, had entered deeply into
the war against the late king ; and though nowise tainted with
enthusiasm, he had so far shared in all the counsels of the Inde
pendent republican party, as to have been named on the high
court of justice which tried and condemned that monarch : he
thought not proper, however, to take his seat among the judges.
He ever opposed Cromwell's usurpation with zeal and courage ;
and after making all efforts against the restoration, he resolved
to take no benefit of the general indemnity, but chose voluntary
banishment, rather than submit to a government and family
which he abhorred. As long as the republican party had any
existence, he was active in every scheme, however unprom-
ising, which tended to promote their cause ; but at length, in
(077, finding it necessary lor his private affairs to return to
England, he had applied for the king's pardon, and had ob-
tained it. When the factions arising from the Popish plot be-
gan to run high, Sidney, full of those ideas of liberty which he
had imbioed from the great examples of antiquity, joined the
popular party ; and was even willing to seek a second time,
through all the horrors of civil war, for his adored republic.
From this impel loot sketch of the character and conduct of
this singular personage, it may easily be conceived how obnox-
ious he was become to the court and ministry : what alone
renders them blamable was, the illegal method which they
took for effecting their purpose against him. On Sidney's trial,
they produced a great number of witnesses, who proved the
reality of a plot in general ; and when the prisoner exclaimed,
that all these evidences said nothing of him, he was answered,
that this method of proceeding, however irregular, had been
practised in the prosecutions of the Popish conspirators ; a topic
aiore fit to condemn one party than to justify the other. The
only witness who deposed against Sidney was Lord Howard ;
but as the law required two witnesses, a strange expedient was
fallen on to supply this deficiency. In ransacking the prison-
er's closet, some discourses on government were found ; in
which he had maintained principles, favorable indeed to lib
erty, but such as the best and most dutiful subjects in all ages
have been known to embrace ; the original contract, the source
of power from a consent of the people, the lawfulness of resist-
ing tyrants, the preference of liberty to the government of a
single person. These papers were asserted to be equivalent to
a second witness, and even to many witnesses. The prisoner
replied that there was no other reason for ascribing these pa pen
272 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. JD. lOb'J
to him as the author, besides a similitude of hand ; a proof
which was ncv^r admitted in criminal prosecutions : that allow-
ing him to be the author, he had composed them solely for Lia
private amusement, and had never published them to the world,
or even communicated them to any single person : that, when
examined, they appeared by the color of the ink to have been
written many years before, and were in vain produced as evi-
dence of a present conspiracy against the government : and that
where the law positively requires two witnesses, one witness,
attended with the most convincing circumstances, could never
suffice ; much less, when supported by a circumstance so weak
and precarious. All these arguments, though urged by the
prisoner with great courage and pregnancy of reason, had no
influence. The violent and inhuman Jefferies was now chief
justice ; and by his direction a partial jury was easily prevailed
on to give verdict against Sidney. His execution followed a
few days after : he complained, and with reason, of the iniquity
of the sentence ; but he had too much greatness of mind to
deny those conspiracies with Monmouth and Russel, in which
he had been engaged. He rather gloried, that he now Buffered
for that " good old cause," in which, from his earliest youth,
he said he had enlisted himself.
The execution of Sidney is regarded as one of the greatest
blemishes of the present reign. The evidence against him, it
must be confessed, was not legal ; and the jury who condemned
him were, for that reason, very blamable. But that, after
sentence passed by a court of judicature, the king should inter-
pose and pardon a man who, though otherwise possessed of
merit, was undoubtedly guilty, who had ever been a most inflex-
ible and most inveterate enemy to the royal family, and win
lately had even abused the king's clemency, might be an act
of heroic generosity, but can never be regarded as a necessary
and indispensable duty.
Howard was also the sole evidence against Hambden ; and
his testimony was not supported by any material circumstance.
The crown lawyers therefore found it in vain to try the prisonei
for treason : they laid the indictment only lor a misdemeanor,
and obtained sentence against him. The fine imposed was
exorbitant ; no less than forty thousand pounds.
Holloway, a merchant of Bristol, one of the conspirators, had
flad to the West Indies, and was now brought over. He had
been outlawed ; but the year allowed him for surrendering
himself war, not expired A trial was therefore offered hup ;
A..D. 16b3.) ./liARLES u 273
but as he had at first confessed his being engaged in a conspir-
acy for an insurrection, and even allowed that he had heard
6otne discourse of an assassination, though he had not approved
of it, he thought it more expedient to throw himself on the
king's mercy. He was executed, persisting in the same con-
fession.
Sir Thomas Armstrong, who had been seized in Holland,
and sent over by Chidley, the king's minister, was precisely in
the same situation with Holloway : but the same favor, 01
rather justice, was refused him. The lawyers pretended, that
unless he had voluntarily surrendered himself before the expi-
ration of the time assigned, he could not claim the privilege of
a trial; not considering that the seizure of his person ought in
equity to be supposed the accident which prevented him. The
king bore a great enmity against this gentleman, by whom he
believed the duke of Monmouth to have been seduced from his
duty ; he also asserted, that Armstrong had once promised
Cromwell to assassinate him ; though it must be confessed, that
the prisoner justified himself from this imputation by very
strong arguments. These were the reasons of that injustice
which was now done him. It was apprehended that sufficient
evidence of his guilt could not be produced ; and that even the
partial juries which were now returned, and which allowed
themselves to be entirely directed by Jefleries and other violent
judges, would not give sentence against him.
On the day that Russel was tried, Essex, a man eminent
both for virtues and abilities, was found in the Tower with hia
throat cut. The coroner's inquest brought in their verdict,
self-murder; yet because two children ten years old (one of
whom, too, departed from his evidence) had affirmed, that they
heard a great noise from his window, and that they saw a hand
throw out a bloody razor, these circumstances were laid hold
of, and the murder was ascribed to the king and the duke, who
happened that morning to pay a visit to the Tower. Essex
was subject to fits of deep melancholy, and had been seized
with one immediately upon his commitment : he was accus-
tomed to maintain the lawfulness of suicide : and his countess,
upon a strict inquiry, which was committed to the care of Dr.
Burnet, found no reason to confirm the suspicion : yet could
not all these circumstances, joined to many others, entirely
remove the imputation. It is no wonder, that faction is so
productive of vices of all kinds ; for, besides that it inflames
all the passions, it tends much to remove those grea t restraints
S74 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D 1 G93
honor and shame; when men find that no i:n piity can loss
them the applause of their own party, and no inno;ence secure
them against the calumnies of the opposite.
But though there is no reason to think that Essex had been
murdered by any orders from court, it must be acknowledged
that an unjustifiable use in Russel's trial was made of that in-
cident. The king's counsel mentioned it in their pleadings as
a strong proof of the conspiracy ; and it is said to have had
great weight with the jury. It was insisted on in Sidney's
trial for the same purpose.
Some memorable causes, tried about this time, though they
have no relation to the Rye-house conspiracy, show the temper
of the bench and of the juries. Oates was convicted of having
called the duke a Popish traitor ; was condemned in damages
to the amount of one hundred thousand pounds ; and was ad-
judged to remain in prison till he should make payment. A
like sentence was passed upon Dutton-Colt, for a like offence.
Sir Samuel Barnardiston was fined ten thousand pounds, be-
cause, in some private letters which had been intercepted, he
had reflected on the government. This gentleman was obnox-
ious, because he had been foreman of that jury which rejected
the bill against Shaftesbury. A pretence was therefore fallen
upon for punishing him ; though such a precedent may justly
be deemed a very unusual act of severity, and sufficient to
destroy all confidence in private friendship and correspondence.
There is another remarkable trial, which shows the disposi-
tion of the courts of judicature, and which, though it passed in
the ensuing year, it may not be improper to relate in this place.
One Rosewel, a Presbyterian preacher, was accused by three
women of having spoken treasonable words in a sermon. They
swore to two or three periods, and agreed so exactly together,
that there was not the smallest variation in their depositions.
Rosewel, on the other hand, made a very good defence. He
proved that the witnesses were lewd and infamous persons.
He proved that, even during Cromwell's usurpation, he had
always been a royalist ; that he prayed constantly for the king
in his family ; and that in his sermons he often inculcated the
obligations of loyalty. And as to the sermon of which he was
accused, several witnesses who heard it, and some who wrote
it in shorthand, deposed that he had used no such expressions
as those which were imputed to him. He offered his own notes
as a further proof. The women could not show by any cir-
cumstance or witness that they were at his meeting. And thfl
A. D. 1G83.] ciurles ii. 276
expressions to which they deposed were so gross, that no man
in his senses could be supposed to employ them before a mixed
audience. It was also urged, that it appeared next to impos-
sible ibr three women to remember so long a period upon on 3
single hearing, and to remember it so exactly, as to agree to a
tittle in their depositions with regard to it. The prisoner offer-
ed to put the whole upon this issue : be would pronounce, with
his usual tone of voice, a period as long as that to which they
had sworn ; and then let them try to repeat it, if they could.
What was more unaccountable, they had forgotten even the
text of his sermon ; nor did they remember any single passage
but the words to which they gave evidence. After so strong
a defence, the solicitor-general thought not proper to make any
reply : even Jefferies went no further than some general decla-
mations against conventicles and Presbyterians : yet so violent
were party prejudices, that the jury gave a verdict against the
prisoner; which, however, appeared so palpably unjust, that
it was not carried into execution.
The duke of Monmouth had absconded on the first discovery
of the conspiracy ; and the court could get no intelligence of him.
At length, Halifax, who began to apprehend the too great prev-
alence of the royal party, and who thought that Monmouth's
interest would prove the best counterpoise to the duke's, dis-
covered his retreat, and prevailed on him to write two letters
to the king, full of the tenderest and most submissive expres-
sions. The king's fondness was revived ; and ha permitted
Monmouth to come to court. He even endeavored to mediate
a reconciliation between his son and his brother ; and having
promised Monmouth, that his testimony should never be em-
ployed against any of his friends, he engaged him to give a
full account of the plot. But, in order to put the country party
to silence, he called next day an extraordinary council, and in-
formed them, that Monmouth had showed great penitence for
the share which he had had in the late conspiracy, and had ex-
pressed his resolutions never more to engage in such criminal
enterprises. He went so far as to give orders, that a paragraph
to the like purpose should be inserted in the gazette. Monmouth
kept silence till he had obtained his pardon in form ; but find-
ing that, by taking this step, he was entirely disgraced with hia
party, and that, even though he should not be produced in
court as an evidence, his testimony, being so publicly known,
might have weight with juries on any future trial, he resolved
xt all hazards to retrieve his honor. His emissaries, therefore
276 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [ A. D. 168 i
received orders to deny that he had ever made any such con-
fession as that which was imputed to him ; and the party ex-
claimed that the whole was an imposture of the court. The
king, provoked at this conduct, hanished Monmouth his pres-
ence, and afterwards ordered him to depart the kingdom.
The court was aware, that the malecontents in England had
held a correspondence with those of Scotland ; and that Baillie
of Jerviswood, a man of merit and learning, with two gentlemen
of the name of Campbel, had come to London, under pretence
of negotiating the settlement of the Scottish Presbyterians in
Carolina, but really with a view of concerting measures with the
English conspirators. Baillie was sent prisoner to Edinburgh ;
but as no evidence appeared against him, the council required
him to swear, that he would answer all questions which
should be propounded to him. He refused to submit to so in-
iquitous a condition ;• and a fine of six thousand pounds was
imposed upon him. At length two persons, Spence and Car-
stares, being put to the torture, gave evidence which involved
the earl of Tarras and some others, who, in order to save them-
selves, were reduced to accuse JSaiilic. He was brought to
trial ; and being in so languishing a condition from the treat-
ment which he had met with in prison, that it was feared he
would not survive that night, he was ordered to be executed
the very afternoon on which he received sentence.
The severities exercised during this part of the present reign,
were much contrary to the usual tenor of the king's conduct ,
and though those who studied his character more narrowly,
have pronounced, that towards great ofiences he was rigid and
inexorable, the nation were more inclined to ascribe every un-
just or hard measure to the prevalence of the duke, into whose
hands the king had, from indolence, not from any opinion of
his brother's superior capacity, resigned the reins of govern
merit. The crown, indeed, gained great advantage from the
detection of the conspiracy, and lost none by the rigorous exe-
cution of the conspirators : the horror entertained against the
assassination plot, which was generally confounded with the
project for an insurrection, rendered the whole party unpopular,
and reconciled the nation to the measures of the court. The
most loyal addresses came from all parts ; and the doctrine of
submission to the civil magistrate, and even of an unlimited
passive obedience, became the reigning principle of the times
The university of Oxford passed a solemn decree, condemning
sonic doctrines which they tPimed republican, but which indeed
A. D. 1684. J CHARLES ::i. 27?
are, most of them, the only tenets on which liberty and a lim-
ited constitution can be founded. The faction of the exclu
sionists, lately so numerous, powerful, and zealous, were at the
king's feet ; and were as much fallen in their spirit as in their
credit with the nation Nothing that had the least appear-
ance of opposition to the court could be hearkened to by the
public*
[1684.] The king endeavored to increase his present pop-
ularity by every art ; and knowing that the suspicion of Popery
was of all others the most dangerous, he judged it proper to
marry his niece, the Lady Anne, to Prince George, brother to
the king of Denmark. All the credit, however, and persuasion
of Halifax could not engage him to call a parliament, or trust
the nation with the election of a new representative. Though
his revenues were extremely burdened, he rather chose to
struggle with the present difficulties, than try an experiment
which, by raising afresh so many malignant humors, might
prove dangerous to his repose. The duke likewise zealously
opposed this proposal, and even engaged the king in measures
which could have no tendency, but to render any accommo-
dation with a parliament altogether impracticable. "Williams,
who had been speaker during the two last parliaments, was
prosecuted for warrants issued by him in obedience to orders
of the house : a breach of privilege which it seemed not likely
any future house of commons would leave unquestioned.
Danby and the Popish lords, who had so long been confined in
the Tower, and who saw no prospect of a trial in parliament,
applied by petition, and were admitted to bail ; a measure just
in itself, but deemed a great encroachment on the privileges
of that assembly. The duke, contrary to law, was restored to
the office of high admiral without taking the test.
Had the least grain of jealousy or emulation been mixed in
the king's character ; had he been actuated by that concern for
his people's or even for his own honor, which his high station
demanded ; he would have hazarded many domestic inconve-
niences rather than allow France to domineer in so haughty a
manner as that which at present she assumed in every nego-
* In the month of November this year died Prince Rupert, in the
sixty-third year of his aye. He had left his own country so early,
that he had become an entire Englishman ; and was even suspected,
in his latter days, of a bias to the country party. He was for thai
reason much neglected at court The duke of Lauderdale ti^nl »l*n
this year
27P HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A.D. 1684
tiaticn. The peace of Nimeguen, imposed by the Dutch on
their unwilling allies, had disjointed the whole confederacy ;
and all the powers engaged in it had disbanded their supernu-
merary troops, which they found it difficult to subsist. Lewir
alone still maintained a powerful army, and by his preparations
rendered himself every day more formidable. He now acted
as if he were the sole sovereign in Europe, and as if all other
princes were soon to become his vassals. Courts or chambers
were erected in Metz and Brisac, for reuniting such terri
tories as had ever been members of any part of his new
conquests. They made inquiry into titles buried in the most
remote antiquity. They cited the neighboring princes to ap-
pear before them, and issued decrees, expelling them the con-
tested territories. The important town of Strasbourg, an an-
cient and a free state, was seized by Lewis : Alost was
demanded of the Spaniards, on a frivolous and even ridiculous
pretence ; and upon their refusal to yield it, Luxembourg was
blockaded, and soon after taken.* Genoa had been bombard-
ed, because the Genoese had stipulated to build some galleys
for the Spaniards ; and, in order to avoid more severe treat-
ment, that republic was obliged to yield to the most mortifying
conditions. The empire was insulted in its head and principal
members ; and used no other expedient for redress, than impo-
tent complaints and remonstrances.
Spain was so enraged at the insolent treatment which she
met with, that, without considering her present weak condition,
she declared war against her haughty eueray : she hoped that
the other powers of Europe, sensible of the common danger,
would fly to her assistance. The prince of Orange, whose
ruling passions wore love of war and animosity against France,
seconded every where the applications of the Spaniards. In
the year 1681, he made a journey to England, in order to
engage the king into closer measures with the confederates.
He also proposed to the states to make an augmentation of
their forces ; but several of the provinces, and even the town
of Amsterdam, had been gained by the French, and the pro-
posal was rejected. The prince's enemies derived the most
plausible reasons of their opposition from the situation of
England, and the known and avowed attachments of the
English monarch.
* It appears from Sir John Dalrymple's Appendix, that ihe king re-
ceived from France a million of livres for his connivance at the sci/nrt
of Luxembourg, besides his ordinary pension.
A D I .'^ I | niARLEs vi. 279
No sooner had Charles dismissed his parliament, and em-
braced the resolution of governing by prerogative alone, than
he dropped his new alliance with Spain, and returned to his
former dangerous connections with Lewis. This prince had
even offered to make him arbiter of his differences with Spain ;
and the latter power, sensible of Charles's partiality, had refused
to submit to such a disadvantageous proposal. Whether any
money was now remitted to England, we do not certainly know ;
but we may fairly presume, that the king's necessities were in
some degree relieved by France.* And though Charles had
reason to apprehend the utmost danger from the great, and still
increasing naval power of that kingdom, joined to the weak
condition of the English fleet, no consideration was able to
rouse him from his present lethargy.
It is here we are to fix the point of the highest exaltation
which the power of Lewis, or that of any European prince since
the age of Charlemagne, had ever attained. The monarch
most capable of opposing his progress was entirely engaged
in his interests ; and the Turks, invited by the malecoutents
of Hungary, were preparing to invade the emperor, and to dis-
able that prince from making head against the progress of the
French power. Lewis may even be accused of oversight, in
not making sufficient advantage of such favorable opportuni-
ties, which he was never afterwards able to recall. But that
monarch, though more governed by motives of ambition than
by those of justice or moderation, was still more actuated by
the suggestions of vanity. He contented himself with insult-
* The following passage is an extract from M. Barillon's letters
kept in the Depot ties Affaires etrangeres at Versailles, ft was lately
communicated to the author while in France. "Convention verbalo
arretee le 1 Avril 1GS1. Charles 2 s'engage a ne rien omettre pour
pouvoir faire connoitre a sa majeste quelle avoit raison de prendre
p.onfiance en lui: a. sedegager peu-a-pcude l'alliance avec l'Espagne,
et a. se mettre en etat de ne point etre eontraint par son parlement de
faire quelque chose d'oppose aux nouveaux engagemens qn'il prenoit.
En consequence, le roi promet un subside de deux millions la premiere
des trois annees de cet engagement, et 500,000 ecus les deux autrcs.
se contentant de la parole de sa majeste Britannique, d'agir a regard
de sa majeste eonlbrmement aux obligations qu ; il lui avoit. Le Si-
Hyde demanda que le roi s'engagea a ne point attaquer les pays bas
et nieme Strasbourg, temoignant que le roi son miatre ne pourroit
s'empecher de secourir les pais bas, quand meme son parlement ne
seroit point assemble. M. Barillon lui repondit en termes generaux
par onlre du roi, que sa majeste n'avoit point, intention de rompre la
Daix, et qu'il n'engageroit pas sa majeste Britannique en choses ton-
vairo* i> ses vcritables interels."
280 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. U. 1685
ing and domineering over all the princes and free slates of
Europe ; and he thereby provoked their resentment, without
subduing their power. While every one who approached his
person, and behaved with submission to his authority, was
treated with the highest politeness, all the neighboring poten-
tates had successively felt the effects of his haughty, imperious
disposition. And by indulging his poets, orators, and courtiers
in their flatteries, and in their prognostications of universal em-
pire, he conveyed faster, than by the prospect of his power
alone, the apprehension of general conquest and subjection.
[1G85.] The French greatness never, during his whole
reign, inspired Charles with any apprehensions ; and Clifford,
it is said, one of his most favored ministers, went so far as to
affirm, that it were better for the king to be viceroy under a
great and generous monarch, than a slave to five hundred of
his own insolent subjects. The ambition, therefore, and uncon
trolled power of Lewis were no diminution of Charles's happi-
ness ; and in other respects his condition seemed at present
more eligible than it had ever been since his restoration. A
mighty faction, which had shaken his throne and menaced his
family, was totally subdued ; and by their precipitate indiscre-
tion had exposed themselves both to the rigor of the laws and
to public hatred. He had recovered his former popularity in
the nation ; and, what probably pleased him more than hav-
ing a compliant parliament, he was enabled to govern altogeth-
er without one. But it is certain that the king, amidst all these
promising circumstances, was not happy or satisfied. Whether
he found himself exposed to difficulties for want of money, or
dreaded a recoil of the popular humor from the present arbi-
trary measures, is uncertain. Perhaps the violent, imprudent
temper of the duke, by pushing Charles upon dangerous at
tempts, gave him apprehension and uneasiness. He was over-
heard one day to say, in opposing some of the duke's hasty
counsels, " Brother, I am too old to go again to my travels ;
you may, if you choose it." Whatever was the cause of the
king's dissatisfaction, it seems probable that he was meditating
some change of measures, and had formed a new plan of ad-
ministration. He was determined, it is thought, to send the
duke to Scotland, to recall Monmouth, to summon a parlia-
ment, to dismiss all his unpopular ministers, and to throw him
self entirely on the good wilJ and affections of his subjects.*
* King James's Memoirs contiim th'r riM»or, as also D'Avaux's N«
(jotiations, 14 Dec. Ifi84.
A.D. 1G85.] ciurles n. 2b' 1
Amidst these truly wise and virtuous designs, he was seizec'
with a sudden fit, which resembled an apoplexy ; and though
he was recovered from it by bleeding, he languished only fbi
a few days, and then expired, in the fifty-fifth year of his age,
and twenty-fifth of his reign. He was so happy in a good con-
stitution of body, and had ever been so remarkably careful of
his health, that his death struck as great a surprise into his sub-
jects as if he had been in the flower of his youth. And their
great concern for him, owing to their affection for his person,
as well as their dread of his successor, very naturally, when
joined to the critical time of his death, begat the suspicion of
poison. All circumstances, however, considered, this suspi-
cion must be allowed to vanish ; like many others, of which all
histories are full.
During the few days of the king's illness, clergymen of the
church of England attended him ; but he discovered a total
indifference towards their devotions and exhortations. Catho-
lic priests were brought, and he received the sacrament from
them, accompanied with the other rites of the Romish church.
Two papers were found in his cabinet, written with his own
hand, and containing arguments in favor of that communion
The duke had the imprudence immediately to publish these
papers, and thereby both confirmed all the reproaches of those
who had been the greatest enemies to his brother's measures,
and afforded to the world a specimen of his own bigotry.
If we survey the character of Charles II. in the different
lights which it will admit of, it will appear various, and givt
rise to different and even opposite sentiments. When consid-
ered as a companion, he appears the most amiable and engag-
ing of men ; and indeed, in this view, his deportment must be
allowed altogether unexceptionable. His love of raillery was
so tempered with good breeding, that it was never offensive ;
his propensity to satire was so checked with discretion, that his
friends never dreaded their becoming the object of it : his wit,
to use the expression of one who knew him well, and who was
himself a good judge,* could not be said so much to be very
refined or elevated, qualities apt to beget jealousy and appre
hension in company, as to be a plain, gaining, well-bred, rec*
ommending kind of wit. And though, perhaps, he talked more
than strict rules of behavior might permit, men were so pleased
with the affable, communicative deportment of the monarch,
* Marquis of Halifax.
C$2 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [ A. D. 1685
ihat they always went away contented both with him and
with themselves. This, indeed, is the most shining part of the
king's character ; and he seems to have been sensible of it ; foi
he was fond of dropping the formality of state, and of relapsing
every moment into the companion.
In the duties of private life, his conduct, though not free
from exception, was, in the main, laudable. He was an easy,
generous lover, a civil, obliging husband, a friendly brother, an
indulgent father, and a good-natured master.* The voluntary
friendships, however, which this prince contracted, nay, even
his sense of gratitude, were feeble ; and he never attached
himself to any of his ministers or courtiers with a sincere affec-
tion. He believed them to have no motive in serving him but
self-interest ; and he was still ready, in his turn, to sacrifice
them to present ease or convenience.
With a detail of his private character we must set bounds to
our panegyric on Charles. The other parts of his conduct
may admit of some apology, but can deserve small applause.
He was indeed so much fitted for private life, preferably to
public, that he even possessed order, frugality, and economy
in the former ; was profuse, thoughtless, and negligent in
the latter. When we consider him as a sovereign, his char-
acter, though not altogether destitute of virtue, was in the
main dangerous to his people, and dishonorable to himself.
Negligent of the interests of the nation, careless of its glory,
averse to its religion, jealous of its liberty, lavish of its treas-
ure, sparing only of its blood, he exposed it by his measures,
though he ever appeared but in sport, to the danger of a furious
civil war, and even to the ruin and ignominy of a foreign
conquest. Yet may all these enormities, if fairly and candidly
examined, be imputed, in a great measure, to the indolence of
his temper ; a fault which, however unfortunate in a monarch,
it is impossible for us to regard with great severity.
It has been remarked of Charles that he never said a foolish
thing nor ever did a wise one ; a censure which, though too far
carried, seems to have some foundation in his character and
deportment. When the king was informed of this saying, he
observed that the matter was easily accounted for ; for that
his discourse was his own, his actions were the ministry's.
If we reflect on tli3 appetite for power inherent in human
tature, and add to it the king's education in foreign countries,
* Duke of Buckingham.
A.D. K>^"> ] ciiarles n. 283
and among the cavaliers, a party which would naturally exag-
gerate the late usurpations of popular assemblies upon the
rights of monarchy, it is not surprising that civil liberty should
not find in him a very zealous patron. Harassed with domes
tic faction, weary of calumnies and complaints, oppressed with
debts, straitened in his revenue, he sought, though with feeble
efforts, for a form of government more simple in its structure
and more easy in its management. But his attachment to
France, after all the pains which we have taken by inquiry
and conjecture to fathom it, contains still something, it must
be confessed, mysterious and inexplicable. The hopes of
rendering himself absolute by Lewis's assistance seem so chi
merical, that they could scarcely be retained with such obsti-
nacy by a prince of Charles's penetration : and as to pecuniary
subsidies, he surely spent mnch greater sums in one season,
during the second Dutch war, than were remitted him from
France during the whole course of his reign. I am apt, there-
ibre, to imagine, that Charles was in this particular guided
chiefly by inclination, and by a prepossession in favor of the
French nation. He considered that people as gay, spi - ightly,
polite, elegant, courteous, devoted to their prince, and attached
to the Catholic faith ; and for these reasons he cordially loved
them. The opposite character of the Dutch had rendered
them the objects of his aversion ; and even the uncourtly hu-
mors of the English made him very indifferent towards them.
Our notions of interest are much warped by our affections ,
and it is not altogether without example, that a man may be
guided by national prejudices, who has ever been little biased
by private and personal friendship.
The character of this prince has been elaborately drawn by
two great masters, perfectly well acquainted with him, the
duke of Buckingham and the marquis of Halifax ; not to jnen-
tion several elegant strokes given by Sir William Temple. Dr.
Welwood, likewise, and Bishop Burnet have employed their
pencil on the same subject ; but the former is somewhat par-
tial in his favor, as the latter is by far too harsh and malig-
nant. Instead of finding an exact parallel between Charles
II. and the emperor Tiberius, as asserted by that prelate, it
would be more just to remark a full contrast and opposition.
The emperor seero as much to have surpassed the king in
abilities, as he falls short of him in virtue. Provident, wise,
active, jealous, malignant, dark, sullen, unsociable, reserved,
cruel, unrelenting, unforgiving ; these are the lights undei
231 HISTORY OF ENGLAND [A. D 1686
which the Roman tyrant has been transmitted to us. And the
only circumstance in which it can justly be pretended he was
similar to Charles, is his love of women, a passion which is
too general to form any striking resemblance, and which that
detestable and detested monster shared also with unnatural
appetites.
A.D IGSo.i james n. 28a
CHAPTER LXX.
JAMES II.
CONTEMPORARY MONARCHS.
Exr. or Germany. ', Kino of France. I King of Spain, i Port.
Leopold I. | Lewis XIV. Charles II. I Innocent XI 16M
[1685.] The first act of James's reign was to assemble
the privy council ; where, after some praises bestowed on the
memory of his predecessor, he made professions of his resolu-
tion to maintain the established government, both in church
and state. Though he had been reported, he said, to have im-
bibed arbitrary principles, he knew that the laws of England
were sufficient to make him as great a monarch as he could
wish ; and he was determined never to depart from them.
And as he had heretofore ventured his life in defence of the
nation, he would still go as far as any man in maintaining all
its just rights and liberties.
This discourse was received with great applause, not only
by the council, but by the nation. The king universally pass-
ed for a man of great sincerity and great honor ; and as the
current of favor ran at that time for the court, men believed
that his intentions were conformable to his expressions. " We
aave now," it was said, " the word of a king, and a word never
yet broken." Addresses came from all quarters, full of duty,
nay, of the most servile adulation. Every one hastened to pay
court to the new monarch : * and James had reason to think,
that, notwithstanding the violent efforts made by so potent a
party for his exclusion, no throne in Europe was better estab-
lished than that of England.
* The Quakers' address was esteemed somewhat singular for its
plainness and simplicity. It was conceived in these terms: "We are
come to testify our sorrow for the death of our good friend Charles, and
our joy for thy being made our governor. We are told thou art not of
the persuasion of the church of England, no more than we : wherefore
we hope thou wilt grant us the same liberty which thou allowest tty-
tslf. Which doing, we wish thee all manner of happiness."
286 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A.D. ItiBd
The king, however, in the first exercise of his authority,
showed, that either he was not sincere in his professions of
attachment to the laws, or that he had entertained so lofty
an idea of his own legal power, that even his utmost sincerity
would tend very little to secure the liberties of the people.
All the customs and the greater part of the excise had been
settled by parliament on the late king during life, and conse-
quently the grant was now expired ; nor had the successor any
right to levy these branches of revenue. But James issued a
proclamation, ordering the customs and excise to be paid as
belbre ; and this exertion of power he would not deign to qual-
ify by the least act or even appearance of condescension. It
was proposed to him, that, in order to prevent the ill effects
of any intermission in levying these duties, entries should be
made, and bonds for the sums be taken from the merchants and
brewers ; but the payment be suspended till the parliament
should give authority to receive it. This precaution was rec-
ommended as an expression of deference to that assembly, or
rather to the laws : but for that very reason, probably, it was
rejected by the king ; who thought that the commons would
thence be invited to assume more authority, and would regard
the whole revenue, and consequently the whole power of the
crown, as dependent on their good will and pleasure.
The king likewise went openly, and with all the ensigns of
his dignity, to mass, an illegal meeting : and by this impru
dence he displayed at once his arbitrary disposition, and the
bigotry of his principles ; these two great characteristics of his
reign, and bane of his admistration. He even sent Caryl as
his agent to Rome, in order to make submissions to the pope,
and to pave the way for a solemn readmission of England
into the bosom of the Catholic church. The pope, Innocent
XI., prudently advised the king not to be too precipitate in his
measures, nor rashly attempt what repeated experience might
convince him was impracticable. The Spanish ambassador,
Konquillo, deeming the tranquillity of England necessary foi
the support of Spain, used the freedom to make like remon
stranees. He observed to the king how busy the priests ap
peared at court, and advised him not to assent with too great
facility to their dangerous counsels. "Is it not the custom in
Spain," said James, "for the king to consult with his con-
fessor ?" "\es," replied the ambassador ; " and it is for that
very reason our affairs succeed so ill."
James gavo hopes, on his accession, that he would hold the
A. D. 1685. J james n. 287
balance of power more steadily than his predecessor ; s.nd that
France, instead of rendering England subservient to her ambi-
tious projects, would now meet with strong opposition from
that kingdom. Besides applying himself to business with
industry, he seemed jealous of national honor ; and expressed
great care that no more respect should be paid to the French
ambassador at London, than his own received at Paris. But
these appearances were not sufficiently supported ; and he
found himself immediately under the necessity of falling into
a union with that great monarch, who, by his power as well
as his zeal, seemed alone able to assist him in the projects
lormed ibr promoting the Catholic religion in England.
Notwithstanding the king's prejudices, all the chief offices
of the crown continued still in the hands of Protestants.
Rochester was treasurer ; his brother Clarendon chamberlain ;
Godolphin chamberlain to the queen ; Sunderland secretary
of state ; Halifax president of the council. This nobleman
had stood in opposition to James during the last years of his
brother's reign ; and when he attempted, on the accession, to
make some apology for his late measures, the king told him,
that he would forget every thing past, except his behavior
during the bill of exclusion. On other occasions, however,
James appeared not of so forgiving a temper. When the
principal exclusionists came to pay their respects to the new
sovereign, they either were not admitted, or were received
very coldly, sometimes even with frown . This conduct
might suit the character which the king so much affected, of
sincerity ; but by showing that a king of England could resent
the quarrels of a duke of York, he gavv. his people no high
idea either of his lenity or magnanimity.
On all occasions, the king was open in declaring, that men
must now look for a more active and more vigilant government,
and that he would retain no ministers who did not practise an
unreserved obedience to his commands. We are not indeed
to look for the springs of his administration so much in his
council and chief officers of state, as in his own temper, and
in the character of those persons with whom he secretly con-
sulted. The queen had great influence over him ; a woman
of spirit, whose conduct had been popular till she arrived at
that high dignity. She was much governed by the priests,
especially the Jesuits ; and as these were also the king's
favorites, all public measures were taken originally from the
suggestions of these men, and bore evident marks of theil
ZSS HISTORY OK ENGLAND. [A. D. 1 6?5
ignorance in government, and of the vio ence of their reli-
gious zeal.
The king, however, had another attachment, seemingly not
very consistent with this devoted regard to his queen and to
his priests : it was to Mrs. Sedley, whom he soon after created
countess of Dorchester, and who expected to govern him with
the same authority which the duchess of Portsmouth had pos-
sessed during the former reign. But James, who had enter-
tained the amhition of converting his people, was told, that
the regularity of his life ought to correspond to the sanctity
of his intentions ; and he was prevailed with to remove Mrs.
Sedley from court ; a resolution in which he had not the cour
age to persevere. Good agreement hetween the mistress and
the confessor of princes is not commonly a difficult matter to
compass : but in the present case, these two potent engines of
command were found veiy incompatible. Mrs. Sedley, who
possessed all the wit and ingenuity of her father, Sir Charles,
made the priests and their counsels the perpetual objects of
her raillery ; and it is not to be doubted but they, on their
part, redoubled their exhortations with their penitent to break
off so criminal an attachment.
How little inclination soever the king, as well as his queen
and priests, might bear to an English parliament, it was abso-
lutely necessary, at the beginning of the reign, to summon that
assembly. The Igw condition to which the whigs, or country
party, had fallen during the last years of Charles's reign, the
odium under which they labored on account of the Rye-house
conspiracy ; these causes made that party meet with little
success in the elections. The general resignation, too, of the
charters had make the corporations extremely dependent ; and
the recommendations of the court, though little assisted at that
time by pecuniary influence, were become very prevalent.
The new house of commons, therefore, consisted almost
entirely of zealous tories and churchmen ; and were, of con-
sequence, strongly biased by their affections in favor of the
measures of the crown.
The discourse which the king made to the parliament was
more fitted to work on their fears than their affections. He
repeated, indeed, and with great solemnity, the promise which
he had made before the privy council, of governing according
to the laws, and of preserving the established religion: but at
the same time, he told them, that he positively expected they
Would settle his revenue, and during life too, as in the time of
A..D. 1GS5.J jakes ii. 28S
his brother. " I might use many arguments, said he, " to
enforce this demand ; the benefit of trade, the support of the
navy, the necessities of the crown, and the well-being of the
government itself, which I must not suffer to be precarious : but
I am confident, that your own consideration, and your sense
of what is just and reasonable, will suggest to you whatevei
on this occasion might be enlarged upon. There is indeed
one popular argument," added he, " which may be urged
against compliance with my demand : men may think, that by
feeding me from time to time with such supplies as the}
think convenient, they will better secure frequent meetings of
parliament : but as this is the first time I speak to you from
the throne, I must plainly tell you, that such an expedient
would be very improper to employ with me ; and that the
best way to engage me to meet you often, is always to use
me well."
It was easy to interpret this language of the king's. He
plainly intimated, that he had resources in his prerogative for
supporting the government independent of their supplies ; and
thftt, so long as they complied with his demands, he would
have recourse to them ; but that any ill usage on their part
would set him free from those measures of government, which
he seemed to regard more as voluntary than as necessary. It
must be confessed, that no parliament in England was ever
placed in a more critical situation, nor where more forcible
aiguments could be urged, either for their opposition to the
<*.ourt, or their compliance with it.
It was said on the one hand, that jealousy of royal power
was the very basis of the English constitution, and the princi-
ple to which the nation was beholden for all that liberty which
they enjoy above the subjects of other monarchies : that this
jealousy, though at different periods it may be more or less
intense, can never safely be laid asleep, even under the best
and wisest princes ; that the character of the present sover-
eign afforded cause for the highest vigilance, by reason of
the arbitrary principles which he had imbibed ; and still more,
by reason of his religious zeal, which it is impossible for him
ever to gratify without assuming more authority than the con-
stitution allows him : that power is to be watched in its very
first encroachments ; nor is any thing ever gained by timidity
and submission : that every concession adds new force to
usurpation ; and at the same time, by discovering the das-
tardly dispositions of the people, inspires it with new courage
VOL. VI. N
250 HISTORY OF ENULAN1 [A. D. 16&<D
and enterprise : that as arms were intrusted altogether m tiie
hands of the prince, no check remained upon him but the
dependent condition of his revenue ; a security, therefore,
which it would be the most egregious folly to abandon : that
all the other barriers which of late years had been erected
against arbitrary power, would be found, without this capital
article, to be rather pernicious and destructive : that new limi-
tations in the constitution stimulated the monarch's inclination ■
to surmount the laws, and required frequent meetings of par-
liament, in order to repair all the breaches which either time
or violence may have made upon that complicated fabric :
that recent experience during the reign of the late king, a
prince who wanted neither prudence nor moderation, had suf-
ficiently proved the solidity of all these maxims : that his par-
liament, having rashly fixed his revenue for life, and at the
same time repealed the triennial bill, found that they them-
selves were no longer of importance ; and that liberty, not pro-
tected by national assemblies, was exposed to every outrago
and violation : and that the more openly the king made an
unreasonable demand, the more obstinately ought it to be
refused ; since it is evident, that his purpose in making it
can not possibly be justifiable.
On the other hand, it was urged, that the rule of watching
the very first encroachments of power could only have place
where the opposition to it could be regular, peaceful, and legal .
that though the refusal of the kkig's present demand might
seem of this nature, yet in reality it involved consequences
which led much further than at first sight might be appre-
hended : that the king in his speech had intimated, that he had
resources in his prerogative, which, in case of opposition from
parliament, he thought himself fully entitled to employ : that if
the parliament openly discovered an intention of reducing him to
dependence, matters must presently be brought to a crisis, at a
time the most favorable to his cause which his most sanguine
wishes could ever have promised him : that if we cast our
eyes abroad to the state of affairs on the continent, and to the
situation of Scotland and Ireland ; or, what is of more impor-
tance, if we consider the disposition of men's minds at home ;
every circumstance would be found adverse to the cause of
liberty : that the country party, during the late reign, by /heir
violent, and in many respects unjustifiable measures in parlia-
ment, by their desperate attempts out of parliament, had ex-
jkislm! their principles to general hatred, and had excited
A. D. 1685.] jawes u. 29!
extreme jealousy in all the royalists and zealous churchmen,
who now formed the bulk oi'the nation : that it would not bi!
acceptable to that party to see this king worse treated than his
brother in point of' revenue, or any attempts made to keep the
crown in dependence : that they thought parliaments as liable
to abuse as courts ; and desired not to see things in a situation
where the king could not, if he found it necessary, either pro-
rogue or dissolve those assemblies : that if the present parlia-
ment, by making great concessions, could gain the king's con-
fidence, and engage him to observe the promises now given
them, every thing would by gentle methods succeed to their
wishes : that if, on the contrary, after such instances of com-
pliance, he formed any designs on the liberty and religion of
the nation, he would, in the eyes of all mankind, render himself
altogether inexcusable, and the whole people would join in
opposition to him : that resistance could scarcely be attempted
twice : and there was therefore the greater necessity for wait-
ing till time and incidents had fully prepared the nation for it :
that the king's prejudices in favor of Popery, though in the
main pernicious, were yet so far fortunate, that they rendered
the connection inseparable between the national religion and
national liberty : and that if any illegal attempts were after-
wards made, the church, which was at present the chief sup-
port of the crown, would surely catch the alarm, and would
soon dispose the people to an effectual resistance.
These last reasons, enforced by the prejudices of party,
prevailed in parliament ; and the commons, besides giving
thanks for the king's speech, voted unanimously, that they
would settle on his present majesty during life all the revenue
enjoyed by the late king at the time of his demise. That
they might not detract from this generosity by any symptoms
of distrust, they also voted unanimously, that the house entirely
relied on his majesty's royal word and repeated declarations to
support the religion of the church of England ; but they added,
that that religion was dearer to them than their lives. The
speaker, in presenting the revenue bill, took care to inform the
king of their vote with regard to religion ; but could not, by so
signal a proof of confidence, extort from him one word in
favor of that religion, on which, he told his majesty, they set
bo high a value. Notwithstanding the grounds of suspicion
which this silence afforded, the house continued in the same
liberal disposition. The king having demanded a further sup-
ply for the navy and other purposes they revived those duties
*J2 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1G85.
Oil wines and vinegar which had once been enjoyed by tho
late king ; and they added some impositions on tohacco and
eugar. This grant amounted on the whole to about six hun-
dred thousand pounds a year.
The house of lords w r erc in a humor no less compliant.
They even went some lengths towards breaking in pieces all
the remains of the Popish plot, that once formidable engine
of bigotry and faction.
A little before the meeting of parliament, Oates had been
tried for perjury on two indictments , one for deposing, that
he was present at a consult of Jesuits in London the twenty-
fourth of April, 1679 ; another for deposing, that Father Ire-
land was in London between the eighth and twelfth of August,
and in the beginning of September, in the same year. Never
criminal was convicted on fuller and more undoubted evi-
dence.
Two and twenty persons, who had been students at St. Omers,
most of them men of credit and family, gave evidence, that
Oates had entered into that seminary about Christmas in the year
1678, and had never been absent but one night till the month of
July following. Forty-seven witnesses, persons also of untainted
•haracter, deposed that Father Ireland, on the third of August,
1679, had gone to Staffordshire, where he resided till the mid-
dle of September ; and, what some years before would have
been regarded as a very material circumstance, nine of these
witnesses were Protestants of the church of England. Oates's
sentence was, to be fined a thousand marks on each indict
ment, to be whipped on two different days from Aldgate to
Newgate, and from Newgate to Tyburn, to be imprisoned dur-
ing life, and to be pilloried five times every year. The im-
pudence of the man supported itself under the conviction, and
his courage under the punishment. He made solemn appeals
to Heaven, and protestations of the veracity of his testimony :
though the whipping was so cruel, that it was evidently the
intention of the court to put him to death by that punishment,
he was enabled, by the care of his friends, to recover ; and he
hved to King William's reign, when a pension of four hun-
dred pounds a year was settled on him. A considerable num-
ber still adhered to him in his distresses, and regarded him aa
\he martyr of the Protestant cause. The populace were affect-
ed with the sight of a punishment more severe than is com-
monly inflicted in England. And the sentence of perpctuaj
imprisonment was deemed illegal.
A. D. !GS-5 | james ri c9?
The conviction of Oates's ])evjury was taken notice ol Dy
the house of peers. Besides freeing the Popish lords, Powis,
Arundel, Bellasis, and Tyrone, together with Danby, from the
former impeachment by the commons, they went so far as to
vote a reversal of Stafford's attainder, on account of the false-
hood of that evidence on which he had been condemned.
This tiill fixed so deep a reproach on the former proceeding*
of the exclusionists, that it met with great opposition among
the lords ; and it was at last, after one reading, dropped by
the commons. Though the reparation of injustice be the
second honor which a nation can attain, the present emer-
gence seemed very improper for granting so full a justification
to the Catholics, and throwing so ibul a stain on the Protest-
ants.
The course of parliamentary proceedings was interrupted
by the news of Monmouth's arrival in the west with three
ships from Holland. No sooner was this intelligence con-
veyed to the parliament, than they voted that they would ad-
here to his majesty with their lives and fortunes. They passed
a bill of attainder against Monmouth ; and they granted a
supply of four hundred thousand pounds for suppressing his
rebellion. Having thus strengthened the hands of the king,
they adjourned themselves.
Monmouth, when ordered to depart the kingdom, during tln>
late reign, had retired to Holland ; and as it was well known
that he still enjoyed the favor of his indulgent father, all marks
of honor and distinction were bestowed upon him by the prince
of Orange. After the accession of J ames, the prince thought
it necessary to dismiss Monmouth and all his followers ; and
that illustrious fugitive retired to Brussels. Finding himself
Btill pursued by the king's seventy, he was pushed, contrary to
his judgment as well as inclination, to make a rash and prema-
ture attempt upon England. He saw that James had lately
mounted the throne, not only without opposition, but seemingly
with the good will and affections of his subjects. A parliament
was sitting, which discovered the greatest disposition to comply
with the king, and whose adherence, he knew, would give a
sanction and authority to all public measures. The griev-
ances of this reign were hitherto of small importance ; and the
people were not as yet in a disposition to remark them with
great severity. All these considerations occurred to Mon-
mouth ; but such was the impatience of" his followers. And such
the precipitate humor of Argvle, who set out for Scotland a
£94 msT-RT of engi.anu. [A. D. 1685
little before him, that no reasons could be attended to ; ant
this unhappy man was driven upon his fate.
The imprudence, however, of this enterprise did not at first
appsar. Though on his landing at Lime, in Dorsetshire, he
had scarcely a hundred followers, so popular was his name,
that in four days he had assembled above two thousand horse
and lbct. They were, indeed, almost all of them the lowest
of the people ; and the declaration which he published was
chiefly calculated to suit the prejudices of the vulgar, or the
most bigoted of the whig party. He called the king, duke of
York ; and denominated him a traitor, a tyrant, an assassin,
and a Popish usurper. He imputed to him the lire of Lou
don, the murder of Godfrey and of Essex, nay, the poisoning
of the late king. And he invited all the people to join in op-
position to his tyranny.
The duke of Albemarle, son to him who had restored the
royal family, assembled the militia of Devonshire to the num-
ber of four thousand men, and took post at Axminster, in order
to oppose the rebels ; but observing that his troops bore a great
affection to Monmouth, he thought proper to retire. Mon-
mouth, though he had formerly given many proofs of persona!
courage, had not the vigor of mind requisite for an undertak-
ing of this nature. From an ill-grounded diffidence of his
men, he neglected to attack Albemarle ; an easy enterprise, by
which he might both have acquired credit, and have supplied
himself with arms. Lord Gray, who commanded his horse.
discovtTred himself to be a notorious coward ; yet such was the
softness of Monmouth's nature, that Gray was still continued
in his command. Fletcher of Salton, a Scotchman, a man of
signal probity and fine genius, had been engaged by his repub-
lican principles in this enterprise, and commanded the cavalry
together with Gray ; but being insulted by one who had newly
joined the army, and whose horse he had in a hurry made use
of, he was prompted by passion, to which he was much sub
ject, to discharge a pistol at the man ; and he killed him on
the spot. This incident obliged him immediately to leave the
camp ; and the loss of so gallant an officer was a great preju-
dice to Monmouth's enterprise.
The next station of the rebels was Taunton, a disaffected
town, which gladly and even fondly received them, and rein-
forced them with considerable numbers. Twenty young maids
of some rank presented Monmouth with a pair of colors of their
handiwork, together with a copy of the Bible. Monmouth was
A.D. 1G65.J JA5IE5 u. A y3
here persuaded to take upon him the title of king, and assert
(he legitimacy of his birth ; a claim which he advanced in his
first declaration, but whose discussion he was determined, he
then said, during some time to postpone. His numbers had
now increased to six thousand ; and he was obliged every day,
ibr watit of arms, to dismiss a great many who crowded to his
standard. He entered Bridgewater, Wells, Frome ; and was
proclaimed in all these places : but forgetting, that such des-
perate enterprises can only be rendered successful by the most
adventurous courage, he allowed the expectations of the peo-
ple to languish, without attempting any considerable under-
taking.
While Monmouth, by his imprudent and misplaced caution,
was thus wasting time in the west, the king employed himself
iu making preparations to oppose him. Six regiments of Brit
ish troops were called over from Holland : the army was con-
siderably augmented : and regular forces, to the number of
three thousand men, were despatched under the command of
Feversham and Churchill, in order to check the progress of the
rebels.
Monmouth, observing that no considerable men joined him,
finding that an insurrection which was projected in the citv had
not taken place, and hearing that Argyle, his confederate, wa,"
already deieated and taken, sunk into such despondency, that
he at once resolved to withdraw himself, and leave his un-
happy followers to their fate. His followers expressed more
courage than their leader, and seemed determined to adhere
to him in every fortune. The negligent disposition made by
Feversham, invited Monmouth to attack the king's army at
Sedgemoor, near Bridgewater ; and his men in this action
showed what a native courage and a principle of duty, even when
unassisted by discipline, is able to perform. They threw the
veteran forces into disorder ; drove them from their ground ;
continued the fight till their ammunition failed them ; and would
at last have obtained a victory, had not the misconduct of Mon-
mouth and the cowardice of Gray prevented it. After a com-
bat of three hours, the rebels gave way, and were followed with
(Treat slaughter. About fifteen hundred fell in the battle and
pursuit. And thus was concluded in a few weeks this enter-
prise, rashly undertaken and feebly conducted.
Monmouth fled from the field of battle above twenty miles,
tiU his horse sunk under him. He then changed clothes with
a oeasant in order to conceal himself. The peasant was dis-
£96 HISTORY OF ENG1 AND \ A. D. 1 685
covered by the pursuers, who now redoubled the diligence ol
their search. At last, the unhappy Monmouth was found, lying
m the bottom of a ditch, and covered with fern ; his body de-
pressed with fatigue and hunger; his mind by the memory of
past misfortunes, by the prospect of future disasters. Human
nature is unequal to such calamitous situations ; much more the
temper of a man softened by early prosperity, and accustomed
to value himself solely on military bravery. He burst into
tears when seized by his enemies ; and he seemed still to
indulge the fond hope and desire of life. Though he might
have known from the greatness of his own offences, and the
severity of James's temper, that no mercy could be expected,
he wrote him the most submissive letters, and conjured him to
spare the issue of a brother who had ever been so strongly
attached to his interest. James, finding such symptoms of
depression and despondency in the unhappy prisoner, admitted
him to his presence, in hopes of extorting a discovery of his
accomplices ; but Monmouth would not purchase life, however
loved, at the price of so much infamy. Finding all effort;)
vain, he assumed courage from despair, and prepared himself
for death with a spirit better suited to his rank and character
This favorite of the people was attended to the scaffold with
a plentiful effusion of tears. He warned the executioner not
to fall into the error which he had committed in beheading
Russel, where it had been necessary to repeat the blow. This
precaution served only to dismay the executioner. He struck
a feeble blow on Monmouth, who raised his head from the
block, and looked him in the face, as if reproaching him for his
failure. He gently laid down his head a second time ; and the
executioner struck him again and again to no purpose. He
then threw aside the axe, and cried out that he was incapable
of finishing the bloody office. The sheriff obliged him to re-
new the attempt ; and at two blows more the head was sev-
ered from the body.
Thus perished, in the thirty-sixth year of his age, a nobleman
who, in less turbulent times, was well qualified to be an orna-
ment of the court, even to be serviceable to his country. The
favor of his prince, the caresses of faction, and the allurements
of popularity, seduced him into enterprises which exceeded his
capacity. The good will of the people still followed him in
every fortune. Even after his execution, their lond credulity
flattered them with hopes of seeing him once more at theii
head. They believed, that the person executed was not Mon-
A.D. 1085.] amks u. 2T
mouth, but one, Mho, having the fortune to resemble him near
ly, was willing t;> give this proof of his extreme attachment
and to sutler death in his stead.
This victory, obtained by the king in the commencement
of his reign, would naturally, had it been managed with pru
dence, have tended much to increase his power and authority.
But by reason of the cruelty with which it was prosecuted, and
of the temerity with which it afterwards inspired him, it was
a principal cause of his sudden ruin and downfall.
Such arbitrary principles had the court instilled into all its
servants, that Feversham, immediately after the victory, hang-
ed above twenty prisoners ; and was proceeding in his execu-
tions, when the bishop of Bath and Wells warned him, that
these unhappy men were now by law entitled to a trial, and
that their execution would be deemed a real murder. This
remonstrance, however, did not stop the savage nature of
Colonel Kirke, a soldier of fortune, who had long served at
Tangiers, and had contracted, from his intercourse with the
Moors, an inhumanity less known in European and in free
countries. At his first entry into Bridgewater, he hanged nine-
teen prisoners without the least inquiry into the merits of their
cause. As if to make sport with death, he ordered a certain
number to be executed, while he and his company should
drink the king's health, or the queen's, or that of Chief Justice
Jefleries. Observing their feet to quiver in the agonies of
death, he cried that he would give them music to their dan-
cing ; and he immediately commanded the drums to beat and
the trumpets to sound. By way of experiment, he ordered
one man to be hung up three times, questioning him at each
interval, whether he repented of his crime : but the man obsti
nately asserting, that notwithstanding the past, he still would
willingly engage in the same cause, Kirke ordered him to be
hung in chains. One story, commonly told of him, is memo
rable for the treachery, as well as barbarity, which attended it.
A young maid pleaded for the life of her brother, and flung
herself at Kirke's feet, armed with all the charms which
beauty and innocence, bathed in tears, could bestow upon her.
The tyrant was inflamed with desire, not softened into love or
clemency. He promised to grant her request, provided that
she, in her turn, would be equally compliant to him. The
maid yielded to the conditions : but after she had passed thu
night with him, the wanton savage next morning showed hex
frcxn the window her brother, the darling object for whom she
29d history of englanh. [A. D 1GS5
had sacrificed lier \ r irtue, hanging on a gibhet, which he had
secretly ordered to he there erected for the execution. Rage,
and despair, and indignation took possession of her mind, and
deprived her forever of her senses. All the inhabitants of
that country, innocent as well as guilty, were exposed to the
ravages of this barbarian. The soldiery were let loose to
live at free quarters ; and his own regiment, instructed by his
example, and encouraged by his exhertations, distinguished
themselves in a particular manner by their outrages. By way
of pleasantry, he used to call them his lambs; an appellation
which was long remembered with horror in the west of Eng-
land. The violent JefTeries succeeded after some interval ;
and showed the people, that the rigors of law might equal, if
not exceed, the ravages of military tyranny. This man, who
wantoned in cruelty, had already given a specimen of his
character in many trials where he presided ; and he now set
out with a savage joy, as to a full harvest of death and de-
struction. He began at Dorchester , and thirty rebels being
arraigned, he exhorted them, but in vain, to save him, by their
free confession, the trouble of trying them : and when twenty-
nine were found guilty, he ordered them, as an additional
punishment of their disobedience, to be led to immediate exe-
cution. Most of the other prisoners, terrified with this exam-
ple, pleaded guilty ; and no less than two hundred and ninety-
two received sentence at Dorchester. Of these, eighty were
executed. Exeter was the next stage of his cruelty : two
hundred and forty-three were there tried, of whom a great
number were condemned and executed. He also opened his
commission at Taunton and Wells ; and every where carried
consternation along with him. The juries were so struck with
his menaces, that they gave their verdict with precipitation ;
and many innocent persons, it is said, were involved with the
guilty. And on the whole, besides those who were butchered
hy the military commanders, two hundred and fifty-one are
computed to have fallen by the hand of justice. The whole
country was strowed with the heads and limbs of traitors.
Every village almost beheld the dead carcase of a wretched
inhabitant. And all the rigors of justice, unabated by any
appearance of clemency, were fully displayed to the people
by the inhuman JefTeries.
Of all the executions, during this dismal period, the most
remarkable were those of Mrs. Gaunt and Lady Lisle, who
had been acmsed of harboring traitors. Mrs. Gaunt was ar
A D 1G85 1 james n. 295
Anabaptist, noted for her beneficence, which she extended tu
persons of all professions and persuasions. One of the rebels,
knowing her humane disposition, had recourse to her in hii
distress, and was concealed by her. Hearing of the procla-
mation, which offered an indemnity and rewards to such as
iiscovered criminals, he betrayed his benefactress, and bore
evidence against her. He received a pardon as a recompense
or his treachery ; she was burned alive for her charity.
Lady Lisle was widow of one of the regicides, who had en-
joyed great favor and authority under Cromwell, and who hav-
ing fled, after the restoration, to Lauzanne, in. Switzerland,
was there assassinated by three Irish ruffians, Avho hoped to
make their fortune by this piece of service. His widow was
now prosecuted for harboring two rebels the day after the
battle of Sedgemoor ; and Jefferies pushed on the trial with an
unrelenting violence. In vain did the aged prisoner plead, that
these criminals had been put into no proclamation ; had been
convicted by no verdict ; nor could any man be denominated a
traitor, till the sentence of some legal court was passed upon
him : that it appeared not by any proof, that she was so much
as acquainted with the guilt of the persons, or had heard of
their joining the rebellion of Monmouth : that though she
might be obnoxious on account of her family, it was well
known that her heart was ever loyal ; and that no person in
England had shed more tears for that tragical event, in which
her husband had unfortunately borne too great a share : and
that the same principles which she herself had ever embraced,
iihe had carefully instilled into her son ; and had, at that very
time, sent him to fight against those rebels whom she was now
iccused of harboring. Though these arguments did not move
Jefferies, they had influence on the jury. Twice they seemed
inclined to bring in a favorable verdict : they were as often
sent back with menaces and reproaches ; and at last were con-
strained to give sentence against the prisoner. Notwithstand-
ing all applications for pardon, the cruel sentence was execut-
ed. The king said, that he had given Jefferies a promise not
to pardon her ; an excuse which could serve only to aggravate
the blame against himself.
It might have been hoped that, by all these bloody execu-
tions, a rebellion so precipitate, so ill supported, and of such
6nort duration, would have been sufficiently expiated : but
nothing could satiate the spirit of rigor which possessed the
administration. Even those multitudes who received pardon.
300 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [ A. D. 1GR5
were obliged to atone for their guilt by fines which reduced then;
to beggary ; or where their former poverty made them incapable
of paying, they were condemned to cruel whippings or severe
imprisonments. Nor could the innocent escape the hands, no
less rapacious than cruel, of the chief justice. Prideaux, a
gentleman of Devonshire, being thrown into prison, and dread-
ing the severe and arbitrary spirit which at that time met with
no control, was obliged to buy his liberty of Jefieries at the
price of fifteen thousand pounds ; though he could never so
much as learn the crime of which he was accused.
Goodenough, the seditious under sheriff of London, who had
been engaged in the most bloody and desperate part of the
Rye-house conspiracy, was taken prisoner after the battle of
Sedgemoor, and resolved to save his own life by an accusation
of Cornish, the sheriff, whom he knew to be extremely obnox
ious to the court. Colonel Itumsey joined him in the accusa-
tion ; and the prosecution was so hastened, that the prisoner
was tried, condemned, and executed in the space of a week.
The perjury of the witnesses appeared immediately after ;
and the king seemed to regret the execution of Cornish. He
granted his estate to his family, and condemned the witnesses
to perpetual imprisonment.
The injustice of this sentence against Cornish was not want
ed to disgust the nation with the court : the continued rigor of
the other executions had already impressed a universal hatred
against the ministers of justice, attended with compassion for
the unhappy sufferers, who, as they had been seduced into this
crime by mistaken principles, bore their punk'iment with the
spirit and zeal of martyrs. The people might have been will
ing on this occasion to distinguish between the king and his
ministers : but care was taken to prove, that the latter had done
nothing but what was agreeable to their master. Jefieries, ou
his return, was immediately, for those eminent services, cre-
ated a peer ; and was soon after vested with the dignity of
chancellor. It is pretended, however, with some appearance
of authority, that the king was displeased with these cruelties
and put a stop to them by orders, as soon as proper informa
tion of them was conveyed to him.*
We must now take a view of the state of affairs in Scotland ,
where the liite of Argyle had been decided before that of Mon
laouth. Immediately after the king's accession, a parliament
* Life of Lord Keeper North, p. 260. K. James's Memoirs, p )44
A..D. 1685. J james n. 30i
had been summoned at Edinburgh ; and all affairs were there
conducted by the duke of Queensberry the commissioner, and
the earl of Perth chancellor. The former had resolved to make
an entire surrender of the liberties of his country ; but was de-
termined still to adhere to its religion : the latter entertained
no scruple of paying court even by the sacrifice of both. But
no courtier, even the most prostitute, could go further than the
parliament itself towards a resignation of their liberties. In a
vote, which they called an offer of duty, after adopting the
fabulous history of a hundred and eleven Scottish monarchs,
they acknowledged, that all these princes, by the primary and
fundamental law of the state, had been vested with a solia
and absolute authority. They declared their abhorrence of all
principles and positions derogatory to the king's sacred, supreme,
sovereign, absolute power, of which none, they said, whether
single persons or collective bodies, can participate, but in de-
pendence on him, and by commission from him. They prom-
ised, that the whole nation, between sixteen and sixty, shall
be in readiness for his majesty's service, where and as oft as it
shall be his royal pleasure to require them. And they annexed
the whole excise, both of inland and foreign commodities, for-
ever to the crown.
All the other acts of this assembly savored of the same spirit.
They declared it treason for any person to refuse the test, if
tendered by the council. To defend the obligation of the cov-
enant, subjected a person to the same penalty. To be present
at any conventicle, was made punishable with death and con-
fiscation of movables. Even such as refused to give testimo-
ny, either in cases of treason or nonconformity, were declared
equally punishable as if guilty of those very crimes ; an excel-
lent prelude to all the rigors of an inquisition. It must be
confessed, that nothing could equal the abject servility of the
Scottish nation during this period but the arbitrary severity
of the administration.
It was in vain that Argyle summoned a people so lost to all
sense of liberty, so degraded by repeated indignities, to rise in
vindication of their violated laws and privileges. Even those
who declared for him, were, for the greater part, his own vas-
sals ; men who, if possible, were still more sunk in slavery than
the rest of the nation. He arrived, after a prosperous voy
age, in Argyleshire, attended by some fugitives from Holland ;
among the rest, by Sir Patrick Hume, a man of mild disposi-
tions, whtr had been driven to this extremity by a continued
iU2 history of England [A. U. 1GW
train ot oppression. The privy council was beforehand ap-
prised of Argyle's intentions. The whole militia of the king
dom, to the number of twenty-two thousand men, were already
in arms ; and a third part of them, with the regular lorces, were
on their march to oppose him. All the considerable gentry of
his clan were thrown into prison. And two shipt> vf war were
on the coast to watch his motions. Under all these discourage-
ments he yet made a shift, partly from terror, partly from arlec-
tion, to collect and arm a body of about two thousand five huu
dred men ; but soon found himself surrounded on all sides with
insuperable difficulties. His arms and ammunition were seized :
his provisions cut off: the marquis of Athole pressed him on one
side ; Lord Charles Murray on another ; the duke of Gordon
hung upon his rear ; the earl of Duubarton met him in front.
His followers daily fell off from him ; but Argyle, resolute to
persevere, broke at last with the shattered remains of his troops
into the disaffected part of the low countries, which he had
endeavored to allure to him by declarations for the covenant
No one showed either courage or inclination to join him ; and
his small and still decreasing army, after wandering about lor
a little time, was at last defeated and dissipated without an
enemy. Argyle himself was seized and carried to Edinburgh ;
where, after enduring many indignities with a gallant spirit,
he was publicly executed. He suffered on the ibrmer unjust
sentence which had been passed upon him. The rest of his
followers either escaped or were punished by transportation :
Rumbold and Ayloffe, two Englishmen who had attended
Argyle on this expedition, were executed.
The king was so elated Avith this continued tide of prosperity,
that he began to undervalue even an English parliament, at all
limes formidable to his family ; and from his speech to tlia
assembly, which he had assembled early in the winter, ho seem
to have thought himself exempted from all rules of prudence or
necessity of dissimulation. He plainly told the two houses, that
the militia, which had formerly been so much magnified, was
now found, by experience in the last rebellion, to be altogether
useless ; and he required a new supply, in order to maintain those
additional forces which he had levied. He also took notice,
that he had employed a great many Catholic officers, and that
ae had, in their favor, dispensed with the law requiring the
test to be taken by every one that possessed any public office.
And to cut short all opposition, he declared, that, having
reaped the benefit of their service during such times of danger
A. D. 1683.] james 11. 30
hu was determined neither to expose them afterwards to dis
grace, nor himself, in case of another rebellion, to the want of
their assistance.
Such violent aversion did this parliament bear to opposition,
so great dread had been instilled of the consequences attend-
ing any breach with the king, that it is probable, had he used
his dispensing power without declaring it, no inquiries would
have been made, and time might have, reconciled the nation
to this dangerous exercise of prerogative. But to invade at
once their constitution, to threaten their religion, to establish a
standing army, and even to require them, by their concurrence,
to contribute towards all these measures, exceeded the bounds
of their patience ; and they began, for the first time, to display
some small remains of English spirit and .generosity. When
the king's speech was taken into consideration by the com-
mons, many severe reflections were thrown out against the
present measures ; and the house was with seeming difficulty
engaged to promise, in a general vote, that they would grant
some supply. But instead of finishing that business, which
could alone render them acceptable to the king, they proceed-
ed to examine the dispensing power ; and they voted an address
lo the king against it. Before this address was presented, they
resumed the consideration of the supply ; and as one million
two hundred thousand pounds were demanded by the court,
and two hundred thousand proposed by the country party, a
middle course was chosen, and seven hundred thousand, alter
some dispute, were at last voted. The address against the
dispensing power was expressed in the most respectful and
submissive terms ; yet was it very ill received by the king ;
and his answer contained a flat denial, uttered with great
warmth and vehemence. The commons were so daunted with
this reply, that they kept silence a long time ; and when Coke,
member lor Derby, rose up and said, " I hope we are all Eng-
lishmen, and not to be frightened with a few hard words," so
little spirit appeared in that assembly, often so refractory and
mutinous, that they sent him to the Tower for bluntly expressing
a free and generous sentiment. They adjourned without fixing
a day for the consideration of his majesty's answer : and on
their next meeting, they submissively proceeded to the consid-
eration of the supply, and even went, so far as to establish
funds for paying the sum voted in nine years and a half. The
king, therefore, had in effect, almost without contest or vio-
lence, obtained a complete victory over the commons : and
304 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A.LY 1 0$
that assembly, instead of guarding their liberties, now exposed
to manifest peril, conferred an additional revenue on the
crown ; and, by rendering the king in some degree independ-
ent, contributed to increase those dangers with which they had
so much reason to be alarmed.
The next opposition came from the house of peers, which
has not commonly taken the lead on these occasions ; and even
from the bench of bishops, where the court usually expects the
greatest complaisance and submission. The upper house had
been brought, in the first days of the session, to give general
thanks lor the king's speech ; by which compliment they were
understood, according to the practice of that time, to have
acquiesced in every part of it : yet notwithstanding that step,
Compton, bishop of London, in his own name and that of his
brethren, moved that a day should be appointed for taking the
speech into consideration : he was seconded by Halifax, Not-
tingham, and Mordaunt. Jefleries, the chancellor, opposed the
motion ; and seemed inclined to use in that house the same
arrogance to which on the bench he had so long been accus-
tomed : but he was soon taught to know his place ; and he
proved, by his behavior, that insolence, when checked, nat-
urally sinks into meanness and cowardice. The bishop of
London's motion prevailed.
The king might reasonably have presumed, that, even il the
peers should so far resume courage as to make an application
against his dispensing power, the same steady answer which he
had given to the commons would make them relapse into the
same timidity ; and he might by that means have obtained a
considerable supply, without making any concessions in return
But so imperious was his temper, so lofty the idea which he had
entertained of his own authority, and so violent the schemes
suggested by his own bigotry and that of his priests, that, with-
out any delay, without waiting for any further provocation, he
immediately proceeded to a prorogation. He continued the
parliament during a year and a half by four more prorogations ;
but having in vain tried, by separate applications, to break the
obstinacy of the leading members, he at last dissolved that as-
sembly. And as it was plainly impossible for him to find among
his Protestant subjects a set of men more devoted to royal au-
thority, it was universally concluded, that he intended thence-
forth to govern entirely without parliaments.
Never king mounted the throne of England with greatei
advantages than James ; nay, possessed greater facility, if *lial
A. D. 1655.] James n. 303
were any advantage, of rendering himself and his posterity
absolute : but all these fortunate circumstances t3nded only,
by his own misconduct, to bring more sudden ruin upon him
The nation seemed disposed of themselves to resign their lib-
erties, had he not, at the same time, made an attempt upon their
religion : and he might even have succeeded in surmounting at
once their liberties and religion, had he conducted his schemes
with common prudence and discretion. Openly to declare to
the parliament, so early in his reign, his intention to dispense
with the tests, struck a universal alarm throughout the nation ,
infused terror into the church, which had hitherto been the chief
support of monarchy ; and even disgusted the army, by whose
means alone lie could now purpose to govern. The former
horror against Popery was revived by polemical books and ser-
mons , and in every dispute the victory seemed to be gained by
the Protestant divines, who were heard with more favorable
ears, and who managed the controversy with more learning and
eloquence. But another incident happened at this time, which
tended mightily to excite the animosity of the nation against the
Catholic communion.
Lewis XIV., having long harassed and molested the Prot-
estants, at last revoked entirely the edict of Nantz ; whieh
had been enacted by Henry IV. for securing them the free
exercise of their religion ; which had been declared irrev-
ocable ; and which, during the experience of near a cen-
tury, had been attended with no sensible inconvenience. All
the iniquities inseparable from persecution were exercised
against those unhappy religionists ; who became obstinate in
proportion to the oppressions which they suffered, and either
covered under a feigned conversion a more violent abhorrence
of the Catholic communion, or sought among foreign nations
for that liberty of which they were bereaved in their native
country. Above half a million of the most useful and industri-
ous subjects deserted France ; and exported, together with
immense sums of money, those arts and manufactures which
had chiefly tended to enrich that kingdom. They propagated
everywhere the most tragical accounts of the tyranny exercised
against them ; and revived among the Protestants all that resent-
ment against the bloody and persecuting spirit of Popery, to
which so many incidents in all ages had given too much found-
ation. Near fifty thousand refugees passed over into Eng-
land ; and all men were disposed, from their representations, to
entertain the utmost horror against the projects which thei
SCO HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1683
apprehended to be formed by the king for the abolition of the
Protestant religion. When a prince of so much humanity and
of such signal prudence as Lewis could be engaged, by the
bigotry of his religion alone, without any provocation, to em-
brace such sanguinary and impolitic measures, what might be
dreaded, they asked, from James, who was so much inferior in
these virtues, and who had already been irritated by such obsti-
nate and violent opposition ? - In vain did the king affect to
throw the highest blame on the persecutions in France : in vain
did he afford the most real protection and assistance to the
distressed Hugonots. All these symptoms of toleration were
.regarded as insidious ; opposite to the avowed principles of his
sect, and belied by the severe administration which he himself
had exercised against the nonconformists in Scotland.
The smallest approach towards the introduction of Popery,
must, in the present disposition of the people, have afforded
reason of jealousy ; much more so wide a step as that of dis-
pensing with the tests, the sole security which the nation, being
disappointed of the exclusion bill, found provided against those
dreaded innovations. Yet was the king resolute to persevere in
his purpose ; and having failed in bringing over the parliament,
he made an attempt, with more success, for establishing his
dispensing power by a verdict of the judges. Sir Edward
Hales, a new proselyte, had accepted a commission of colonel ;
and directions were given his coachman to prosecute him for
the penalty of five hundred pounds, which the law, establishing
the tests, had granted to informers. By this feigned action
the king hoped, both from the authority of the decision, and the
reason of the thing, to put an end to all questions with regard
lo his dispensing power.
It could not be expected that the lawyers appointed to plead
against Hales would exert great force on that occasion : but
the cause was regarded with such anxiety by the public, that
it has been thoroughly canvassed in several elaborate dis-
courses ;* and could men divest themselves of prejudice, there
want not sufficient materials on which to form a true judgment.
The claim and exercise of the dispensing power is allowed to
be very ancient in England ; and though it seems at first to
have been copied from Papal usurpations, it may plainly be
traced up as high as the reign of Henry III. In the feudal
* Particularly Sir Edward Herbert's defence in the State Trials, ani
Sir Robert •Ukins's Tncmirv concc-ninir the Dispensing Power.
A. D. 1685.] james n. SOI
governments, men were more anxious to secure thur pri-
vate property than to share in the public administration ; and
provided no innovations were attempted on their rights and
possessions, the care of executing the laws, and insuring gen-
eral safety, was, without jealousy, intrusted to the sovereign.
Penal statutes were commonly intended to arm the prince with
more authority for that purpose : and beiug in the main calcu-
lated for promoting his influence as first magistrate, there
seemed no danger in allowing him to dispense witli their exe-
cution, in such particular cases as might require an exception
or indulgence. That practice had so much prevailed, that the
parliament itself had more than once acknowledged this pre-
rogative of the crown ; particularly during the reign of Henry
V., when they. enacted the law against aliens,* and also
when they passed the statute of provisors.t But though the
general tenor of the penal statutes was such as gave the king
a superior interest in their execution beyond any of his sub-
jects, it could not but sometimes happen in a mixed govern-
ment, that the parliament would desire to enact laws by which
the regal power, in some particulars, even where private prop-
erty was not immediately concerned, might be regulated and
restrained. In the twenty third of Henry VI., a law of this
kind was enacted, prohibiting any man from serving in a county
as sheriff above a year ; and a clause was inserted, by which
•the king was disabled from granting a dispensation. Plain
reason might have taught, that this law, at least, should be
exempted from the king's prerogative: but as the dispensing
power still prevailed in other cases, it was soon able, aided by
the servility of the courts of judicature, even to overpower this
statute, which the legislature had evidently intended to secure
against violation. In the reign of Henry VII., the case was
brought to a trial before all the judges in the exchequer cham-
ber ; and it was decreed, that, notwithstanding the strict clause
above mentioned, the king might dispense with the statute : ho
could first, it was alleged, dispense with the prohibitory clause,
and then with the statute itself. This opinion of the judges,
though seemingly absurd, had ever since passed for undoubted
* Rot. Pari. 1 Hen. V. n. xv.
t Ibid. 1 Hen. V. n. xxii. It is remarkable, however, that in the
leign of Richard II. the parliament granted the king only a temporary
fiosver of dispensing with the statute of provisors. Rot. Pari. 15 Rich
I. n. i.; a plain implication that he had not, of himself, such prerog
tive. So uncertain were many cf these points at that time.
308 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. IGSfl.
law; the practice of continuing the sheriffs had prevailed : and
most of the property in England had been iixed by decis-
ions which juries, returned by such sheriffs, had given in the
courts of judicature. Many other dispensations of a like nature
may be produced ; not only such as took place by intervals.,
but such as were uniformly continued. Thus the law was dis-
pensed with, which prohibited any man from going a judge of
assize into his own county ; that which rendered all Welshmen
incapable of bearing offices in Wales ; and that which required
every one who received a pardon for felony, to find sureties
lor his good behavior. In the second of James I., a new con-
sultation of all the judges had been held upon a like question :
this prerogative of the crown was again unanimously affirmed,*
and it became an established principle in English jurispru-
dence, that, though the king could not allow of what was mor-
ally unlawful, he could permit what was only prohibited by
positive statute. Even the jealous house of commons who ex-
torted the petition of right from Charles L, made no scruple,
by the mouth of Glanville, their manager, to allow of the dis-
pensing power in its full extent ;f and in the famous trial of
ship money, Holborne, the popular lawyer, had freely, and in
the most explicit terms, made the same concession. X Sir Ed
ward Coke, the great oracle of English law, had not only con
curred with all other lawyers in favor of this prerogative, but
seems even to believe it so inherent in the crown, that an act
of parliament itself could not abolish it. $ And he particular-
ly observes, that no law can impose such a disability of enjoy-
ing offices as the king may not dispense with ; because the
king, from the law of nature, has a right to the service of all
his subjects. This particular reason, as well as all the general
principles, is applicable to the question of the tests ; nor can the
dangerous consequence of granting dispensations in that case
be ever allowed to be pleaded before a court of judicature.
Every prerogative of the crown, it may be said, admits of
abuse : should the king pardon all criminals, law must be to-
tally dissolved : should he declare and continue perpetual wai
against all nations, inevitable ruin must ensue : yet the*; pow
ers are intrusted to the sovereign ; and we must be convent, as
* Sir Edward Coke's Reports, seventh report
1 Slate Trials, vol. ii. first edit. p. 205. Pa\I. Fisi wl. v / p 1J2
I State Trials, vol. v. first edit. p. 171.
4 Sir Edward Coke's Reports, twelfth report, p. 18.
A.l). 1G&5.J james u. 309
our ancestors were, to depend upon his prudence and discre-
tion in the exercise of them.
Though this reasoning seems founded on such principles as
are usually admitted by lawyers, the people had entertained
such violent prepossessions against the use which James here
made of his prerogative, that he was obliged, before he brought
on Hales's cause, to displace four of the judges, Jones, Mon-
tague, Charleton, and Nevil ; and even Sir Edward Herbert,
the chief justice, though a man of acknowledged virtue, yet,
because he here supported the pretensions of the crown, was
exposed to great and general reproach. Men deemed a dis-
pensing to be in effect the same with a repealing power ; and
they could not conceive, that less authority was necessary to re-
peal than to enact any statute. If one penal law was dispensed
with, any other might undergo the same fate : and by what
principle could even the laws which define property be after-
wards secured from violation ? The test act had ever been
conceived the great barrier of the established religion under a
Popish successor: as such it had been insisted on by the par-
liament ; as such granted by the king ; as such, during the de-
bates with regard to the exclusion, recommended by the chan-
cellor. By what magic, what chicane of law, is it now anni
hilated, and rendered of no validity ? These questions were
•jvery where asked ; and men, straitened by precedents and
decisions of great authority, were reduced either to question
the autiquity of this prerogative itself, or to assert, that even the
practice of near five centuries could not bestow on it sufficient
authority.* It was not considered, that the present difficulty
or seeming absurdity had proceeded from late innovations in-
troduced into the government. Ever since the beginning of
this century, the parliament had, with a laudable zeal, been
acquiring powers and establishing principles favorable to law
and liberty : the authority of the crown had been limited in
many important particulars : and penal statutes were often cal-
culated to secure the constitution against the attempts of min-
isters, as well as to preserve general peace, and repress crimes
and immoralities. A prerogative, however, derived from very
ancient and almost uniform practice, the dispensing power, stili
remained, or was supposed to remain, with the crown ; suffi-
cient in an instant to overturn this whole fabric, and to throw
down all fences of the constitution. If this prerogative, which
Sir Robert Atkins, p. 21.
820 HISTORY CF ENGLAND. (A.. D. 1C85
carries on the face of it such strong symptoms of an absolute
authority in the prince, had yet, in ancient times, subsisted with
some degree of liberty in the subject, this fact only proves,
that scarcely any human government, much less one erected
in rude and barbarous times, is entirely consistent and uniform
in all its parts. But to expect that the dispensing power could.
ill any degree, be rendered compatible with those accurate
and regular limitations which had of late been established, and
which the people were determined to maintain, was a vain
hope ; and though men knew not upon what principles they
soidd deny that prerogative, they saw that, if they would pre-
serve their laws and constitution, there was an absolute neces-
sity for denying, at least for abolishing it. The revolution
alone, which soon succeeded, happily put an end to all these
disputes : by means of it, a more uniform edifice was at last
erected : the monstrous inconsistence, so visible between the
ancient Gothic parts of the fabric and the recent plans of
liberty, was fully corrected ; and, to their mutual felicity,
king and people were finally taught to know their proper
boundaries.*
Whatever topics lawyers might find to defend James's dis-
pensing power, the nation thought it dangerous, if not fatal, to
liberty ; and his resolution of exercising it may on that account
be esteemed no less alarming, than if the power had been
founded on the most recent and most flagrant usurpation. It
was not likely, that an authority which had been assumed
through so many obstacles, would in his hands lie long idle and
unemployed. Four Catholic lords were brought into the privy
* It is remarkable, that the convention, summoned by the prince
of Orange, did not, even when they had the making of their own terms
in the declaration of rights, venture to condemn the dispensing power
in general, which had been uniformly exercised by the former kings
of England. They only condemned it so far, as it had been asswned
and exercised of lale, without being able to tell wherein the difference
lay. But in the bill of rights, which passed about a twelvemonth after,
the parliament took care to secure themselves more effectually against
a branch of prerogative incompatible with all legal liberty and limita-
tions ; and they excluded, in positive terms, all dispensing power in the
crown. Yet even then the house of lords rejected that clause of the
bill which condemned the exercise of this power in former kings, and
obliged the commons to rest content with abolishing it for the future.
There needs nc other proof of the irregular nature of the old English
government, than the existence of such a prerogative, always exercised
uinl nover questioned, till the acquisition of real liberty discovered, at
last, the danger of it. See the Journals
1. D. 1685] ,ia.mes u. 3IJ
council, Powis, Arundel, Bcllasis, and Dovtr. Halifax, find-
ing that, notwithstanding his past merits, he possessed no real
credit or authority, became refractory in his opposition , and
his office of privy seal was given to Arundel. T)ie king wa?
open, as well as zealous, in the desire of making converts ; and
men plainly, saw, that the only way to acquire his affection and
confidence was by a sacrifice of their religion. Sunderland,
some time after, scrupled not to gain favor at this price.
Rochester the treasurer, though the king's brother-in-law, yet,
because he refused to give this instance of complaisance, was
turned out of his office ; the treasury was put in commission,
and Bellasis was placed at the head of it. All the courtiers
were disgusted, even such as had little regard to religion.
The dishonor, as well as distrust, attending renegades, made
most men resolve, at all hazards, to adhere to their ancient
faith.
In Scotland, James's zeal for proselytism was more success-
ful. The earls of Murray, Perth, and Melfort were brought
over to the court religion; and the two latter noblemen made
use of a very courtly reason for their conversion : they pre'
tended, that the papers found in the late king's cabinet had
opened their eyes, and had convinced them of the preference
due to the Catholic religion. Queensberry, who showed not
the same complaisance, fell into total disgrace, notwithstanding
his former services, and the important sacrifices which he had
made to the measures of the court. These merits could not
even insure him of safety against the vengeance to which he
stood exposed. His rival, Perth, who had been ready to sink
under his superior interest, now acquired the ascendant ; and
all the complaints exhibited against him were totally obliter-
ated. His faith, according to a saying of Halifax, had made
him whole.
But it was in Ireland chiefly that the mask was wholly taken
off, and that the king thought himself at liberty to proceed to
the full extent of his zeal and his violence. The duke of Or-
mond was recalled ; and though the primate and Lord Granard,
two Protestants, still possessed the authority of justices, the
whole power was lodged in the hands of Talbot, the general,
soon after created earl of Tyrconncl ; a man who, from the
blindness of his prejudices and fury of his temper, was trans
ported with the most immeasurable ardor for the Catholic
cause. After the suppression of Monmouth's rebellion, orders
were jriveu bv Tyrcounel to disarm all the Protestants, oa pre
312 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A.D. 1G83
tcnco of securing the public peace, and keeping their arms in
a iew magazines for the use of the militia. Next, the army
was new modelled ; and a great number of officers were dis-
missed, because it was pretended that they or their fathers had
6erved under Cromwell and the republic. The injustice was
uot confined to them. Near three hundred officers more were
afterwards broken, though many of them had purchased their
commissions : about four or five thousand private soldiers,
because they were Protestants, were dismissed ; and being
stripped even of their regimentals, were turned out to starve
in the streets. While these violences were carrying on, Clar-
endon, who had been named lord lieutenant, came over ; bu*.
he soon found, that, as he had refused to give the king the de-
sired pledge of fiaelity by changing his religion, he possessed
no credit or authority. He was even a kind of prisoner in the
hands of Tyfconnel : and as he gave all opposition in his pow-
er to the precipitate measures of the Catholics, he was soon
after recalled, and Tyrconnel substituted in his place. The
unhappy Protestants now saw all the civil authority, as well
as the military force, transferred into the hands of their inveter-
ate enemies ; inflamed with hereditary hatred, and stimulated
by every motive which the passion either for power, property,
or religion could inspire. Even the barbarous banditti were
let loose to prey on them in their present defenceless con-
dition. A renewal of the ancient massacres was apprehended ;
and great multitudes, struck with the best-grounded terror,
deserted the kingdom, and infused into the English nation a
dread of those violences to which, after some time, they might
justly, from the prevalence of the Catholics, think themselves
exposed.
All judicious persons of the Catholic communion were dis-
• gusted with these violent measures, and could easily foresee the
consequenses. But James was entirely governed by the rash
counsels of the queen and of his confessor, Father Peters, a
Jesuit, whom he soon after created a privy counsellor. He
thought too, that, as he was now in the decline of life, it was
necessary for him, by hasty steps, to carry his designs into ex-
ecution ; lest the succession of the princess of Orange should
overturn all his projects. In vain did Arundel, Towis, and
Bellasis. remonstrate, and suggest more moderate and cautious
measures. These men had seen and felt, during the prose-
tion of the Popish plot, the extreme antipathy which the nation
v iorc to their religion ; and though some subsequent incident!
A.D. 1G85.J james ii. 31*
had seemingly allayed that spirit, they knew that the settled
habits of the people were still the same, and that the smallest
mcident was sufficient to renew the former animosity. A
very moderate indulgence, therefore, to the Catholic religion
would have satisfied them ; and all attempts to acquire power,
much more to produce a change jf the national faith, they
deemed dangerous and destructive *
On the first broaching of the Popish plot, the clergy of tin.
church of England had concurred in the prosecution of it, with
the same violence and credulity as the rest of the nation : but.
dreading afterwards the prevalence of republican and Presby-
terian principles, they had been engaged to support the meas
ures of the court ; and to their assistance chiefly, James
had owed his succession to the crown. Finding that all these
services were forgotten, and that the Catholic religion was the
king's sole favorite, the church had commenced an opposition
to court measures ; and Popery was now acknowledged the
more immediate danger. In order to prevent inflammatory
sermons on this popular subject, James revived some directions
to preachers, which had been promulgated by the late king, in
the beginning of his reign, when no design against the national
religion was yet formed, or at least apprehended. But in
the present delicate and interesting situation of the church,
there was little reason to expect that orders'" founded on no
legal authority, would be rigidly obeyed by preachers, who
saw no security to themselves but in preserving the confidence
and regard of the people. Instead of avoiding controversy,
according to the king's injunctions, the preachers every
where declaimed against Popery ; and among the rest, Dr.
Sharpe, a clergyman of London, particularly distinguished
himself, and affected to throw great contempt on those who
had been induced to change their religion by such pitiful
arguments as the Homish missionaries could suggest. This
topic, being supposed to reflect on the king, gave great of-
fence at court ; and positive orders were issued to the bishop
of London, his diocesan, immediately to suspend Sharpe, till
his majesty's pleasure should be further known. The prelate
replied, that he could not possibly obey these commands;
and that he was not empowered, in such a summary manner
to inflict any punishment even upon the greatest delinquent.
But neither this obvious reason, nor the most dutiful sub-
* I* Avaux, January 10, ] C87
VOL. VI. O
?14 rtlSTORY OF ENOLAND. [A . D. 10S5
missions, both of the prelate and of Sharpe himself, could
appease the court. The king was determined to proceed with
violence in the prosecution of this affair. The bishop himself
he resolved to punish for disobedience to his commands ; and
the expedient which he employed for that purpose, was of a
nature at once the most illegal and most alarming.
Among all the engines of authority formerly employed by
the crown, none had been more dangerous or even destructive
to liberty, than the court of high commission, which, togethei
with the star chamber, had been abolished in the reign of
Charles I. by act of parliament ; in which a clause was also
inserted, prohibiting the erection, in all future times, of tint
court, or any of a like nature. But this law was deemed by
James no obstacle; and an ecclesiastical commission was
anew issued, by which seven commissioners* were vested
with full and unlimited authority over the church of England.
On tliera were bestowed the same inquisitorial powers pos-
sessed b / the former court of high commission : they might
proceed upon bare suspicion ; and the better to set the law at
defiance, it was expressly inserted in their patent itself, that
they were to exercise their jurisdiction, notwithstanding any
law or statute to the contrary. The king's design to subdue
the church was now sufficiently known ; and had he been able
to establish the authority of this new-erected court, his success
was infallible. A more sensible blow could not be given both
to national liberty and religion ; aud happily the contest could
not be tried in a cause moi - e iniquitous and unpopular than
that against Sharpe and the bishop of London.
The prelate was cited before the commissioners. After
denying the legality of the court, and claiming the privilege
of all Christian bishops, to be tried by the metropolitan and his
suffragans, he pleaded in his own defence, that as he was
obliged, if he had suspended Sharpe, to act in the capacity of a
judge, he could not, consistent either with law or equity, pro-
nounce sentence without a previous citation and trial : that he
had by petition represented this difficulty to his majesty ; and
not receiving any answer, he had reason to think that hia
petition had given entire satisfaction : that in order to show
* The persons named were, the archbishop of Canterbury, S;m-
erjlt; the bishop of Durham, Crew; of Rochester. Sprat; the carl of
Rochester, Sunderland, Chancellor JcOeries, and Lord Chief Justice
Herbert. The archbishop refused to act, and the bishop of Chcstw
*as substituted in his place.
A.D. 16S5.] james ir 31?
further his deference, he had advised Sharpc lo abstain from
preaching, till he had justified his conduct to the king ; an
advice which, coming from a superior, was equivalent to a
command, and had accordingly met with the proper obedi-
ence : that he had thus, in his apprehension, conformed him
self to his majesty's pleasure ; but if he should still bo found
wanting to his duty in any particular, he was now willing i?
crave pardon, and to make reparation. All this submission,
both in Sharpe and the prelate, had no effect : it was deter
mined to have an example : orders were accordingly sent to the
commissioners to proceed : and by a majority of votes, the
bishop, as well as the doctor, was suspended.
Almost the whole of this short reign consists of attempts,
always imprudent, often illegal, sometimes both, against what-
ever was most loved and revered by the nation : even such
schemes of the king's as might be laudable in themselves,
were so disgraced by his intentions, that they serve only to
aggravate the charge against him. James was become a
great patron of toleration, and an enemy to all those persecut-
ing laws which, from the influence of the church, had been
enacted both against the dissenters and Catholics. Not con-
tent with granting dispensations to particular persons, he as
sumed a power of issuing a declaration of general indulgence,
and of suspending at once all the penal statutes by which a
conformity was required to the established religion. This
was a strain of authority, it must be confessed, quite inconsist-
ent with law and a limited constitution ; yet was it supported
by many strong precedents in the history of England. Even
after the principles of liberty were become more prevalent,
and begun to be well understood, the late king had, oftener
than once, and without giviixg much umbrage, exerted this
dangerous power: he had, in 1662, suspended the execution
of a law which regulated carriages : during the two Dutch
wars, he had twice suspended the act of navigation : and tho
commons, in 1666, being resolved, contrary to the king's
judgment, to enact that iniquitous law against the importation
of Irish cattle, found it necessary, in order to obviate the ex-
ercise of this prerogative, which they desired not at that time
entirely to deny or abrogate, to call that importation a nui-
sance.
Though the former authority of the sovereign was great in
civil affairs, it was still greater in ecclesiastical ; and the whole
despotic power of the popes was often believed, in virtue of
310 HISTORY OF EVGLAND. |A. D. 1G85
the supremacy, to have devolved to the crown. The last par-
liament of Charles L, by abolishing the power of the king and
convocation to frame canons without consent of parliament,
had somewhat diminished the supposed extent of the suprem-
acy ; but still very considerable remains of it, at least very
important claims, were preserved, and were occasionally made
use of by the sovereign. In 16C2, Charles, pleading both the
rights of his supremacy and his suspending power, had grant-
ed a general indulgence or toleration; and, in 1672, he re-
newed the same edict : though the remonstrances of his parlia-
ment obliged him, on both occasions, to retract ; and, in the last
instance, the triumph of law over prerogative was deemed
very great and memorable. In general, we may remark
that, where the exercise of the suspending power was agree-
able and useful, the power itself was little questioned : where
the exercise was thought liable to exceptions, men not only
opposed it, but proceeded to deny altogether the legality of
the prerogative on which it was founded.
James, more imprudent and arbitrai-y than his predecessor,
issued his proclamation, suspending all the penal laws in
ecclesiastical affairs, and granting a general liberty of con-
science to all his subjects. He was not deterred by the reflec-
tion, both that this scheme of indulgence was already blasted
by two fruitless attempts ; and that in such a government as
that of England, it was not sufficient that a prerogative be
approved of by some lawyers and antiquaries : if it was con
demned by the general voice of the nation, and yet was still
exerted, the victory over national liberty was no less signal
than if obtained by the most flagrant injustice and usurpation.
These two considerations, indeed, would rather serve to
iecommend this project to James ; who deemed himself supe
rior in vigor and activity to his brother, and who probably
thought that his people enjoyed no liberties but by his royal
concession and indulgence.
In order to procure a better reception for his edict of toler-
ation, the king, finding himself opposed by the church, began
to pay court to the dissenters ; and he imagined that, by play-
ing one party against another, he should easily obtain the vic-
tory over both : a refined policy which it much exceeded his
capacity to conduct. His intentions were so obvious, that it
was impossible for him ever to gain the sincere confidence
And regard of the nonconformists. They knew that the geniuff
oi their religion was diametrically opposite to that of the Cath-
A. J) 1685.] james ii. 31?
slics, the sole object of the king's affection. They weie sensi-
ble that both the violence of his temper, and the maxims of
his religion, were repugnant to the principles of toleration.
They had seen that, on his accession, as well as during h'u
brother's reign, he had courted the church at their expense ;
and it was not till his dangerous schemes were rejected by tha
prelates, that he had recourse to the nonconformists. All his
favors, therefore, must, to every man of judgment among the
sectaries, have appeared insidious : yet such was the pleasure
reaped from present ease, such the animosity of the dissenters
against the church, who had so long subjected them to the
rigors of persecution, that they every where expressed the
most entire duty to the king, and compliance with his meas
ures ; and could not forbear rejoicing extremely in the present
depression of their adversaries.
But had the dissenters been ever so much inclined to shut
their eyes with regard to the king's intentions, the manner of
conducting his scheme in Scotland was sufficient to discover
the secret. The king first applied to the Scottish parliament,
and desired an indulgence for the Catholics alone, without
comprehending the Presbyterians: but that assembly, though
more disposed than even the parliament of England to sacri-
fice their civil liberties, resolved likewise to adhere pertina-
ciously to their religion ; and they rejected, for the first time,
the king's application. James therefore found himself obliged
to exert his prerogative ; and he now thought it prudent to
interest a party among his subjects, besides the Catholics, in
supporting this act of authority. To the surprise of the
harassed and persecuted Presbyterians, they heard the princi-
ples of toleration every where extolled, and found that full per-
mission was granted to attend conventicles ; an offence which,
even during this reign, had been declared no less than a cap-
ital enormity. The king's declaration, however, of indulgence,
contained clauses sufficient to depress their joy. As if Popery
v/ere already predominant, he declared, " that he never would
use force or invincible necessity against any man on account
of his persuasion of the Protestant religion ;" a promise, surely,
of toleration given to the Protestanls with great precaution, and
admitting a considerable latitude iar persecution and violence
It is likewise remarkable, that the king declared in express
terms, " that he had thought tit, by his sovereign authority,
prerogative royal, and absolute power, which all his subjects
were to obey, withoitt reserve, to grant this royal toleration "
J 5 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. lG8i>
The dangerous designs of other princes are to be collected
by a comparison of their several actions, or by a discovery of
their more secret counsels : but so blinded was James with
"seal, so transported by his imperious temper, that even his
proclamations and public edicts contain expressions which,
without further inquiry, may suffice to his condemnation.
The English well knew that the king, by the constitution of
their government, thought himself entitled, as indeed he was,
to as ample authority in his southern as in his northern king-
dom ; and therefore, though the declaration of indulgence
published for England was more cautiously expressed, they
could not but be alarmed by the arbitrary treatment to which
their neighbors were exposed. It is even remarkable, that the
English declaration contained clauses of a strange import. The
king there promised, that he would maintain his loving sub-
jects in all their properties and possessions, as well of church
and abbey lands as any other. Men thought that, if the full
establishment of Popery were not at hand, this promise was
quite superfluous ; and they concluded, that the king was so
replete with joy on the prospect of that glorious event, that he
could not. even for a moment, refrain from expressing it.
But what afforded the most alarming prospect, was the con-
tinuance and even increase of the violent and precipitate con-
duct of affairs in Ireland. Tyrconnel was now vested with
full authority ; and carried over with him as chancellor one
Fitton, a man who was taken from a jail, and who had been con-
victed of forgery and other crimes, but who compensated for
all his enormities by a headlong zeal for the Catholic religion.
He was even heard to say from the bench, that the Protestanls
were all rogues, and that there was not one among forty thou-
sand that was not a traitor, a rebel, and a villain. The whole
strain of the administration was suitable to such sentiments.
The Catholics were put in possession of the council-table, of
the courts of judicature, and of the bench of justices. In order
to make them masters of the parliament, the same violence
was exercised that had been practised in England. The
charters of Dublin and of all the corporations were annulled ,
and new charters were granted, subjecting the corporations
to the will of the sovereign. The Protestant freemen were
expelled, Catholics introduced ; and the latter sect, as they
always were the majority in number, were now invested with
the whole power of the kingdom. The act of settlement was
the only obstacle to their enjoying the whole property : and
A.D. 1686.] james n 319
Tyrconnel had formed a scheme for calling a parliament, in
order to reverse that act, and empower the king to bestow all
the lands of Ireland on his Catholic subjects. But in this
scheme he met with opposition from the moderate Catholics in
the king's council. Lord Bellasis went even so far as to affirm
with an oath, " that that fellow in Ireland was fool and madman
enough to ruin ten kingdoms." The decay of trade, from the
desertion of the Protestants, was represented ; the sinking of
the revenue ; the alarm communicated to England : and by
these considerations the king's resolutions were for some time
suspended ; though it was easy to foresee, from the usual
tenor of his conduct, which side would at last preponderate.
But the king was not content with discovering in his own
kingdoms the imprudence of his conduct : he was resolved that
all Europe should be witness to it. He publicly sent the earl
of Castlemaine ambassador extraordinary to Rome, in order
to express his obeisance to the pope, and to make advances for
reconciling his kingdoms, in form, to the Catholic communion.
Never man, who came on so important an errand, met with so
many neglects, and even affronts, as Castlemaine. The pon-
tiff; instead of being pleased with this forward step, concluded,
that a scheme conducted with so much indiscretion, could
never possibly be successful. And as he was engaged in a
violent quarrel with the French monarch, a quarrel which in-
terested him more nearly than the conversion of England, ht
bore little regard to James, whom he believed too closely con
nected with his capital enemy.
The only proof of complaisance which James received
from the pontiff, was his sending a nuncio to England, in
return lor the embassy. By act of parliament, any communi-
cation with the pope was made treason : yet so little regard
did the king pay to the laws, that he gave the nuncio a public
and solemn reception at Windsor. The duke of Somerset,
one of the bed-chamber, because he refused to assist at this
ceremony, was dismissed from his employment. The nuncio
resided openly in London during the rest of this reign. Four
Calholic bishops were publicly consecrated in the king's chapel,
aud sent out, under the title of vicars apostolical, to exercise
lha episcopal function in their respective dioceses. Their
pastoral letters, directed to the lay Catholics of England, were
printed and dispersed by the express allowance and permission
of the king. The regular clergy of that communion appeared
Jt court in the habits of their order ; and some of them wcn>
320 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. 1>. 16^5
bo indiscreet as to boast, that, in a little time, they hoped tf
walk in procession through the capital.
While the king shocked in the most open manner all the
principles and prejudices of his Protestant subjects, he could
not sometimes but be sensible, that he stood in need of theii
assistance for the execution of his designs. He had himself,
by virtue of his prerogative, suspended the penal laws, and
dispensed with the test ; but he would gladly have obtained
the sanction of parliament to these acts of power ; and he
knew that, without this authority, his edicts alone would never
afford a durable security to the Catholics. He had employed,
therefore, with the members of parliament many private con-
ferences, which were then called " closetings ;" and he used
every expedient of reasons, menaces, and promises to break
their obstinacy in this particular. Finding all his efforts fruit-
less, he had dissolved the parliament, and was determined to
call a new one, from which he expected more complaisance
and submission. By the practice of annulling the charters,
the king was become master of all the corporations, and could
at pleasure change every where the whole magistracy. The
church party, therefore, by whom the crown had been hitherto
so remarkably supported, and to whom the king visibly owed
his safety from all the efforts of his enemies, was deprived of
auihority ; and the dissenters, those very enemies, were first in
London, and afterwards in every other corporation, substituted
in their place. Not content with this violent and dangerous
innovation, the king appointed certain regulators to examine,
the qualifications of electors ; and directions were given them
to exclude all such as adhered to the test and penal statutes.*
Queries to this purpose were openly proposed in all places, in
order to try the sentiments of men, and enable the king to
judge of the proceedings of the future parliament. The power
of the crown was at this time so great, and the revenue,
managed by James's frugality, so considerable and independ-
ent, that, if he had embraced any national party, he had
been insured of success, and might have carried his authority
to what length he pleased. But the Catholics, to whom he had
* The elections in some places, particularly in York, were trans-
ferred from the people to the magistrates, who, by the new charter,
were all named by the crown. Sir John Reresby's Memoirs, p. 272.
This was in reality nothing different from the king's naming the
members. The same act of authority had been employed in «U th«
boroughs of Scotland.
A.D. 1 G 35 J JAMES II. .'i21
entirely devoted himself, were scarcely the hundredth part of
the people. Even the Protestant nonconformists, whom he so
much courted, were little more than the twentieth ; and, what
was worse, reposed no confidence in the unnatural illiance
contracted with the Catholics, and in the principles of tolera-
tion, which, contrary to their usual practice in all ages, seemed
at present to be adopted by that sect. The king, therefore,
finding little hopes of success, delayed the summoning of a
parliament, and proceeded still in the exercise of his illegal
and arbitrary authority.
The whole power in Ireland had been committed to Catho-
lics. In Scotland, all the ministers whom the king chiefly
trusted, were converts to that religion. Every great office in
England, civil and military, was gradually transferred from
the Protestants. Rochester and Clarendon, the king's brothers-
in-law, though they had ever been faithful to his interests,
could not, by all their services, atone for their adherence to
the national religion ; and had been dismissed from their
employments. The violent Jefferies himself, though he had
sacrificed justice and humanity to the court, yet, because he
refused also to give up his religion, was declining in favor and
interest. Nothing now remained but to open the door in the
church and universities to the intrusion of the Catholics. It
was not long before the king made this rash effort ; and by
constraining the prelacy and established church to seek protec-
tion in the principles of liberty, he at last left himself entirely
without friends and adherents.
Father Francis, a Benedictine, was recommended by the
king's mandate to the university of Cambridge for the degree
of master of arts; and as it was usual for the university to
confer that degree on persons eminent for learning, without
regard to their religion ; ai.d as they had even admitted lately
the secretary to the ambassador of Morocco ; the king on that
account thought himself the better entitled to compliance.
But the university considered, that there was a great differ-
ence between a compliment bestowed on foreigners, and
degrees which gave a title to vote in all the elections and
statutes of the university, and which, if conferred on the
Catholics, would infallibly in time render that sect entirely
superior. They therefore refused to obey the king's man-
date, and were cited to appear before the court of ecclesias-
tical commission. The vice-chancellor was suspended by that
court; but as the university chose a man of spirit to succeed
322 HISTORY OF BNGLAJTCV [A. D. l(>So
nun, the king thought proper for the preser.t to drop hid pro-
tensions.
The attempt upon the university of Oxford was prosecuted
w,th more inflexible obstinacy, and was attended with more
important consequences. This university had lately, in their
famous decree, made a solemn profession of passive obe-
dience ; and the court, pre bably, expected that they would
show their sincerity when their turn came to practise that
doctrine ; which, though, if carried to the utmost extent,
it be contrary both to reason and to nature, is apt to meet
with the most effectual opposition from the latter principle
The president of Magdalen College, one of the richest
foundations in Europe, dying about this time, a mandate was
sent in favor of Farmer, a new convert, but one who, besides
his being a Catholic, had not in other respects the qualifications
required by the statutes for enjoying that office. The fellows
of the college made submissive applications to the king for
recalling his mandate ; but before they received an answer,
the day came on which, by their statutes, they were obliged
to proceed to an election. They chose Dr. Hough, a man of
virtue, as well as of the firmness and vigor requisite for main-
taining his own rights and those of the university. Ja order
to punish the college for this contumacy, as it was called, an
inferior ecclesiastical commission was sent down, and the new
president and the fellows were cited before it. So little regard
had been paid to any consideration besides religion, that Far-
mer, on inquiry, was found guilty of the lowest and most
scandalous vices ; insomuch that even the ecclesiastical com
missioners were ashamed to insist on his election. A new
mandate, therefore, was issued in favor of Parker, lately
created bishop of Oxford, a man of a prostitute character, but
who, like Farmer, atoned for all his vices by his avowed will-
ingness to embrace the Catholic religion. The college repre-
sented, that all presidents had ever been appointed by election,
and there were few instances of the king's interposing by
his recommendation in favor of any candidate : that, having
already made a regular election of a president, they could
lot deprive him of his office, and, during his lifetime, sub-
stitute any other in his place: that, even if there were a
vacancy, Parker, by the statutes of their founder, could not be
chosen : that they had all of them bound themselves by oath
to observe these statutes, and never on any account to accept
of a dispensation ; a- d that the college had at all times so
AD 1688.] james ji. 323
Much distinguished itself by its loyalty, that nothing but the
most invincible necessity could now oblige them to oppose his
majesty's inclinations. All these reasons availed them nothing.
The president and all the fellows, except two who complied,
were expelled the college ; and Parker was put in possession
of the office. This act of violence, of all those which were
committed during the reign of James, is perhaps the most
illegal and arbitrary. When the dispensing power was the
most strenuously insisted on by court lawyers, it had still been
allowed that the statutes which regard private property could
not legally be infringed by that prerogative : yet in this instance
it appeared, that even these were not now secure from inva-
sion. The privileges of a college are attacked : men are ille-
gally dispossessed of their property, lor adhering to their duty,
to their oaths, and to their religion : the fountains of the church
are attempted to be poisoned ; nor would it be long, it was
concluded, ere all ecclesiastical, as well as civil preferments,
would be bestowed on such as, negligent of honor, virtue, and
sincerity, basely sacrificed their faith to the reigning supersti-
tion. Such were the general sentiments : and as the univer-
sities have an intimate connection with the ecclesiastical estab- \
lishments, and mightily interest all those who have there r«- j
ceived their education, this arbitrary proceeding begat a uni-
versal discontent against the king's administration.
The next measure of the court was an insult still more
open on the ecclesiastics, and rendered the breach between
the king, and that powerful body fatal as well as incurable. It
is strange that James, when he felt, from the sentiments of his
own heart, what a mighty influence religious zeal had over him,
should yet be so infatuated as never once to suspect, that it
might possibly have a proportionable authority over his sub-
jects. Could he have profited by repeated experience, he had
seen instances enough of their strong aversion to that commu-
nion, which, from a violent, imperious temper, he was deter-
mined, by every possible expedient, to introduce into his king
doms.
[1688.] The king published a second declaration of in-
dulgence, almost in the same terms with the former ; aud
he subjoined an order, that, immediately after divine service,
it should be read by the clergy in all the churches. As they
were known universally to disapprove of the use made of the
suspending power, this clause, they thought, could be meant
tnly as an insult upon them ; and they were sensible, tha-
521 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [AD. 1GS8
by their corrjpliauce, they should expose themselves both to
public contempt, on account of their tame behavior, and to
public hatred, by their indirectly patronizing so obnoxious a
prerogative.* They were determined, therefore, almost uni
versally, to preserve the regard of the people ; their only pro-
tection, while the laws were become of so little validity, and
while the court was so deeply engaged in opposite interests.
In order to encourage them in this resolution, six prelates,
namely, Lloyde bishop of St. Asaph, Ken of Bath and Wells,
Turner of Ely, Lake of Chichester, White of Peterborough,
and Trelawney of Bristol, met privately with the primate, and
concerted the form of a petition to the king. They thens
represent, in few words, that, though possessed of the highest
sense of loyalty, a virtue of which the church of England
had given such eminent testimonies ; and though desirous of
affording ease in a legal way to all Protestant dissenters ; yet,
because the declaration of indulgence was founded on a
prerogative formerly declared illegal by parliament, they
could not, in prudence, honor, or conscience, so far make
themselves parties, as the distribution of it all over the
kingdom would be interpreted to amount to. They therefore
besought the king, that he would not insist upon their reading
that declaration, t
* When Charles dissolved his last parliament, he set forth a declara-
tion, giving his reasons lor that measure, and this declaration the clergy
had been ordered to read to t lie people after divine service. These
orders were agreeable to their party prejudices, and they willingly sub-
mitted to them. The contrary was now the case.
t The words of the petition were : That the great averseness
found in themselves to their distributing and publishing in all theii
churches your majesty's late declaration for liberty of conscience
proceeds neither from any want of duty and obedience to your
majesty, (our holy mother the church of England, being both in
her principles and her constant practice unepjestionably loyal, and
having to hsr great honor been more than once publicly acknowl-
edged to be so by your gracious majesty,) nor yet from any want of
tenderness to dissenters, in relation to whom we are willing to come
to such a temper as shall be thought fit, when the matter shall bo
considered and settled in parliament and convocation ; but, among
many other considerations, from this especially, because that declara-
tion is founded upon such a dispensing power as hath been often de-
clared Hlegaj in parliament, and particularly in the years 1GG2 and
1672, and in the beginning of your majesty's reign, and is a matter
of so great moment and consequence to the wholo nation both in
church and state, that your petitioners cannot, in pru.lence, honor,
or conscience, so far make themso.ves partios to it a^' a distribution
A.V. 1688. | james n.. 32a
The king was incapable, not only of yielding to the greatest
opposition, but of allowing the slightest and most respcctfu
contradiction to pass uncensured. He immediately embraced
a resolution (and his resolutions, when once embraced, were
inflexible) of punishing the bishops, for a petition so popular
in its matter, and so prudent and cautious in the expression.
Ae the petition was delivered him in private, he summoned
tham before the council ; and questioned them whether they
would acknowlsdge it. The bishops saw his intention, and
seemed long desirous to decline answering ; but being pushed
by the chancellor, they at last avowed the petition. On their
refusal to give bail, an order was immediately drawn lor their
commitment to the Tower ; and the crown lawyers received
directions to prosecute them lor the seditious libel which, it
was pretended, they had composed and uttered.
The people were already aware of the danger to which the
prelates were exposed ; and were raised to the highest pitch
of anxiety and attention with regard to the issue of this
extraordinary affair. But when they beheld these fathers of
the church brought from court under the custody of a guard,
when they saw them embark in vessels on the river, and con-
veyed towards the Tower, all their affection for liberty, all
their zeal for religion, blazed up at once ; and they flew to
behold this affecting spectacle. The whole shore was covered
with crowds of prostrate spectators, who at once implored the
blessing of those holy pastors, and addressed their petitions
towards heaven for protection during this extreme danger to
which their country and their religion stood exposed. Even
the soldiers, seized with the contagion of the same spirit,
flung themselves on their knees before the distressed prel-
ates and craved the benediction of those criminals whom they
were appointed to guard. Some persons ran into the water,
that they might participate more nearly in those blessings
which the prelates were distributing on all around them. The
bishops themselves, during this triumphant suffering, augment-
ed the general favor, by the most lowly, submissive deport-
ment ; and they still exhorted the people to fear God, honor
the king, and maintain their loyalty ; expressions more
animating than the most inflammatory speeches. And no
cf it all over the nation, and the solemn publication of it once and again,
even in God's house, and in the time of divine service, must amount tc
«n common and reasonable construction
326 HISTORY 05 ENGLAND. [A. D. 1683
sooner had they entered the precincts of the Tower than they
hurried to chapel, in order to return thanks for those afflictions
which heaven, in defence of its holy cause, had thought them
worthy to endure.
Their passage, when conducted to their trial, was, if possible,
attended by greater crowds of anxious spectators. All men
saw the dangerous crisis to which affairs were reduced, and
were sensible, that the king could not have put the issue on
a cause more unfavorable for himself than that in which he
had so imprudently engaged. Twenty-nine temporal peers
(for the other prelates kept aloof) attended the prisoners to
Westminster Hall ; and such crowds of gentry followed the
procession, that scarcely was any room left for the populace
to enter. The lawyers for the bishops were, Sir Robert
Sawyer, Sir Francis Pemberton, Pollexfen, Treby, and Som-
mers. No cause, even during the prosecution of the Popish
plot, was ever heard with so much zeal and attention. The
popular torrent, which of itself ran fierce and strong, was now
further irritated by the opposition of government.
The council for the bishops pleaded, that the law allowed
subjects, if they thought themselves aggrieved in any par-
ticular, to apply by petition to the king, provided they kept
within certain bounds, which the same law prescribed to them,
and which, in the present petition, the prelates had strictly
observed : that an active obedience in cases which were
contrary to conscience, was never pretended to be due tc
government ; and law was allowed to be the great measure of
the compliance and submission of subjects : that when any
person found commands to be imposed upon him which he
could not obey, it was more respectful in him to offer his
reasons for refusal, than to remain in a sullen and refractory
ijilence : that it was no breach of duty in subjects, even
though not called upon, to discover their sense of public
measures, in which every one had so intimate a concern
that the bishops in the present case were called upon, and
must either express their approbation by compliance, or their
disapprobation by petition : that it could be no sedition to deny
the prerogative of suspending the laws ; because there really
was no such prerogative, nor ever could be, in a legal an
iunited government : that even if this prerogative were real
it had yet been frequently controverted before the whole nation,
both hi Westminster Hall and in both houses of parliament ;
and no one had ever dreamed of punishing the denial of ii
A.I). 1088.] james ii. 327
as criminal : that the prelates, instead of making an appeal to
the people, had applied in private to his majesty, and had even
delivered their petition so secretly, that, except hy the con-
fession extorted from them before the council, it was found
impossible to prove them the authors : and that though the
petition was afterwards printed and dispersed, it was not so
much as attempted to be proved that they had the least knowl-
edge of the publication.
These arguments were convincing in themselves, and were
neard with a favorable disposition by the audience. Even
some of the judges, though their seats were held during
pleasure, declared themselves in favor of the prisoners.
The jury, however, from what cause is unknown, took several
hours to deliberate, and kept, during so long a time, the
people in the most anxious expectation. But when the wished-
for verdict, not guilty, was at last pronounced, the intelli-
gence was echoed through the hall, was conveyed to the
crowds without, was carried into the city, and was propa-
gated with infinite joy throughout the kingdom.
Ever since Monmouth's rebellion, the king had every summer
encamped his army on Hounslow Heath, that he might both im-
prove their discipline, and by so unusual a spectacle overawe
the mutinous people. A Popish chapel was openly erected in
the midst of the camp ; and great pains were taken, though in
vain, to bring over the soldiers to that communion. The lew
converts whom the priests had made, were treated with such
contempt and ignominy, as deterred every one from following
the example. Even the Irish officers, whom the king intro-
duced into the army, served rather, from the aversion borne
them, to weaken his interest among them. It happened, that
the very day on which the trial of the bishops was finished,
James had reviewed the troops, and had retired into the tent of
Lord Feversham, the general ; when he was surprised to hear a
great uproar in the camp, attended with the most extravagant
symptoms of tumultuary joy. He suddenly inquired the cause,
and was told by Feversham, " It was nothing but the rejoicing
of the soldiers lor the acquittal of the bishops." " Do you call
that nothing ?" replied he : " but so much the worse for them."
The king was still determined to rush forward in the same
course in which he was already, by his precipitate career, so
fatally advanced. Though he knew that every order of men,
except a handful of Catholics, were enraged at his past meas-
ures, and still more terrified with the future prospect ; though
328 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1G83
he saw that the same discontents had reached the army, hi»
sole iesource during the general disaffection ; yet was he inca-
pable of charging his measures, or even of remitting his vio-
lence in the prosecution of them. He struck out two of the
judges, Powel and Hollo way, who had appeared to favor the
bishops : he issued orders to prosecute all those clergymen
who had not read his declaration ; that is, the whole church of
England, two hundred excepted : he sent a mandate to the
new fellows whom he had obtruded on Magdalen College, to
elect for president, in the room of Parker, lately deceased,
one Gilford, a doctor of the Sorbonne, and titular bishop of
Madura : and he is even said to have nominated the same per-
son to the see of Oxford. So great an infatuation is perhaps
an object of compassion rather than of anger ; and is really
surprising in a man who, in other respects, was not wholly
deficient in sense and accomplishments.
A few days before the acquittal of the bishops, an event
happened which, in the king's sentiments, much overbalanced
all the mortifications received on that occasion. The queen
was delivered of a son, who was baptized by the name of
James. This blessing was impatiently longed for, not only
by the king and queen, but by all the zealous Catholics both
abroad and at home. They saw, that the king was past mid-
dle age ; and that on his death the succession must devolve to
the prince and princess of Orange, two zealous Protestants,
who would soon replace every thing on ancient foundations.
Vows, therefore, were offered at every shrine for a male
successor : pilgrimages were undertaken, particularly one to
Loretto, by the duchess of Modena ; and success was chiefly
attributed to that pious journey. But in proportion as this
event was agreeable to the Catholics, it increased the disgust of
the Protestants, by depriving them of that pleasing though some-
what distant prospect, in which at present they flattered them-
selves. Calumny even went so far as to ascribe to the king the
design of imposing on the world a supposititious child, who might
be educated in his principles, and after his death support the
Catholic religion in his dominions. The nation almost univer-
sally believed him capable, from bigotry, of committing any
crime ; as they had seen that, from like motives, he was guilty
of every imprudence : and the affections of nature, they thought
would be easily sacrificed to the superior motive of propagating
a Catholic and orthodox faith. The present occasion was not
tbe first when that calumny had been invented. In the yeai
A.D. 1GS8.| JAMES I!. 'V^
1682, the queen, then duchess of York, had heen pregnant;
and rumors were spread that an imposture would at that time
be obtruded upon the nation : but happily, the infant proved a
female, and thereby spared the party all the trouble of sup-
porting their improbable fiction *
* This story is taken notice of in a weekly paper, the Observator,
published at that very time, 23d of August, 1682. Party zeal is
capable of swallowing the most incredible story; but it is surely
singular, that the same calumny, when once baffled, should yet bf
renewed with such success.
830 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. TAD. 1688
CHAPTER LXXI.
JAMES II.
[1688.] While every motive, civil and religious, concurred
to alienate from the king every rank and denomination of
men, it might be expected that his throne would, without delay,
fall to pieces by its own weight : hut such is the influence of
established government, so averse are men from beginning
hazardous enterprises, that, had not an attack been made
from abroad, affairs might long have remained in their pres-
ent delicate situation, and James might at last have pre-
vailed in his rash and ill-concerted projects.
The prince of Orange, ever since his marriage with the
lady Mary, had maintained a very prudent conduct ; agree-
ably to that sound understanding with which he was so emi-
nently endowed. He made it a maxim to concern himself
little in English affairs, and never by any measure to disgust
any of the factions, or give umbrage to the prince who filled
the throne. His natural inclination, as well as his interest,
led him to employ himself with assiduous industry in the
transactions on the continent, and to oppose the grandeur oi
the French monarch, against whom he had long, both from
personal and political considerations, conceived n, violent
animosity. By this conduct he gratified the prejudices of
;he whole English nation : but, as he crossed the inclina-
tions of Charles, who sought peace by compliance with
France, he had much declined in the favor and affections
pf that monarch.
James, on his accession, found it so much his interest tc
live on good terms with the heir apparent, that he showed
the prince some demonstrations of friendship ; and the prince,
on his part, was not wanting in every instance of duty and
regard towards the king. On Monmouth's invasion, he imme-
diately despatched over six regiments of British troops, which
were in the Dutch service ; and he offered to take the corn
mand of the king's forces against the rebels. How little
loevor he might approve of James's administration, he ahvava
A.D-. 1G88.] james ji. 331
kept a total silence on the subject, and gave no countenance to
those discontents which were propagated with such industry
throughout the nation.
It was from the application of James himself that the prince
first openly took any part in English affairs. Notwithstanding
the lofty ideas which the king had entertained of his preroga-
tive, he found that the edicts emitted from it still wanted
mush of the authority of laws, and that the continuance of
them might in the issue become dangerous both to himself and
to the Catholics, whom he desired to favor. An act of parlia-
ment alone could insure the indulgence or toleration which he
had labored to establish ; and he hoped that, if the prince
would declare in favor of that scheme, the members who had
hitherto resisted all his own applications, would at last be pre-
vailed with to adopt it. The consent, therefore, of the prince
to the repeal of the penal statutes and of the test was strong
ly solicited by the king ; and in order to engage him to agree
to that measure, hopes were given,* that England would
second him in all those enterprises which his active and ex-
tensive genius had with such success planned on the continent
He was at this time the center of all the negotiations of
Christendom.
The emperor and the king of Spain, as the prince well knew,
were enraged by the repeated injuries which they had suffered
from the ambition of Lewis, and still more by the frequent
insults which his pride had made them undergo. He was ap-
prised of the influence of these monarchs over the Catholic
princes of the empire : he had himself acquired great author-
ity with the Protestant : and he formed a project of uniting
Europe in one general league against the encroachments of
France, which seemed so nearly to threaten the independence
of all its neighbors.
No characters are more incompatible than those of a con-
queror and a persecutor ; and Lewis soon found, that besides
his weakening France by the banishment of so many useful
subjects, the refugees had inflamed all the Protestant nations
against him, and had raised him enemies, who, in defence
of their religion as well as liberty, were obstinately resolved
to oppose his progress. The city of Amsterdam and other
towns in Holland, which had before fallen into a dependence
on France, being terrified with the accounts which they every
* Burnet, vol. i. p. 711. D'Avanx, April 15, 1688
332 IIISTORV OP ENGLAND. [A. D 1 b*J4
moment received of the furious persecutions against the Hugo
aots, had now <1 ropped all domestic faction, and had entered
into an entire confidence wit.Ii the Prince of Orange.* Tho
Protestant princes of the empire formed a separate league at
Magdebourg for the defence of their religion. The English
were anew enraged at the blind bigotry of their sovereign, and
were disposed to embrace the most desperate resolutions against
him. From a view of the state of Europe during this period,
it appears that Lewis, besides sullying an illustrious reign, had
wantonly, by this persecution, raised invincible barriers to his
arms, which otherwise it had been difficult, if not impossible,
to resist.
The prince of Orange knew how to avail himself of all
these advantages. By his intrigues and influence, there was
ibrmed at Augsbourg a league, in which the whole empire
united for its defence against the French monarch. Spain and
Holland became parties in the alliance. The accession of
Savoy was afterwards obtained. Sweden and Denmark
seemed to favor the same cause. But though these numerous
states composed the greater part of Europe, the league was still
deemed imperfect and unequal to its end, so long as England
maintained that neutrality in which she had hitherto persevered
James, though more prone to bigotry, was more sensible to
his own and to national honor than his brother ; and had he
not been restrained by the former motive, he would have main-
tained with more spirit the interests and independence of his
kingdoms. When a prospect, therefore, appeared of effecting
his religious schemes by opposing the progress of France, he
was not averse to that measure ; and he gave his son-indaw
room to hope, that, by concurring with his views in England,
he might prevail with him to second those projects which the
prince was so ambitious of promoting.
A more tempting offer could not be made to a person of his
enterprising character : but the objections to that measure,
upon deliberation, appeared to him unsurmountable. The
king, he observed, had incurred the hatred of his own subjects :
great apprehensions were entertained of his designs : the only
resource which the nation saw, was in the future succession of
the prince and princess : should he concur in those dreaded
measures, he should draw on himself all the odium inidei
* D'Avaux, July 24, 1681; Ju»« 10, October 15. November U,
IC88; vol. iv. p. 30.
A..D. J088.J J4MES u. 333
which the king labored; the nation might even refuse to beai
the expense of alliances, which would in that case become so
suspicious : and he might himself incur danger of losing a
succession which was awaiting him, and which the egregious
indiscretion of the king seemed even to give him hopes of
reaping before it should devolve to him by the course of na-
ture. The prince, therefore, would go no further than to
promise his consent to the repeal of the penal statutes, by
which the nonconformists as well as Catholics were exposed lo
punishment : the test he deemed a security absolutely neces-
sary for the established religion.
The king did not remain satisfied with a single trial. There
was one Stuart, a Scotch lawyer, who had been banished for
pretended treasonable practices ; but who had afterwards ob-
tained a pardon, and had been recalled. By the king's direc
tions, Stuart wrote several letters to Pensionary Fagel, with
whom he had contracted an acquaintance in Holland ; and
besides urging all the motives for an unlimited toleration, he
desired that his reasons should, in the king's name, be com-
municated to the prince and princess of Orange. Fagel dur-
ing a long time made no reply ; but finding that his silence
was construed into an assent, he at last expressed his own sen-
timents and those of their highnesses. He said, that it was their
fixed opinion, that no man, merely because he differed from
the established faith, should ever, while he remained a peace-
able subject, be exposed to any punishment, or even vexation :
that the prince and princess gave heartily their consent for re-
pealing legally all the penal statutes, as well those which had
been enacted against the Catholics as against the Protestant
nonconformists ; and would concur with the king in any measure
for that purpose : that the test was not to be considered as a
penalty inflicted on the professors of any religion, but as a securi-
ty provided for the established worship : that it was no punish-
ment on men to be excluded from public offices, and to live
peaceably on their own revenues or industry: that even in
the United Provinces, which were so often cited as models of
toleration, though all sects were admitted, yet civil offices were
enjoyed by the professors of the established religion alone :
that military commands, indeed, were sometimes bestowed en
Catholics ; but as they were conferred with great precaution,
and still lay under the control of the magistrate, they could
give no just reason for umbrage : and that their highnesses,
however desiro is of gratifying the king, and of endeavoring
334 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A.D. 1G58.
by every means to render his reign peaceable anl happy,
crnltl not agree to any measure which would expose their
religion to such imminent danper.
When this letter was published, as it soon was, it inspired
great courage into the Protestants of all denominations, and
served to keep them united in their opposition to the encroach-
ments of the Catholics. On the other hand, the king, who
was not content with a simple toleration for his own religion,
but was resolved that it should enjoy great credit, if not an
absolute superiority, was extremely disgusted, and took every
occasion to express his displeasure, as well against the prince
of Orange as the United Provinces. He gave the Algerine
pirates, who preyed on the Dutch, a reception in his harbors,
and liberty to dispose of their prizes. He revived some
complaints of the East India Company with regard to the aflair
of Bantam.* He required the six British regiments in the
Dutch service to be sent over. He began to put his navy in
a formidable condition. And from all his movements, the
Hollanders entertained apprehensions that he sought only an
occasion and pretence for making war upon them.
The prince, in his turn, resolved to push affairs with more
vigor, and to preserve all the English Protestants in his inter-
ests, as well as maintain them firm in their present union against
the Catholics. He knew that men of education in England
were, many of them, retained in their religion more by hon-
or than by principle ; t and that, though every one was
ashamed to he the first proselyte, yet if the example were onco
set by some eminent persons, interest would every day make
considerable conversions to a communion which was so zeal-
ously encouraged by the sovereign. Dykvelt therefore was
sent over as envoy to England ; and the prince gave him
instructions, besides publicly remonstrating on the conduct of
affairs both at home and abroad, to apply in his name, after
a proper manner, to every sect and denomination. To the
church party he sent assurances of favor and regard, and pro-
tested, that his education in Holland had nowise prejudiced
him against Episcopal government. The nonconformists were
exhorted not to be deceived by the fallacious caresses of a
Popish court, but to wait patiently till, in the fullness of time,
laws enacted by Protestants should give them that toleration
which, with so much reason, they had long demanded. Dyk-
D'Avaux, 21st of January, JGS7. t Burnet
A.D. 1688.] james ii J33
velt executed his commission with such dexterity, ihat ah
orders of men cast their eyes towards Holland, and expect-
ed thence a deliverance from those dangers with which their
religion and liberty were so nearly threatened.
Many of the most considerable persons, both in church and
state, made secret applications to Dykvelt, and through him to
the prince of Orange. Admiral Herbert too, though a man of
great expense, and seemingly of little religion, had thrown up
his employments, and had retired to the Hague, where he
assured the prince of the disaffection of the seamen, by whom
that admiral was extremely beloved. Admiral Russel, cousin
german to the unfortunate lord of that name, passed frequently
between England and Holland, and kept the communication
open with all the great men of the Protestant party. Henry
Sidney, brother to Algernon, and uncle to the earl of Sun-
derland, came over under pretence of drinking the waters at
Spaw, and conveyed still stronger assurances of a universal
combination against tho measures of the king. Lord Dum-
blaine, sou of the earl of Danby, being master of a frigate,
made several voyages to Holland, and carried from many of
the nobility tenders of duty, and even considerable sums of
money,* to the prince of Orange.
There remained, however, some reasons which retained all
parties in awe, and kept them from breaking out into immedi
ate hostility. The prince, on the one hand, was afraid of
hazarding, by violent measures, an inheritance which the lawt
insured to the princess ; and the English Protestants, on the
other, from the prospect of her succession, still entertained
hopes of obtaining at last a peaceable and a safe redress of all
their grievances. But when a son was born to the king, both
the prince and the English nation were reduced to despair,
and saw no resource but in a confederacy for their mutual
interests. And thus the event which James had so long made
the object of his most ardent prayers, and from which he
expected the firm establishment of his throne, proved the im
mediate cause of his ruin and downfall.
Zuylestein, who had been sent over to congratulate the
king oh the birth of his son, brought back to the prince invi
tations from most of the great men in England, to assist thera
cy his Skiuxa ni the recovery of their laws and liberties. Tha
* L'Avaux, 14th and 24th of September, Sth and 15th of October
1686
3J»j HISTORY CF ENGLAND |A.D. 1688.
bishop of London, the earls of Dauby, Nottingham, Devon-
shire, Dorset, the duke of Norfolk, the lords Lovelace.
Delamere, Paulet, Eland, Mr Hamhden, Powle, Lester,
besides many eminent citizens of London ; all these persons,
though of opposite parties, concurred in their application to
the prince. The whigs, suitably to their ancient principles
of liberty, which had led them to attempt the exclusion bill,
easily agreed to oppose a king, whose conduct had justified
whatever his worst enemies had prognosticated concerning
his succession. The tories and the church party, finding
their past services forgotten, their rights invaded, their
religion threatened, agreed to drop for the present all over-
strained doctrines of submission, and attend to the great and
powerful dictates of nature. The nonconformists, dreading
the caresses of known and inveterate enemies, deemed the
offers of toleration more secure from a prince educated in
those principles, and accustomed to that practice. And thus
all faction was for a time laid asleep in England ; and rival
parties, forgetting their animosity, had secretly concurred in
a design of resisting their unhappy and misguided sovereign.
The earl of Shrewsbury, who had acquired great popularity
by deserting, at this time, the Catholic religion, in which he
had been educated, left his regiment, mortgaged his estate
for forty thousand pounds, and made a tender of his sword
and purse to the prince of Orange. Lord Wharton, not-
withstanding his age and infirmities, had taken a journey
for the same purpose. Lord Mordaunt was at the Hague, and
pushed on the enterprise with that ardent and courageous spirit
for which he was so eminent. Even Sunderland, the king's
favorite minister, is believed to have entered into a corre-
spondence with the prince ; and, at the expense of his own
honor and his master's interests, to have secretly favored a
cause which, he foresaw, was likely soon to predominate.*
The prince was easily engaged to yield to the applications
of the English, and to embrace the defence of a nation
which, during its present fears and distresses, regarded him
as its sole protector. The great object of his ambition was to
be placed at the head of a confederate army, and by hia
valor to avenge the injuries which he himself, his country,
* D'Avaux was always of that opinion. See his Negotiations, C'Jj
and 20th of May, 18th, 27th of September, 22d of November, 10SS
On the whole, that opinion is the most probable.
A.D 1G88.J james ii. 337
and his allies, had sustained from the haughty Lewis. But
while England remained under the present government, he
despaired of ever forming a league which would be able,
with any probability of success, to make opposition against
that powerful monarch. The ties of affinity could not be
supposed to have great influence over a person of the prince'?
rank and temper ; much more as he knew that they were
at first unwillingly contracted by the king, and had never
since been cultivated by any essential favors or good offices.
Or should any reproach remain upon him for violating the
duties of private life, the glory of delivering oppressed nations
would, he hoped, be able, in the eyes of reasonable men.
to make ample compensation. He could not well expect,
on the commencement of his enterprise, that it would lead
him to mount the throne of England : but he undoubtedly
foresaw, that its success would establish his authority in that
kingdom. And so egregious was James's temerity, that there
was no advantage so great or obvious, which that prince's
indiscretion might not afford his enemios.
The prince of Orange, throughout his whole life, was
peculiarly happy in the situations in which he was placed.
He saved his own country from ruin, he restored the liberties
of these kingdoms, he supported the general independency of
Europe. And thus, though his virtue, it is confessed, be not
the purest which we meet with in history, it will be difficult
to find any person whose actions and conduct have contributed
more eminently to the general interests of society and of
mankind.
The time when the prince entered on his enterprise was
well chosen ; as the people were then in the highest ferment,
on account of the insult which the imprisonment and trial of
the bishops had put upon the church, and indeed upon all
the Protestants of the nation. His method of conducting his
preparations was no less wise and politic. Under other pre-
tences he had beforehand made considerable augmentations
to the Dutch navy ; and the ships were at that time lying in
harbor. Some additional troops were also levied ; and sums
of money, raised for other purposes, were diverted by the
prince to the use of this expedition. The states had given
him their entire confidence : and partly from terror of the
power of France, partly from disgust at some restraints laid
on their commerce in that kingdom, were sensible how neces-
sary success in this enterprise was become to their domestic
vol. vi. — P
S38 HISTORY OF ENGLAND [A. D. 1 G68
happiness and security- Many of the neighboring princes
regarded him as their guardian and protector, and were
guided by him in all their counsels. He held conferences
with Castanaga, governor of the Spanish Netherlands, with
the electors of Brandenhurgh and Saxony, with the landgrave
of Hesse-Cassel, and with the whole house of Lunenbourg.
It was agreed, that these princes should replace the troops
employed against England, and should protect the United
Provinces during the absence of the prince of Orange. Their
forces were already on their march for that purpose : a
considerable encampment of the Dutch army was formed at
Nimeguen : every place was in movement : and though tli^
roots of this conspiracy reached from one end of Europe to
the other, so secret were the prince's counsels, and so
fortunate was the situation of affairs, that he could still covei
his preparations under other pretences ; and little suspicion
was entertained of his real intentions.
The king of France, menaced by the league of Augs-
bourg, had resolved to strike the first blow against the allies ;
and having sought a quarrel with the emperor and tho
elector palatine, he had invaded Germany with a great
army, and had laid siege to Philipsbourg. The elector of
Cologne, who was also bishop of Liege and Munster, and
whose territories almost entirely surrounded the United Prov-
inces, had died about this time ; and the candidates for that
rich succession were Prince Clement of Bavaria, supported
by the house of Austria, and the cardinal of Furstemberg, a
prelate dependent on France. The pope, who favored the
allies, was able to throw the balance between the parties, and
Prince Clement was chosen ; a circumstance which contrib-
uted extremely to the security of the states. But as the cardi-
nal kept possession of many of the fortresses, and had applied
to France for succor, the neighboring territories were lull
of troops ; and by this means the preparations of the Dutch
and their allies seemed intended merely for their own de-
fence against the different enterprises of Lewis.
All the artifices, however, of the prince could not entirely
conceal his real intentions from the sagacity of the French
court. D'Avaux, Lewis's envoy at the Hague, had been able,
by a comparison of circumstances, to trace the purposes of
the preparations in Holland ; and he instantly informed his
master of the discovery. Lewis conveyed the intelligence to
.lamer. : and accompanied the information with an important
A.L. 1688.] james ii. 339
offer. He was willing to join a squadron of French ships to
the English fleet ; and to send over any number of troops which
James should judge requisite for his security. When this pro-
posal was rejected, he again offered to raise the siege of Phil-
.psbourg, to march his army into the Netherlands, and by the
terror of his arms to detain the Dutch forces in their own
country. This proposal met with no better reception.
James was not, as yet, entirely convinced that his son-in-
aw intended an invasion upon England. Fully persuaded
himself of the sacredness of his own authority, he fancied
that a like belief had made deep impression on his subjects .
and notwithstanding the strong symptoms of discontent which
broke out every where, such a universal combination in
rebellion appeared to him nowise credible. His army, in
which he trusted, and which he had considerably augmented,
would easily be able, he thought, to repel foreign force, and
to suppress any sedition among the populace. A small num-
ber of French troops, joined to these, might tend only tc
breed discontent ; and afford them a pretence for mutinying
against foreigners, so much feared and hated by the nation.
A great body of auxiliaries might indeed secure him both
against an invasion from Holland, and against the rebellion of
his own subjects ; but would be able afterwards to reduce him
to dependence, and render his authority entirely precarious.
Even the French invasion of the Low Countries might be
attended with dangerous consequences ; and would suffice,
in these jealous times, to revive the old suspicion of a combi-
nation against Holland, and against the Protestant religion ;
a suspicion which had already produced such discontents in
England. These were the views suggested by Sunderland,
and it must be confessed, that the reasons on which they were
founded were sufficiently plausible ; as indeed the situation to
which the king had reduced himself was, to the last degree,
delicate and perplexing.
Still Lewis was unwilling to abandon a friend and ally,
whose interests he regarded as closely connected with his own.
By the suggestion of Skelton, the king's minister at Paris,
orders were sent to D'Avaux to remonstrate with the states,
in Lewis's name, against those preparations which they were
making to invade England. The strict amity, said the French
minister, which subsists between the two monarchs, will make
Lewis regard every attempt against his ally as an act of
hostility against himself. This remonstrance had a bad eller.J
540 HISTORY OF ENGLAND [A. D. 1688
and put the stites in a flame. What is this alliance they
asked, between France and England, which has been so care-
fully concealed from us ? Is it of the same nature with th«
former ; meant for our destruction, and for the extirpation of
the Protestant religion ? If so, it is high time lor us to provide
for our own defence, and to anticipate those projects which arc
forming against us.
Even James was displeased with the officious step taken by
Lewis for his service. He was not reduced, he said, to the
condition of the cardinal of Furstemberg, and obliged to seek
the protection of France. He recalled Skelton, and threw
him into the Tower for his rash conduct. He solemnly disa-
vowed D'Avaux's memorial ; and protested that no alliance
subsisted between him and Lewis, but what was public and
known to all the world. The states, however, still affected to
appear incredulous on that head ; * and the English, prepos-
sessed against their sovereign, firmly believed, that he had con-
certed a project with Lewis for their entire subjection. Ports-
mouth, it was said, was to be put into the hands of that am-
bitious monarch : England was to be filled with French and
Irish troops : and every man who refused to embrace the
Romish superstition, was by these bigoted princes devoted to
certain destruction.
These suggestions were every where spread abroad, and
tended to augment the discontents of which both the fleet and
army, as well as the people, betrayed every day the most
evident symptoms. The fleet had begun to mutiny ; because
Stricland, the admiral, a Roman Catholic, introduced the mass
aboard his ship, and dismissed the Protestant chaplain. It was
with some difficulty the seamen could be appeased ; and they
still persisted in declaring that they would not fight against
the Dutch, whom they called friends and brethren ; but would
willingly give battle to the French, whom they regarded aa
national enemies. The king had intended to augment his
army with Irish recruits ; and he resolved to try the experi-
ment on the regiment of the duke of Berwick, his natural son :
* That there really was no new alliance formed betwixt France
and England, appears both from Sunderland's Apology, and from
D'Avaux's Negotiations, lately published : see vol. iv. p. 18. Eng.
translation, 27th of September, 1GS7; lGth of March, (3th of May, 10th
of August, 2d, 23d, and 21th of September, 5th and 7th of October
11 tli ol November, 1GS8.
A.D. lbdb.j james n. 34 J
but Beaumont, the lieutenant-colonel, refused to admit them ,
and to this opposition five captains steadily adhered. They
were all cashiered ; and had not the discontents of the army
on this occasion become very apparent, it was resolved to have
punished those officers for mutiny.
The king made a trial of the dispositions of his army, in d
manner still more undisguised. Finding opposition from all
the civil and ecclesiastical rrders of the kingdom, he resolved
to appeal to the military, who, if unanimous, were able alone
to serve all his purposes, and to enforce universal obedience.
His intention was to engage all the regiments, one aftei
another, to give their consent to the repeal of the test and
penal statutes ; and accordingly, the major of Litchfield's
drew out the battalion before the king, and told them, that
they were required either to enter into his majesty's views
in these particulars, or to lay down their arms. James was
surprised to find that, two captains and a few Popish soldiers
excepted, the whole battalion immediately embraced the latter
part of the alternative. For some time he remained speech-
less ; but having recovered from his astonishment, he com-
manded them to take up their arms ; adding with a sullen,
discontented air, " That for the future, he would not do them
the honor to apply for their approbation."
While the king was dismayed with these symptoms of gen-
eral disaffection, ha received a letter from the marquis ol
Albeville, his minister at the Hague, which informed him
with certainty, that he was soon to look for a powerful inva-
sion from Holland ; and that Pensionary Fagel had at length
acknowledged that the scope of all the Dutch naval prepara-
tions was to transport forces into England. Though James
could reasonably expect no other intelligence, he was aston-
ished at the news : he grew pale, and the letter dropped from
his hand : his eyes were now opened, and he found himself on
the brink of a frightful precipice, which his delusions had
hitherto concealed from him. His ministers and counsellors,
equally astonished, saw no resource but in a sudden and pre-
cipitate n traction of all those fatal measures by which he had
created to himself so many enemies, foreign and domestic
He paid court to the Dutch, and oifered to enter into any
alliance with them for common security : he replaced in all
the counties the deputy lieutenants and justices who had been
deprived of their commissions for their adherence to the test
and the penal laws : lie restored th<? charters of London, and
M2 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1688
of all the corporations : he annulled the court of ecclesiasti-
cal commission : he took off the bishop of London's suspen-
sion : he reinstated the expelled president and fellows of
Magdalen College : and he was even reduced to caress those
bishops whom he had so lately prosecuted and insulted. All
these measures were regarded as symptoms of fear, not of
repentance. The bishops, instead of promising succor or
suggesting comfort, recapitulated to him all the instances of
his maleadministration, and advised him thcnceforwards 1c
follow more salutary counsel. And as intelligence arrived of
a great disaster which had befallen the Dutch fleet, it is com
monly believed, that the king recalled, for some time, the
concessions which he had made to Magdalen College ; a bad
sign of his sincerity in his other concessions. Nay, so preva-
lent were his unfortunate prepossessions, that amidst all hia
present distresses, he could not forbear, at the baptism of
the young prince, appointing the pope to be one of the god-
fathers.
The report that a supposititious child was to be imposed on
the nation, had been widely spread, and greedily received,
before the birth of the prince of Wales : but the king, who,
without seeming to take notice of the matter, might easily
have quashed that ridiculous rumor, had, from an ill-timed
haughtiness, totally neglected it. He disdained, he said, to
satisfy those who could deem him capable of so base and
villainous an action. Finding that the calumny gained ground,
and had made deep impression on his subjects, he was now
obliged to submit to the mortifying task of ascertaining the
reality of the birth. Though no particular attention had been
beforehand given to insure proof, the evidence both of the
queen's pregnancy and delivery was rendered indisputable ;
and so much the more, as no argument or proof of any im-
portance, nothing but popular rumor and surmise, coiild be
thrown into the opposite scale.
Meanwhile the prince of Orange's declaration was dispersed
Dver the kingdom, and met with universal approbation. All
the grievances of the nation were there enumerated : the
dispensing and suspending power ; the court of ecclesiastical
commission ; the filling of all offices with Catholics, and the
laising of a Jesuit to be privy counsellor ; the open encourage-
ment given to Popery, by building every where churches,
sollegee, and seminaries for that sect ; the displacing of judges,
■f they refused to give sentence according to orders received
A J>. 1688.] james ii 34a
fro.n court ; the annulling of the charters of all the corporations,
and the subjecting of elections to arbitrary will and pleasure ;
the treating of petitions, even the most modest, and from per-
sons of the highest rank, as criminal and seditious ; the com-
mitting of the whole authority of Ireland, civil and military,
into the hands of Papists; the assuming of an absolute power
over the religion and laws of Scotland, and openly exacting in
that kingdom an obedience without reserve ; and the violent
presumptions against the legitimacy of the prince of Wales.
In order to redress all these grievances, the prince said, that
he intended to come over to England with an armed force,
which might protect him from the king's evil counsellors ; and
that his sole aim was to have a legal and free parliament as-
sembled, who might provide for the safety and liberty of the
nation, as well as examine the proofs of the prince of Wales's
legitimacy. No one, he added, could entertain such hard
thoughts of him as to imagine, that he had formed any other
design than to procure the full and lasting settlement of reli-
gion, liberty, and property. The force which he meant to bring
with him, was totally disproportioned to any views of conquest ;
and it were absurd to suspect, that so many persons of high
rank, both in church and state, would have given him so many
solemn invitations for such a pernicious purpose. Though the
English ministers, terrified with his enterprise, had pretended
to redress some of the grievances complained of, there still
remained the foundation of all grievances, that upon which
they could in an instant be again erected, an arbitrary and
despotic power in the crown. And for this usurpation there
was no possible remedy, but by a full declaration of all the
rights of the subject in a free parliament.
So well concerted were the prince's measures, that, in three
days, above four hundred transports were hired ; the army
quickly fell down the livers and canals from Nimeguen ; the
artillery, arms, stores, and horses, were embarked ; and the
prince set sail from Helvoet-Sluice, with a fleet of near five
hundred vessels, and an army of above fourteen thousand
men. He first encountered a storm, which drove him back :
but his loss being soon repaired, the fleet put to sea under the
command of Admiral Herbert, and made sail with a fair wind
towards the west of England. The same wind detained the
king's fleet in their station near Harwich, and enabled tht
Dutch to pass the Straits of Dover without opposition. Both
tbores were covered with multitudes of people, who, besides
o44 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A D. 1GS8
admiring the grandeur of the spectacle, were hold in anxious
suspense by the prospect of an enterprise, the most important
which, during some ages, had been undertaken in Europe.
The prince had a prosperous voyage, and landed his army
safely in Torbay on the fifth of November, the anniversary of
the gunpowder treason.
The Dutch army marched first to Exeter ; and the prince'*
declaration was there published. That whole county was so
terrified with the executions which had ensued upon Mon-
mouth's rebellion, that no one for several days joined the
prince. The bishop of Exeter in a fright fled to London,
and carried to court intelligence of the invasion. As a re-
ward of his zeal, he received the archbishopric of York,
which had long been kept vacant, with an intention, as was
universally believed, of bestowing it on some Catholic. The
first person who joined the prince, was Major Burrington ; and
he was quickly followed by the gentry of the counties of De-
von and Somerset. Sir Edward Seymour made proposals for
an association, which every one signed. By degrees, the earl
of Abingdon, Mr. Bmssel, son of the earl of Bedford. Mr.
Wharton, Godfrey, Howe, came to Exeter. All England
was in commotion. Lord Delamere took arms in Cheshire,
the earl of Danby seized York, the earl of Bath, governor of
Plymouth, declared for the prince, the earl of Devonshire
made a like declaration in Derby. The nobility and gentry
if Nottinghamshire embraced the same cause ; and every day
there appeared some effect of that universal combination into
which the nation had entered against the measures of the king.
Even those who took not the field against him, were able to
embarrass and confound his counsels. A petition for a free
parliament was signed by twenty-four bishops and peers of the
greatest distinction, and was presented to the king. No one
thought of opposing or resisting the invader.
But the most dangerous symptom was the disaffection which,
from the general spirit of the nation, not from any particular
reason, had crept into the army. The officers seemed all
disposed to prefer the interests of their country and of their
religion, to those principles of honor and fidelity which are
commonly esteemed the most sacred ties by men of that pro-
fession. Lord Colchester, son of the earl of Rivers, was the
first officer that deserted to the prince ; and he was attended
by a few of his troops. Lord Lovelace made a like effort :
but was intercepted by the militia under tho duke of Beaufort
A.D 1G85.J JAMES u. Jl?.
and taken prisoner ; Lord Cornbury, son of the carl of Claren
don, was more successful. He attempted to carry over tlireo
regiments of cavalry; and he actually brought a considerable
part of them to the piince's quarters. Several officers of dis-
tinction informed Feversham, the general, that they could noi
in conscience fight against the prince of Orange.
Lord Churchill had been raised from the rank of a page,
had been invested with a high command in the army, had
been created a peer, and had owed his whole fortune to the
king's favor : yet even he could resolve, during the present
extremity, to desert his unhappy master, who had ever reposed
entire confidence in him. He carried with him the duke of
Grafton, natural son of the late king, Colonel Berkeley, and
some troops of dragoons. This conduct was a signal sacrifice
to public virtue of every duty in private life; and required,
ever after, the most upright, disinterested, and public-spirited
behavior to render it justifiable.
The king had arrived at Salisbury, the head-quarters of his
army, when he received this fatal intelligence. That prince,
though a severe enemy, had ever appeared a warm, steady,
and sincere friend ; and he was extremely shocked with this,
as with many other instances of ingratitude to which he was
now exposed. There remained none in whom he could con-
fide. As the whole army had discovered symptoms of discon-
tent, he concluded it full of treachery ; and being deserted by
+ ,hose whom he had most favored and obliged, he no longei
expected that others would hazard their lives in his service
During this distraction and perplexity, he embraced a sudden
resolution of drawing off* his army, and retiring towanls Lon-
don ; a measure which could only serve to betray his fears,
and provoke further treachery.
But Churchill- had prepared a still more mortal blow for his
distressed benefactor. His lady and he had an entire ascend-
ant over the family of Prince George of Denmark ; and the
time now appeared seasonable for overwhelming the unhappy
king, who was already staggering with the violent shocks
which he had received. Andover was the first stage of
James's retreat towards London ; and there Prince George,
together with the young duke of Ormond,* Sir George Huet,
and some other persons of distinction, deserted him in the
* His grandfather, the first duke cf Ormond. had died this year
July 21.
P*
S4fc HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A.D. LOSS
night-time, and letired to the prince's camp. No sooner had
this news reached London, than the princess Anne, pretending
fear of the king's displeasure, withdrew herself in company
with the hishop of London and. Lady Churchill. She fled, to
Nottingham ; where the earl of Dorset received her with
great respect, and the gentry of the county quickly formed a
troop for her protection.
The late king, in order to gratify the nation, had intrusted
the education of his nieces entirely to Protestants ; and as
these princesses were deemed the chief resource of the estab-
lished religion after their father's defection, great care had
been taken to instil into them, from their earliest infancy, the
strongest prejudices against Popery. During the violence too
of such popular currents as now prevailed in England, all pri
vate considerations are commonly lost in the general passion ;
and the more principle any person possesses, the more apt is
frs, on such occasions, to neglect and abandon his domestic
duties. Though these causes may account for the behavior
of the princess, they had nowise prepared the king to expect
so astonishing an event. He burst into tears when the firs
intelligence of it was conveyed to him. Undoubtedly he fore-
saw in this incident the total expiration of his royal authority •
but the nearer and more intimate concern of a parent laid hold
of his heart, when he found himself abandoned in his uttermost
distress by a child, and a virtuous child, whom he had ever
regarded with the most tender affection. " God help me,"
cried he, in the extremity of his agony ; " my own children
have forsaken me !" It is indeed singular, that a prince,
whose chief blame consisted in imprudencies and misguided
principles, should be exposed, from religious antipathy, to such
treatment as even Nero, Domitian, or the most enormous ty-
rants that have disgraced the records of history, never met
with from their friends and family.
So violent were the prejudices which at this time prevailed,
that this unhappy father, who had been deserted by his favorite
child, was believed, upon her disappearing, to have put her tc
death : and it was fortunate that the truth was timely discov-
ered, otherwise the populace, even the king's guards them-
selves, might have been engaged, in revenge, to commence a
massacre of the priests and Catholics.
The king's fortune new exposed him to the contempt of
his enemies ; and his behavior was not such as could gain him
the esteem of his friends and adherents. Unable to resist th«
A.D lGSS.j james ii. 347
torrent, he preserved not presence of mind in yielding to
it; but seemed in this emergence as much dcpiessed with
adversity, as he had before been vainly elated by prosperity
He called a council of all the peers and prelates who were in
London ; and followed their advice in issuing" writs for a new
parliament, and in sending Halifax, Nottingham, and GoJol-
phin as commissioners to treat with the prince of Orange
But these were the last acts of royal authority which he exert
ed. He even hearkened to imprudent counsel, by which he
was prompted to desert the throne, and to gratify his enemies
beyond what their fondest hopes could have promised them.
The queen, observing the fury of the people, and knowing
how much she was the object of general hatred, was struck
with the deepest terror, and began to apprehend a parliamenta-
ry impeachment, from which, she was told, the queens of Eng-
land were not exempted. The Popish courtiers, and above
all the priests, were aware that they should be the first sacri-
fice, and that their perpetual banishment was the smallest
penalty which they must expect from national resentment.
They were, therefore, desirous of carrying the king along with
them ; whose presence, they knew, would still be some re-
source and protection to them in foreign countries, and whose
restoration, if it ever happened, would again reinstate them in
power and authority. The general defection of the Protes-
tants made the king regard the Catholics as his only subjects
on whose counsel he could rely ; and the fatal catastrophe of
his father afforded them a plausible reason for making him
apprehend a like fate. The great difference of circumstances
was not, during men's present distractions, sufficiently weighed.
Even after the people were inflamed by a long civil war,
the execution of Charles I. could not be deemed a national
deed : it was perpetrated by a fanatical army pushed on by a
daring and enthusiastical leader ; and the whole kingdom had
ever entertained, and did still entertain, a violent abhorrence
against that enormity. The situation of public affairs, there-
fore, no more resembled what it was forty years before, than
the prince of Orange, either in birth, character, fortune, or
connections, could be supposed a parallel to Cromwell.
The emissaries of France, and among the rest Barillon, the
French ambassador, were busy about the king ; and they had
entertained a very false notion, which they instilled into him,
that nothing would more certainly retard the public settlement,.
and beget universal confusion, than his deserting the kingdom
348 HISTORY OF ENGLAND [A. 1> 1688
The prince of Orange had with good reason embraced a con-
trary opinion ; and he deemed it extremely difficult to find
expedients for securing the nation, so long as the king kepi
possession of the crown. Actuated, therefore, by this public
motive, and no less, we may well presume, by private am-
bition, he was determined to use every expedient which might
intimidate the king, and make him quit that throne which
he himself was alone enabled to fill. He declined a personal
conference with James's commissioners, and sent the earls of
Clarendon and Oxford to treat with them : the terms which
he proposed implied almost a present participation of the
sovereignty : and he stopped not a moment the march of
his army towards London.
The news which the king received from all quarters
served to continue the panic into which he was fallen, and
which his enemies expected to improve to their advantage
Colonel Copel, deputy governor of Hull, made himself master
of that important fortress ; and threw into prison Lord Lang-
dale, the governor, a Catholic ; together with Lord Mont-
gomery, a nobleman of the same religion. The town of New-
castle received Lord Lumley, and declared for the prince
of Orange and a free parliament. The duke of Norfolk,
lord lieutenant of the county of that name, engaged it in
the same measure. The prince's declaration was read at Ox-
ford by the duke of Onjond, and was received with great
applause by that loyal university, who also made an ofler of
their plate to the prince. Every day some person of quality
or distinction, and among the rest the duke of Somerset, went
over to the enemy. A violent declaration was dispersed in
the prince's name, but without his participation ; in which
every one was commanded to seize and punish all Papists,
who, contrary to law, pretended either to carry arms or exer-
cise any act of authority. It may not be unworthy of notice,
that a merry ballad, called Lillibullero, being at this time, pub-
lished in derision of the Papists and Irish, it was greedily
received by the people, and was sung by all ranks of men,
iven by the king's army, who were strongly seized with
ihe national spirit. This incident both discovered and served
to increase the general discontent of the kingdom.
The co.ilagion of mutiny and disobedience had also reached
Scotland, whence the regular forces, contrary to the advice of
Balcarras, the treasurer, were withdrawn, in order to reunfbrce
the English army. The marquis of Athole, together u-itb
AD. lGSS.] james n. 349
Viscount Tarbat and others, finding Ih i opportm ity favorable,
began to form intrigues against Perth, ihe chancellor; and the
Presbyterians and other malecontents flocked from all quarters
to Edinburgh. The chancellor, apprehensive of the conse-
quences, found it expedient to abscond ; and the populace, as
if that event were a signal for their insurrection, immediately
rose in arms, and rifled the Popish chapel in the king's palace.
All the Catholics, even all the zealous royalists, were obliged
to conceal themselves ; and the privy council, instead of theii
former submissive strains of address to the king, and violent
edicts against their fellow subjects, now made application to
the Prince of Orange, as the restorer of law and liberty.
The king, every moment alarmed more and more by these
proofs of a general disaffection, not daring to repose trust
in any but those who were exposed to more danger than him-
self, agitated by disdain towards ingratitude, by indignation
against disloyalty, impelled by his own fears and those of
others, precipitately embraced the resolution of escaping into
France; and he sent off' beforehand the queen and the infant
prince, under the conduct of Count Lauzun, an old favorite
of the French monarch. He himself disappeared in the night-
time, attended only by Sir Edward Hales ; and made the best
of his way to a ship which waited for him near the mouth of
the river. As if this measure had not been the most grateful
to his enemies of any that he could adopt, he had carefully
concealed his intention from all the world ; and nothing
could equal the surprise which seized the city, the court, and
the kingdom, upon the discovery of this strange event. Men
beheld, all of a sudden, the reins of government thrown up
by the hand which held them ; and saw none who had any
right, or even pretension, to take possession of them.
The more effectually to involve every thing in confusion,
the king appointed not any one who should, in his absence,
exercise any part of the administration ; he threw the great
seal into the river ; and he recalled all those writs which had
been issued for the election of the new parliament. It is often
supposed, that the sole motive which impelled him to thissud
den desertion, was his reluctance to meet a free parliament,
and his resolution not to submit to those terms which his sub-
jects would deem requisite for the security of their liberties
and their religion. But it must be considered, that his subjects
had first deserted him, and entirely lost his confidence ; that ho
might reasonably be supposed to entertain fears for his liberty
350 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1688
if not for his life ; and that the conditions would not probably
be moderate, which the nation, sensible of his inflexible tern
per, enraged with the violation of their laws and the danget
of their religion, and foreseeing his resentment on account o;'
their past resistance, would, in his present circumstances, ex
act from him.
By this temporary dissolution of government, the populace
were masters; and there was no disorder which, during their
present ferment, might not be dreaded from them. They rose
in a tumult and destroyed all the mass-houses. They even
attacked and rifled the houses of the Florentine envoy and
Spanish ambassador, where many of the Catholics had lodged
their most valuable effects. Jefferies, the chancellor, who had
disguised himself in order to fly the kingdom, was discovered
by them, and so abused, that he died a little after. Even the
army, which should have suppressed those tumults, would,
it was apprehended, serve rather to increase the general dis-
order. Feversham had no sooner heard of the king's flight,
than he disbanded the troops in the neighborhood, and, with-
out either disarming or paying them, let them loose to prey
upon the country.
In this extremity, the bishops and peers who were in town,
being the only remaining authority of the state, (for the privy
council, composed of the king's creatures, was totally disre-
garded,) thought proper to assemble, and to interpose for the
preservation of the community. They chose the marquis of
Halifax speaker : they gave directions to the mayor and alder-
men for keeping the peace of the city : they issued orders,
which were readily obeyed, to the fleet, the army, and all the
garrisons : and they made applications to the prince of Orange
whose enterprise they highly applauded, and whose success
they joyfully congratulated.
The prince on his part was not wanting to the tide of suc-
cess which flowed in upon him, nor backward in assuming that
authority which the present exigency had put into his hands.
Besides the general popularity attending his cause, a new in-
cident made his approach to London still more grateful. In the
present trepidation of the people, a rumor arose, either from
chance or design, that the disbanded Irish had taken arms, and
uad commenced a universal massacre of the Protestants. This
ridiculous belief was spread all over the kingdom in one day ;
and begat every where the deepest consternation. The alarum
bells were rung ; the beacons fired ; men fancied that they sa\*
A D. lGStf.] james n. 351
At a distance the smoKe of the burning cities, and heard tin
groans of those who were slaughtered in their neighborhood
It is surprising that the Catholics did not all perish in the ragf
which naturally succeeds to such popular panics.
While every one, from principle, interest, or animosity,
turned his back on the unhappy king, who had abandoned his
own cause, the unwelcome news arrived, that he had been
seized by the populace at Feversham, as he was making his
escape in disguise ; that he had been much abused, till he was
known ; but that the gentry had then interposed and protected
him, though they still refused to consent to his escape. This
intelligence threw all parties into confusion. The prince sent
Zuylestein with orders that the' king should approach no nearer
than Rochester ; but the message came too late. He was
already arrived in London, where the populace, moved by
compassion for his unhappy fate, and actuated by their own
evity, had received him with shouts and acclamations.
During the king's abode at Whitehall, little attention was
paid to him by the nobility or any persons of distinction.
They had all of them been previously disgusted on account of
his blind partiality to the Catholics ; and they knew that they
were now become criminal in his eyes by their late public
applications to the prince of Orange. He himself showed not
any symptom of spirit, nor discovered any intention of resum-
ing the reigns of government which he had once thrown aside.
His authority was now plainly expired ; and as he had exer-
cised his power, while possessed of it, with very precipitate
and haughty counsels, he relinquished it by a despair equally
precipitate and pusillanimous.
Nothing remained for the now ruling powers but to deliber-
ate how they should dispose of his person. Besides that the
prince may justly be supposed to have possessed more gen-
erosity than to think of offering violence to an unhappy mon-
arch, so nearly related to him, he knew that nothing would so
effectually promote his own views as the king's retiring into
France, a country at all times obnoxious to the English It
was determined, therefore, to push him into that measure,
which of himself he seemed sufficiently inclined to embrace.
The king having sent Lord Feversham on a civil message to
the prince, desiring a conference for an accommodation in
order to the public settlement, that nobleman was put in arrest,
under pretence of his coming without a passport : the Dutch
guards were ordered to take possession of Whitehall, when
352 HISTORY OF ENGLyiND. [ A. D 1 088
James then resided, and lo displace the English : and Halifax
Shrewsbury and Delamere, brought a message from th<
prince, which they delivered to the king in bed after midnight,
ordering him to leave his palace next morning, and to depart
for Ham, a seat of the duchess of Lauderdale's. He desired
permission, which was easily granted, of retiring to Roches-
ter, a town near the sea-coast. It was perceived, that the
artifice had taken effect; and that the king, terrified with this
harsh treatment, had renewed his former resolution of leaving
the kingdom.
He lingered, however, some days at Rochester, under the
protection of a Dutch guard, and seemed desirous of an invita-
tion still to keep possession of the throne. He was undoubt-
edly sensible, that as he had at first trusted too much to his
people's loyalty, and, in confidence of their submission, had
offered the greatest violence to their principles and prejudices,
so had he, at last, on finding his disappointment, gone too far
in the other extreme, and had hastily supposed them destitute of
all sense of duty or allegiance. But observing that the church,
the nobility, the city, the country, all concurred in neglecting
him, and leaving him to his own counsels, he submitted to his
melancholy fate ; and being urged by earnest letters from the
queen, he privately embarked on board a frigate which waited
lor him ; and he arrived safely at Ambleteuse, in Picardy,
whence he hastened to St. Germains. Lewis received him
with the highest generosity, sympathy, and regard : a conduc*
which, more than his most signal victories, contributes to the
honor of that great monarch.
Thus ended the reign of a prince, whom if we consider his
personal character rather than his public conduct, we may
safely pronounce more unfortunate than criminal. He had
many of those qualities which form a good citizen : even
some of those which, had they not been swallowed up in big-
otry and arbitrary principles, serve to compose a good sov-
ereign. In domestic life, his conduct was irreproachable, and
is entitled to our approbation. Severe, but open in his enmi
ties, steady in his counsels, diligent in his schemes, brave in
his enterprises, faithful, sincere, and honorable in his dealings
with all men ; such was the character with which the duke of
York mounted the throne of England. In that high station,
his frugality of public money was remarkable, his industry
exemplary, his application to naval affairs successful, his en
touragornent of trade judicious, his jealousy of national honoi
AD 1688. J james n. 35*
laudable : what then was wanting to make him an excellent
sovereign? A due regard and affection to the religion and
constitution of his country. Had he been possessed of this
essential quality, even bis middling talents, aided by so many
virtues, would h%TG rendered his reign honorable and happy.
When it was wanting, every excellency which he possessed
became dangerous and pernicious to his kingdoms.
The sincerity of this prince (a virtue on which he highly valued
himself) has been much questioned in those reiterated promises
which he made of preserving the liberties and religion of
the nation. It must be confessed, that his reign was al-
most one continued invasion of both ; yet it is known, that, to
his last breath, he persisted in asserting, that he never meant to
subvert the laws, or procure more than a toleration and an
equality of privileges to his Catholic subjects. This question
Cjaa only affect the personal character of the king, not our judg-
ment of his public conduct. Though by a stretch of candor we
should admit of his sincerity in these professions, the people
were equally justifiable in their resistance of him. So lofty was
the idea which he had entertained of his legal authority, that it
left his subjects little or no right to liberty, but what was de-
pendent on his sovereign will and pleasure. And such was
his zeal for proselytism, that, whatever he might at first have
intended, he plainly st.cpped not at toleration and equality : he
confined all power, encouragement, and favor to the Catholics :
converts from interest would soon have multiplied upon him :
if not the greater, at least the better part of the people, he would
have flattered himself, was brought over to his religion : and
lie would in a little time have thought it just, as well as pious,
to bestow on them all the public establishments. Rigors and
persecutions against heretics would speedily have followed :
and thus liberty and the Protestant religion would in the issue
have been totally subverted ; though we should not suppose that
James, in the commencement of his reign, had formally fixed
a plan for that purpose. And on the whole, allowing this king
to have possessed good qualities and good intentions, his conduct
serves only, on that very account, as a stronger proof how dan
gerous it is to allow any prince, infected with the Catholic su
perstition, to wear the crown of these kingdoms.
After this manner, the courage and abilities of the prince of
Orange, seconded by surprising fortune, had effected the de-
liverance of this island ; and with very little effusion of blood
(for only one officer of the Dutch army and a few private soldier*
354 H /STORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1688
fell iii an accidental skirmish) had dethroned, a great prince,
supported by a formidable fleet and a numerous army. Stil
the more difficult task remained, and what, perhaps the prince
regarded as not the least important : the obtaining for himself
that crown which had fallen from the head of his father-in
law. Some lawyers, entangled in the snbtleties and forms of
their profession, could think of no expedient, but that the
prince should claim the crown by right of conquest ; should
immediately assume the title of sovereign ; and should call a
parliament, which, being thus legally summoned by a king in
possession, could ratify whatever had been transacted before 1
they assembled. But this measure, being destructive of the
principles of liberty, the only principles on which his future
throne could be established, was prudently rejecled by the
ptince ; who, finding himself possessed of the good will of
the nation, resolved to leave them entirely to their own guid-
ance and direction. The peers and bishops, to the number of
near ninety, made an address, desiring him to summon a con-
vention by circular letters ; to assume, in the mean time, the
management of public affairs ; and to concert measures for the
security of Ireland. At the same time, they refused reading
a letter which the king had left, in order to apologize for his
late desertion by the violence which had been put upon him.
This step was a sufficient indication of their intentions with
regard to that unhappy monarch.
The prince seemed still unwilling to act upon an authority
which might be deemed so imperfect : he was desirous of ob-
taining a more express declaration of the public consent. A
judicious expedient was fallen on for that purpose. All the
members who had sitten in the house of commons during any
parliament of Charles II., (the only parliaments whose elec-
tion was regarded as free,) were invited to meet ; and to them
were added the mayor, aldermen, and fifty of the common
council. This was regarded as the most proper representa-
tive of the people that could be summoned during the present
emergence. They unanimously voted the same address with
the lords : and the prince, being thus supported by all the
legal authority which could possibly be obtained in this critical
juncture, wrote circular letters to the counties and corpora-
tions of England ; and his orders were universally complied
with . A profound tranquillity prevailed throughout the king-
dom ; and the prince's administration was submitted to, as if
\e had succeeded in the most regular manner to the vacant
A.D. 1689.] james n. 355
throne. The fleet received his orders : the army, without
murmur or opposition, allowed him to new model them : and
the city supplied him with a loan of two hundred thousand
pounds.
[1689.] The conduct of the prince with regard to Scotland,
was founded on the same prudent and moderate maxims.
Finding that there were many Scotchmen of rank at that time
in London, he summoned them together, laid before them his
intentions, and asked their advice in the present emergency.
This assembly, consisting of thirty noblemen and about four-
score gentlemen, chose Duke Hamilton president ; a man who,
being of a temporizing character, was determined to pay
court to the present authority. His eldest son, the earl of
Arran, professed an adherence to King James ; a usual policy
in Scotland, where the father and son, during civil commotions,
were often observed to tak<* opposite sides, in order to secure
in all events the family from attainder. Arran proposed to
invite back the king upon conditions ; but as he was vehe-
mently opposed in this motion by Sir Patrick Hume, and
seconded by nobody, the assembly made an offer to the prince
of the present administration, which he willingly accepted.
To anticipate a little in our narration ; a convention, by circu-
lar letters from the prince, was summoned at Edinburgh on
the twenty-second of March, where it was soon visible that
the interest of the maieconteuts would entirely prevail. The
more zealous royalists, regarding this assembly as illegal, had
forborne to appear at elections ; and the other party were
returned for most places. The revolution was not in Scot-
land, as in England, effected by a coalition of whig and tory :
the former party alone had overpowered the government, and
were too much enraged, by the past injuries which they had
suffered, to admit of any composition with their former
masters. As soon as the purpose of the convention was dis-
covered, the earl of Balcarras and Viscount Dundee, leaders
of the tories, withdrew from Edinburgh ; and the conven-
tion having passed a bold and decisive vote, that King James,
by his maladministration, and his abuse of power, had for-
feited all title to the crown, they made a tender of the royal
dignity to the prince and princess of Orange.
The English convention was assembled ; and it immediately
appeared, that the house of commons, both from the prevail-
ing humor of the people, and from the influence of present
authority, were mostly chosen from among the whig party
3<3b' HIST DRY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. ICS*)
After thanks were unanimously given by both houses to thy
prince of Orange for the deliverance which he had brought
them, a less decisive vote than that of the Scottish convention
was in a few days passed by a great majority of the commons,
and sent up to the peers for their concurrence. It was con-
tained in these words : " That King James II., having endeav-
ored to subvert the constitution of the kingdom by breaking the
original contract between king and people ; and having, by
the advice of Jesuits and other wicked persons, violated the
fundamental laws, and withdrawn himself out of the kingdom ;
has abdicated the government, and that the throne is thereby
vacant." This vote, when carried to the upper house, met
with great opposition ; of which it is here necessary for us to
explain the causes.
The tories and the high church party, finding themselves
at once menaced with a subversion of the laws and of their
religion, had zealously promoted the national revolt, and had
on this occasion departed from those principles of non-resist-
ance, of which, while the king favored them, they had for
merly made such loud professions. Their present apprehen-
sions had prevailed over their political tenets ; and the unfor-
tunate James, who had too much trusted to those general
declarations, which never will be reduced to practice, found,
in the issue, that both parties were secretly united against him.
But no sooner was the danger past, and the general fears
somewhat allayed, than party prejudices resumed, in some
degree, their former authority ; and the tories were abashed at
that victory which their antagonists, during the late transac-
tions, had obtained over them. They were inclined, therefore,
to steer a middle course ; and, though generally determined to
oppose the king's return, they resolved not to consent to dethron-
ing him, or altering the line of succession. A regent with kind-
ly power was the expedient which they proposed ; and a late
instance in Portugal seemed to give some authority and pre-
cedent to that plan of government.
In favor of this scheme, the tories urged that, by the uni-
form tenor of the English laws the title to the crown was
ever regarded as sacred, and could on no account, and by no
maladministration, be forfeited by the sovereign : that to de-
throne a king and to elect his successor, was a practice quite
unknown to the constitution, and had a tendency to render
kingly power entirely dependent and precarious : that where
the sovereign, from his tender years, from lun icy, or from
A. D. 1G89.J james ii. 35)
other natural infirmity, was incapacitated to hold the reins of
government, both the laws and former practice agreed in
appointing a regent, who, during the interval, was invested
with the whole power of the administration : that the inveterate
and dangerous prejudices of King James had rendered him as
unfit to sway the English sceptre, as if he had fallen into
lunacy ; and it was therefore natural for the people to have
recourse to the same remedy : that the election of one king
was a precedent for the election of another ; and the govern-
ment, by that means, would either degenerate into a republic,
or, what was worse, into a turbulent and seditious monarchy :
that the case was still more dangerous, if there remained a
prince who claimed the crown by right of succession, and
disputed, on so plausible a ground, the title of the present
sovereign : that though the doctrine of non-resistance might
not, in every possible circumstance, be absolutely true, yet
was the belief of it very expedient ; and to establish a govern-
ment which should have the contrary principle for its basis
was to lay a foundation for perpetual revolutions and convul-
sions : that the appointment of a regent was indeed exposed to
many inconveniencies ; but so long as the line of succession
was preserved entire, there was still a prospect of putting an
end, some time or other, to the public disorders : and that
scarcely an instance occurred in history, especially in the
English history, where a disputed title had not, in the issue,
been attended with much greater ills, than all those which the
people had sought to shun by departing from the lineal suc-
cessor.
The leaders of the whig party, on the other hand, asserted
that if there were any ill in the precedent, that ill would re-
sult as much from establishing a regent, as from dethroning
one king and appointing his successor ; nor would the one
expedient, if wantonly and rashly embraced by the people, be
less the source of public convulsions than the other : that if
the laws gave no express permission to depose the sovereign,
neither did they authorize resisting his authority, or separating
the power frDm the title : that a regent was unknown, except
where the king, by reason of his tender age or his infirmi-
ties, was incapable of a will ; and in that case, his will was
supposed to be involved in that of the regent ; that it Would be
the height of absurdity to try a man for acting upon a com-
mission received from a prince whom we ourselves acknowl-
edge to be the lawful sovereign ; and no jury would decide so
358 HISTORY 0I> ENULaNU. JA.D. 168S
contrary both to law and common sense, as to condemn
such a pretended criminal : that even the prospect o(* being
delivered from this monstrous inconvenience was, in the pres-
ent situation of affairs, more distant than that of putting an
end to a disputed succession : that allowing the young prince
to be the legitimate heir, he had been carried abroad ; he
would be educated in principles destructive of the constitution
and established religion : and he would probably leave a son
liable to the same insuperable objection : that if the whole
line were cut off by law, the people would in time forget or
neglect their claim ; an advantage which could not be hoped
for while the administration was conducted in their name, and
while they were still acknowledged to possess the legal title :
and that a nation thus perpetually governed by regents or pro-
tectors, approached much nearer to a republic, than one sub-
ject to monarchs whose hereditary regular succession, as well
as present authority, was fixed and appointed "by the people.
This question was agitated with great zeal by the opposite
parties in the house of peers. The chief speakers among the
tories were Clarendon, Rochester, and Nottingham ; among
the whigs, Halifax and Danby. The question was carried
for a king by two voices only, fifty-one against forty-nine.
All the prelates, except two, the bishops of London and
Bristol, voted for a regent. The primate, a disinterested but
pusillanimous man, kept at a distance both from the prince's
court and from parliament.
The house of peers proceeded next to examine piecemeal
the votes sent up to them by the commons. They deba-ted,
" Whether there were an original contract between king and
people ?" and the affirmative was carried by fifty- three against
forty-six : a proof that the tories were already losing ground.
The next question was, " Whether King James had broken
that original contract ?' : and, after a slight opposition, the
affirmative prevailed. The lords proceeded to take into con-
sideration the word abdicated ; and it was carried that deserted
was more proper. The concluding question was, " Whethei
King James having broken the original contract, and desert-
ed the government, the throne was thereby vacant ?" Thia
question was debated with more heat and contention than
any of the former ; and upon a division, the tories prevailed
by eleven voices, and it was carried to omit the last article
with regard to the vacancy of the throne. The vote wai
Bent back to the commons with these amendments.
A D. 1(389.1 ja;,ies ii. 30S
The earl of Danby had entertained the project of bestow
ing the crowti solely upon the princess of Orange, and ol
admitting her as hereditary legal successor to King James
passing by the infant prince, as illegitimate or supposititious.
His change of party in the last question gave the tories so con-
siderable a majority in the number of voices.
The commons still insisted on their own vote, and sent up
reasons why the lords should depart from their amendments.
The lords were not convinced ; and it was necessary to have
a free conference, in order to settle this controversy. Never
surely was national debate more important, or managed by
more able speakers ; yet is one surprised to find the topics in-
sisted on by both sides so frivolous ; more resembling the
verbal disputes of the schools, than the solid reasonings of
statesmen and legislators. In public transactions of such
consequence, the true motives which produce any measure are
seldom avowed. The whigs, now the ruling party, having
united with the tories in order to bring about the revolution,
had so much deference for their new allies, as not to insist
that the crown should be declared forfeited on account of the
king's maladministration : such a declaration, they thought,
would imply too express a censure of the old tory principles,
and too open a preference of their own. They agreed, there-
fore, to confound together the king's abusing his power, and
his withdrawing from the kingdom ; and they called the whole
an abdication ; as if he had given a virtual, though not a
verbal, consent to dethroning himself. The tories took advan-
tage of this obvious impropriety, which had been occasioned
merely by the complaisance or prudence of the whigs ; and
they insisted upon the word desertion, as more significant and
intelligible. It was retorted on them, that, however that ex-
pression might be justly applied to the king's withdrawing
himself, it could not with any propriety be extended to his
violation of the fundamental laws. And thus both parties,
while they warped their principles from regard to their an-
tagonists, and from prudential considerations, lost the praise
of consistence and uniformity.
The managers for the lords next insisted, that even allowing
the king's abuse of power to be equivalent to an abdication,
or, in other words, to a civil death, it could operate no other-
wise than his voluntary resignation, or his natural death ; and
could only make way lor the next successor. It was a max-
im of English law, that the throne ivas never vacant ; but
ISO HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1689
instantly, upon the demise of one king, was filled with his
legal heir, who was entitled to all the authority of his pred-
ecessor. And however young or unfit for government the
successor, however unfortunate in his situation, though he
were even a captive in the hands of public enemies, yet no
■ust reason, they thought, could be assigned why, without
any default of his own, he should lose a crown, to which by
birth he was fully entitled. The managers for the commons
might have opposed this reasoning by many specious and
even solid arguments. They might have said, that the great
security for allegiance being merely opinion, any scheme of
settlement should be adopted in which it was most probable
the people would acquiesce and persevere : that though, upon
the natural death of a king whose administration had been
agreeable to the laws, many and great inconveniencies would
be endured, rather than exclude his lineal successor, yet the
case was not the same when the people had been obliged, by
their revolt, to dethrone a prince whose illegal measures had.
in every circumstance, violated the constitution : that in these
extraordinary revolutions, the government reverted, in some
degree, to its first principles, and the community acquired a
right of providing for the public interest by expedients which,
on other occasions, might be deemed violent and irregular :
that the recent use of one extraordinary remedy reconciled
the people to the practice of another, and more familiarized
their minds to such licenses, than if the government had run
on in its usual tenor : and that King James, having carried
abroad his son, as well as withdrawn himself, had given such
[ust provocation to the kingdom, had voluntarily involved it in
such difficulties, that the interests of his family were justly
sacrificed to the public settlement and tranquillity. Though
these topics seem reasonable, they were entirely forborne
by the whig managers ; both because they implied an ac-
knowledgment of the infant prince's legitimacy, which it
was agreed to keep in obscurity, and because they contained
too express a condemnation of tory principles. They were
content to maintain the vote of the commons by shifts and
evasions ; and both sides parted at last without coming to any
agreement.
But it was impossible for the public to remain long in the
present situation. The perseverance, therefore, of the lower
house obliged the lords to comply; and, by the desertion cf
some peers to he whig party, the vote of the commons
A.D. I6b9 j james ii. 361
without any alteration, passed by a majority of fifteen in the
upper house, and received the sanction of every part of the
legislature which then subsisted.
It happens unluckily for those who maintain an original
contract between the magistrate and people, that great revo-
lutions, of government, and new settlements of civil consti-
tutions, are commonly conducted with such violence, tumult,
and disorder, that the public voice can scarcely ever be heard ;
and the opinions of the citizens are at that time less attended
to than even in the common course of administration. The
present transactions in England, it must be confessed, arc a
singular exception to this observation. The new elections had
been carried on with great tranquillity and freedom : the prince
had ordered the troops to depart from all the towns where the
voters assembled : a tumultuary petition to the two houses
having been promoted, he took care, though the petition was
calculated for his advantage, ellectually to suppress it : he
entered into no intrigues, either with the electors or the mem-
bers : he kept himself in a total silence, as if he had been
nowise concerned in these transactions : and so far from
forming cabals with the leaders of parties, he disdained even
to bestow caresses on those whose assistance nrght be useful to
him. This conduct was highly meritorious and discovered
great moderation and magnanimity ; even tiough the prince
unfortunately, through the whole course cf his life, and on
every occasion, was noted for an address so cold, diy, and dis-
tant, that it was very difficult for him, on account of any in-
terest, to soften or familiarize it.
At length the prince deigned to break silence, and to express*,
though in a private manner, his sentiments on the present situ-
ation of affairs. He called together Halifax, Shrewsbury
Danby, and a few more ; and he told them, that, having been
invited over to restore their liberty, he had engaged in this en-
terprise, and had at last happily effected his purpose : that it
belonged to the parliament, now chosen and assembled with
freedom, to concert measures for the public settlement ; and he
pretended not to interpose in their determinations : that he heard
of several schemes proposed for establishing the government
some insisted on a regent ; others were desirous of bestowing
the crown on the princess : it was their concern ah ne to choose
the plan of administration most agreeable or advantageous t"
them ; that if they judged it prober to settle a regent, he had
Mo objection : he only thought i* incumbent on Uira to inform
vol. vi. — Q
362 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [AD. 1669
thern, that he was determined not to he the regent, uoi even tr.
engage in a scheme which, he knew, would be exposed to aucli
insuperable difficulties : that no man could have a jaster <>i
deeper sense of the princess's merit than he was impressed
with ; but he would rather remain a private person, than enjoy
a crown which must depend on the will or life of another :
and that they must therefore make account, if they were in
elined to either of these two plans of settlement, that it would
be totally out of his power to assist them in carrying it inl<-
execution : his affairs abroad were too important to be aban-
doned for so precarious a dignity, or even to allow him so
much leisure as would be requisite to introduce order into
their disjointed government. -
These views of the prince were seconded by the princess
herself; who, as she possessed many virtues, was a most obse
quious wife to a husband who, in the judgment of the generality
of her sex, would have appeared so little attractive and amia-
ble. All considerations were neglected, when they came in
competition with what she deemed her duty to the prince.
When Danby and others of her partisans wrote her an account
of their schemes and proceedings, she expressed great dis-
pleasure ; and even transmitted their letters to her husband, as
a sacrifice to conjugal fidelity. The princess Anne, also con-
curred in the same plan for the public settlement ; and being
premised an ample revenue, was content to be postponed in
the succession to the crown. And as the title of her iuiant
brother was, in the present establishment, entirely neglected,
she might, on the whole, deem herself, in point of interest, a
gainer by this revolution.
The chief parties, therefore, being agreed, the convention
passed a bill, in which they settled the crown on the prince
and princess of Orange, the sole administration to remain in
the prince : the princess of Denmark to succeed after the death
of the prince and princess of Orange ; her posterity after
those of the princess, but before those of the prince by any
other wile. The convention annexed to this settlement of the
crown a declaration of rights, where all the points which hac'
of late years been disputed between the king and people, were
finally determined ; and the powers of royal prerogative were
more narrowly circumscribed and more exactly defined, than
in any former period of the English government
A.D . lOS'J.J JAMES u. 30 J
Thus have wc seen, through the course of four reigns, a
continual struggle maintained between the crown an 1 the peo-
ple : privilege and prerogative were ever at variance : and
both parties, beside the present object of dispute, had many
latent claims, which, on a favorable occasion, they produced
against their adversaries. Governments too steady and uniform,
as they are seldom free, so are they, in the judgement of some,
attended with another sensible inconvenience : they abate the
active powers of men ; depress courage, invention, and genius ;
and produce a universal lethargy in the people. Though this
opinion may be just, the fluctuation and contest, it must be
allowed, of the English government, were, during these reigns,
much too violent both for the repose and safety of the people.
Foreign affairs, at that time, were either entirely neglected, or
managed to pernicious purposes : and in the domestic admin-
istration there was felt a continued fever, either secret or man-
ifest ; sometimes the most furious convulsions and disorders
The revolution forms a new epoch in the constitution ; and
was probably attended with consequences more advantageous
to the people, than barely freeing them from an exceptionable
ldministration. By deciding many important questions in
favor of liberty, and still more by that great precedent of de-
posing one king, and establishing a new family, it gave such
an ascendant to popular principles, as has put the nature of the
English constitution beyond all controversy. And it may
justly be affirmed, without any danger of exaggeration, that we
in this island have ever since enjoyed, if not the best system
of government, at least the most entire system of liberty, that
ever was known amongst mankind.
To decry with such violence, as is affected by some, the
whole line of Stuart ; to maintain, that their administration
was one continued encroachment on the incontestable rights of
the people ; is not giving due honor to that great event, which
not only put a period to their hereditary succession, but made a
new settlement of the whole constitution. The icnonveniencies
suffered by the people under the two first reigns of that lami
ly, (for in the main they were fortunate,) proceeded in a great
measure from the unavoidable situation of affairs ; and scarcely
any thing could have prevented those events, but such vigor of
genius in the sovereign, attended with such good fortune, a»
might have enabled him entirely to overpower the liberties of
his people. While the parliaments in those reigns were taking
advantage of the necessities of the prince, and attempting
J54 HISTORY OF ENGLAND [7\.D. IGS'J
every session to abolish, or circumscribe, or define some pre-
rogative of the crown, and innovate in the usual tenor of gov-
ernment, what could be expected, but that the prince would
exert himself in defending, against such inveterate enemies,
an authority which, during the most regular course of the foi-
mer English government, had been exercised without dispute
or controversy? And though Charles II., in 1G72, may
with reason be deemed the aggressor, nor is it possible to
justify his conduct, yet were there some motives, surely, which
could engage a prince so soft and indolent, and at the same
time so judicious, to attempt such hazardous enterprises. He
felt that public affairs had reached a situation at which they
could not possibly remain without some further innovation.
Frequent parliaments were become almost absolutely neces-
sary to the conducting of public business ; yet these assemblies
were still, in the judgment of the royalists, much inferior in
dignity to the sovereign, whom they seemed better calculated
to counsel than control. The crown still possessed considera-
ble power of opposing parliaments ; and had not as yet ac-
quired the means of influencing them. Hence a continual
jealousy between these parts of the legislature : hence the in-
clination mutually to take advantage of each other's necessities :
hence the impossibility, under which the king lay, of finding
ministers who could at once be serviceable and faithful to him.
If he followed his own choice in appointing his servants, with-
out regard to their parliamentary interest, a refractory session
was instantly to be expected : if he chose them from among
the leaders of popular assemblies, they either lost their influ-
ence with the people by adhering to the crown, or they be-
trayed the crown in order to preserve their influence. Nei-
ther Hambden, whom Charles I. was willing to gain at any
price ; nor Shaftesbury, whom Charles II., after the Popish
plot, attempted to engage in his counsels, would renounce
their popularity for the precarious, and, as they esteemed
it, deceitful favor of the prince. The root of their authority
they still thought to lie in the parliament ; and as the power
of that assembly was not yet uncontrollable, they still resolved
to augment it, though at the expense of the royal prerogatives.
It is no wonder that these events have long, by the repre-
sentations of faction, been extremely clouded and obscured.
No man has yet arisen, who has paid an entire regard to truth,
and has dared to expose her, without coveriug or disguise, to
Jie eyes of 'he prejudiced public. Even that party amongst
A. I). lGS'J.J JAMES II. 3tJ
us which boasts of the highest regard to liberiy, has not pos
sessed sufficient liberty of thought in this particular; nor has
been able to decide impartially of their own merit, comparei!
with that of their antagonists. More noble perhaps in their
ends, and highly beneficial to mankind, they must also be
allowed to have often been less justifiable in the means, and in
many of their enterprises to have paid more regard to political
than to moral considerations. Obliged to court the favor of tho
populace, they found it necessary to comply with their rage
and folly ; and have even, on many occasions, by propagating
calumnies, and by promoting violence, served to infatuate as
well as corrupt that people to whom they made a tender of
liberty and justice. Charles I. was a tyrant, a Papist, and
a contriver of the Irish massacre ; the church of England
was relapsing fast into idolatry : Puritanism was the only true
religion, and the covenant the favorite object of heavenly
regard. Through these delusions the party proceeded, and
what may seem wonderful, still to the increase of law aim
liberty ; till they reached the imposture of the Popish plot, a
fiction whbh exceeds the ordinary bounds of vulgar credulity.
But however singular these events may appear, there is really
nothing altogether new in any period of modern history : and
it is remarkable, that tribunitian arts, though sometimes useful
in a free constitution, have usually been such as men of prob-
ity and honor could not bring themselves either to practise or
approve. The other faction, which, since the revolution, has
been obliged to cultivate popularity, sometimes found it neces-
sary to employ like artifices.
The whig party, for a course of near seventy years, has,
almost without interruption, enjoyed the whole authority of
government ; and no honors or offices could be obtained but by
their countenance and protection. But this event, which in
some particulars has been advantageous to the state, has proved
destructive to the truth of history, and has established many
gross falsehoods, which it is unaccountable how any civilized
nation could have embraced with regard to its domestic occur-
rences. Compositions the most despicable, both for style and
matter, have been extolled, and propagated, and read; as if
they had equalled the most celebrated remains of antiquity.*
And forgetting that a regard to liberty, though a laudable pas-
sion, ought commonly to be subordinate to a reverence lor
Such as Rapin Thoyras, Locke, Sidney, KoaJley, etc
3GG history of England. [A.D. 168^
established government, the prevailing faction has celebrated
only the partisans of the former, who pursued as their object
the perfection of civil society, and has extolled them at the
expense of their antagonists, who maintained those maxims
that are essential to its very existence. But e ttremes of all
kinds ar« to be avoided ; and though no one w.ll ever please
eitner faction by moderate opinions, it is there we are most
likely to meet with truth and certainty.
We shall subjoin to this general view of the English gov-
ernment some account of the state of the finances, arms,
trade, manners, arts, between the restoration and revolution.
The revenue of Charles II., as settled by the long parlia-
ment, was put upon a very bad footing. It was too small, if
they intended to make him independent in the common course
of his administration : it was too large, and settled during too
long a period, if they resolved to keep him in entire depend-
ence. The great debts of the republic, which were thrown
upon that prince ; the necessity of supplying the naval and
military stores, which were entirely exhausted ;* that of repair-
ing and furnishing his palaces : all these causes involved the
king in great difficulties immediately after his restoration ; and
the parliament was not sufficiently liberal in supplying him.
Perhaps, too, he had contracted some debts abroad ; and hi?
bounty to the distressed cavaliers, though it did not correspond
either to their services or expectations, could not fail, in some
degree, to exhaust his treasury. The extraordinary sums
granted the king during the first years did not suffice for these
extraordinary expenses ; and the excise and customs, the only
constant revenue, amounted not to nine hundred thousand
pounds a year, and fell much short of the ordinary burdens
of government. The addition of hearth money in 1662, and
of other two branches in 1669 and 1670, brought up the
revenue to one million three hundred and fifty-eight thousand
pounds, as we learn from Lord Danby's account : but the
same authority informs us, that the yearly expense of govern-
ment was at that time one million three hundred and eighty-
seven thousand seven hundred and seventy pounds ; t without
* Lord Clarendon's speech to the parliament, Oct. 9, 1 G65.
t Ralph's History, vol. i. p. 2S8. We learn from that lord's Me-
moirs, (p. 12,) that the receipts of the exchequer, during six years, from
1673 to 1679, were about eight millions two hundred thousand pounds,
or one million three hundred and sixty-six thousand poojif.s a year
Wee likewise p. 1G9.
A.D. 1GS9.J jami;s ir. 367
mentioning contingencies, which are always considerable,
even under the most prudent administration. Those branches
of revenue granted in 1669 and 1670, expired in 1680, and
were never renewed by parliament : they were computed to
be above two hundred thousand pounds a year. It must be
allowed, because asserted by all contemporary authors of both
parties, and even confessed by himself, that King Charles was
somewhat profuse and negligent. But it is likewise certain,
that a very rigid frugality was requisite to support the govern-
ment under such difficulties. It is a familiar rule in all busi-
ness, that every man should be paid in proportion to the trust
reposed in him, and to the power which he enjoys ; and the
nation soon found reason, from Charles's dangerous connec-
tions with France, to repent their departure from that pruden
tial maxim. Indeed, could the parliaments in the reign of
Charles I. have been induced to relinquish so far their old
habits, as to grant that prince the same revenue which was
voted to his successor, or had those in the reign of Charles
II. conferred on him as large a revenue as was enjoyed by his
brother, all the disorders in both reigns might easily have
been prevented, and probably all reasonable concessions to
liberty might peaceably have been obtained from both mou
archs. But these assemblies, unacquainted with public busi-
ness, and often actuated by faction and fanaticism, could never
be made sensible, but too late and by fatal experience, of the
incessant change of times and situations. The French am-
bassador informs his court, that Charles was very well satis-
fied with his share of power, could the parliament have been
induced to make him tolerable easy in his revenue.*
If we estimate the ordinary revenue of Charles II. at one
million two hundred thousand pounds a year during his whole
reign, the computation will rather exceed than fall below the
true value. The convention parliament, after all the sums
which they had granted the king towards the payment of old
debts, threw, the last day of their meeting, a debt upon him
amounting to one million seven hundred and forty-three thou-
eaud two hundred and sixty-three pounds. t All the extraor-
dinary sums which were afterward voted him by parliament,
amounted to eleven millions four hundred and forty-threa
thousand four hundred and seven pounds ; which, divided by
* Dalrymple's Appendix, p. 142.
t Journals. 29th oi'Denember, 1CC0.
308 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. |A.L>. I (3^9
twenty-four, the number of years which that king reigned
make four hundred and seventy-six thousand eight hundred
and eight pounds a year. During that time he had two violent
wars to sustain with the Dutch ; and in 1678, he made expen-
sive preparations for a war with France. In the first Dutch
war, both France and Denmark were allies to the United
Provinces, and the naval armaments in England were very
great : so that it is impossible he could have secreted any part,
at least any considerable part, of the sums which were then
voted him by parliament.
To these sums we must add about one million two hundred
thousand pounds, which had been detained from the bankers
on shutting up the exchequer in 1672. The king paid six
per cent, for this money during the rest of his reign.* It is
remarkable that, notwithstanding this violent breach of faith,
the king, two years after, fjorrowed money at eight per cent ;
the same rate of interest which he had paid before that event ; t
a proof that public credit, instead of being of so delicate a
nature as we are apt to imagine, is, in reality, so hardy and
robust, that it is very difficult to destroy it.
The revenue of James was raised by the parliament to about
one million eight hundred and fifty thousand pounds ; t and
his income as duke of York being added, made the whole
amount to two millions a year ; a sum well proportioned to
the public necessities, but enjoyed by him in too independent
a manner. The national debt at the revolution amounted to
one million fifty-four thousand nine hundred and twenty-five
pounds. §
The militia fell much to decay during these two reigns,
partly by the policy of the kings, who had entertained a diffi-
dence of their subjects, partly by that ill-judged law which
limited the king's power of mustering and arraying them. In
the beginning, however, of Charles's reign, the militia was
still deemed formidable. De Wit having proposed to the
French king an invasion of England during the first Dutch
war, that monarch replied, that such an attempt would bo
entirely fruitless, and would tend only to unite the English. In
a few days, said he, after our landing, there will be fifty thou-
sand men at least upon us. II
* Danby's Memoirs, p. 7. t Danby's Memoirs, p. 65.
J Journ. 1st of March, 1CS9. § Journ. 20th of Marr:h, 1(89
S f'F.stmdos. 20«K of October, 1GC6.
A..D. 1G59.] james H. \iM
Charles in the beginning of his leigr. _iad ui pay neai <ive
thousand men, of guards and garrisons. Ai the end of hij
reign, he augmented this number to near eight thousand.
James, on Monmouth's rebellion, had on foot about fifteen
thousand men ; and when the prince of Orange invaded him,
there were no fewer than thirty thousand regular troops in
England.
The English navy, during the greater part of Charles's
reign, made a considerable figure, for number of ships, valot
of the men, and conduct of the commanders. Even in 1678,
the fleet consisted of eighty-three ships ;* besides thirty which
were at that time on the stocks. On the King's restoration,
he found only sixty-three vessels of all si2.es. t During the
latter part of Charles's reign, the navy fell somewhat to decay,
by reason of the narrowness of the kind's revenue : but
James, soon after his accession, restored it to its former power
and glory ; and before he left the throne, carried it much fur-
ther. The administration of the admiralty under Pepys, is
still regarded as a model for order and economy. The fleet
at the revolution consisted of one hundred and seventy-three
vessels of all sizes, and required forty-two thousand seamen to
man it.} That king, when duke of York, had been the first
inventor of sea signals. The military genius during these two
reigns had not totally decayed among the young nobility.
Dorset, Mulgrave, Rochester, not to mention Ossory, served
on board the fleet, and were present in the most furious
engagements against the Dutch.
The commerce and riches of England did never, during
any period, increase so fast as from the restoration to the
revolution. The two Dutch wars, by disturbing the trade of
that republic, promoted the navigation of this island ; and
after Charles had made a separate peace with the states, his
subjects enjoyed unmolested the trade of Europe. The only
disturbance which they met with, was from a few French pri-
vateers, who infested the channel ; and Charles interposed not
in behalf of his subjects with sufficient spirit and vigor, The
recovery or conquest of New York and the Jerseys was a con-
siderable accession to the strength and security of the English
colonies ; and, together with the settlement of Pennsylvania
* Pepys's Memoirs, p. 4.
t Memoirs of English Afairs, chiefly nav*>
1 Lives of the Admirals, *ol. ii. p. 476.
o*
l'7J HISTORY OF ENGLAND. L AD. 108*}
and Carolina, which was effected during that reign, extended
the English empire in America. The persecutions of the dis-
senters, or, mere properly speaking, the restraints imposed
upon them, contributed to augment and people these colonies.
Dr. Davenant affirms,* that the shipping of England more
than doubled during these twenty-eight years. Several new
manufactures were established ; in iron, brass, silk, hats, gla^s,
paper, etc. One Brewer, leaving the Low Countries, when
they were threatened with a French conquest;, brought the art
of dyeing wollen cloth into England, and by that improvement
saved the nation great sums of money. The increase of coin-
age during these two reigns was ten millions two hundred and
sixty-one thousand pounds. A board of trade was erected in
1 670 ; and the earl of Sandwich was made president. Charles
revived and supported the charter of the East India Company ;
a measure whose utility is by some thought doubtful : he
granted a charter to the Hudson's Bay Company; a measure
probably hurtful.
We learn from Sir Josiah Child, f that in 1688 there were
on the Change more men worth ten thousand pounds than
there were in 1650 worth a thousand; that five hundred
pounds with a daughter was, in the latter period, deemed a
larger portion than two thousand in the former ; that gentle-
women, in those earlier times, thought themselves well clothed
iu a serge gown, which a chambermaid would, in 1688, be
ashamed to be seen in ; and that, besides the great increase of
rich clothes, plate, jewels, and household furniture, coaches
were in that time augmented a hundred fold.
The duke of Buckingham introduced from Venice the man-
ufacture of glass and crystal into England. Prince Rupert
was also an encourager of useful arts and manufactures : he
himself was the inventor of etching.
The first law for erecting turnpikes was passed in 1662 :
the places of the turnpikes were Wadesmill, Caxton, and
Stilton : but the genera. 1 And great improvement of highways
took not place till the reign of George II.
In 1663 was passed the first law for allowing ths exporta-
tion of foreign coin and bullion.
In 1667 was concluded the first American treaty between
England and Spain : this treaty was made more general and
* Discourse on the Public Revenues, part ii. p. 29, 33, 36.
t Brief Observations, etc.
A.D. 1689., jimes n. 37
complete in 1670. The two states then renounced all right
of trading with each other's colonies ; and the title of England
was acknowledged to all the territories in America of which
she was then possessed.
The French king, about the beginning of Charles's reign,
laid some impositions on English commodities : and the Eng-
lish, part'y displeased with this innovation, partly moved by
their animosity against France, retaliated, by laying such
restraints on the commerce with that kingdom as amounted
almost to a prohibition. They formed calculations, by which
they persuaded themselves that they were losers a million
and a half or near two millions a year by the French trade.
But no good effects were found to result from th ese restraints ;
and in King James's reign they were taken off by parlia-
ment.
Lord Clarendon tells us, that, in 1665, when money, in
consequence of a treaty, was to be remitted to the bishop of
Munster, it was found, that the whole trade of England could
not supply above a thousand pounds a month to Frankfort and
Cologne, nor above twenty thousand pounds a month to Ham-
burgh : these sums appear surprisingly small.*
At the same time that the boroughs of England were deprived
of their privileges, a like attempt was made on the colonies.
King James recalled the charters, by which their liberties were
secured ; and he sent over governors invested with absolute
power. The arbitrary principles of that monarch appear in
every part of his administration.
The people, during these two reigns, were in a great meas-
ure cured of that wild fanaticism by which they had formerly
been so much agitated. Whatever new vices they might
acquire, it may be questioned, whether by this change they
were, in the main, much losers in the point of morals. By the
example of Charles II. and the cavaliers, licentiousness and
debauchery became prevalent in the nation. The pleasures
of the table were much pursued. Love was treated more
as an appetite than a passion. The one sex began to abate of
the national character of chastity, without being able to inspire
the other with sentiment or delicacy.
The abuses in the former age, arising from overstrained
pretensions to piety, had much propagated the spirit of irreli-
gion; and many of the ingenious men of this period lie undox
* Life of Clarendon, p. f>37.
372 iustorv of England. [A. 108j
the imputation of Deism. Besides wits and scholars by profes
sion, Saftesbury, Halifax, Buckingham, Mulgrave, Sunderland
Essex, Rochester, Sidney, Temple, are supposed to have
adopted these principles.
The same factions which formerly distracted the nation
were revived, and exerted themselves in the most ungenerou?
and unmanly enterprises against each other. King Charles,
being in his whole deportment, a model of easy and gentle-
man-like behavior, improved the politeness of the nation ;
as much as faction, which of all things is most destructive
to that virtue, could possibly permit. His courtiers were long
distinguishable in England by their obligmg and agreeable
manners.
Till the revolution, the liberty of the press was very imper-
fectly enjoyed in England, and during a very short period.
The star chamber, while that court subsisted, put effectual
restraints upon printing. On the suppression of that tribunal in
JG41, the long parliament, after their rupture with the king,
assumed the same power with regard to the licensing of
books ; and this authority was conliuued during all the period
of the republic and protectorship.* Two years after the res-
toration, an act was passed reviving the republican ordinances
This act expired in 1679 ; but was revived in the first of King
James. The liberty of the press did not even commence with
the revolution. It was not till 1691 that the restraints were
taken off; to the great displeasure of the king and his minis-
ters, who, seeing nowhere, in any government, during present
or past ages, any example of such unlimited freedom, doubted
much of its salutary effects ; and probably thought, that no
books or writings would ever so much improve the general
understanding of men, as to render it safe to intrust them with
an indulgence so easily abused.
In 1677, the old law for burning heretics was repealed ; a
prudent measure, while the nation was in continual dread of
the return of Popery.
Amidst the thick cloud of bigotry and ignorance which
overspread the nation during the commonwealth and pro-
tectorship, there were a few sedate philosophers, who, in the
retirement of Oxford, cultivated their reason, and established
conferenc! s for the mutual communication of their discoveriea
ui physics and geometry. Wilkins, a clergyman, who had
* Scobcll. i. 44. 134" ii. 88. -230.
A.D. 1689. j james n. 6T*
married Cromwell's sister, and was afterwards bishop of Chea-
ter, promoted these philosophical conversations. Immediately
after the restoration, these men procured a patent, and having
enlarged their number, were denominated the Royal Society.
But this patent was all they obtained from the king. Though
Charles was z. lover of the sciences, particularly chemistry
and mechanics, he animated them by his example alone.
not by his bounty. His craving courtiers and mistresses,
by whom he was perpetually surrounded, engrossed all his ex-
pense, and left him neither money nor attention for literary
merit. His contemporary Lewis, who fell short of the king's
genius and knowledge in this particular, much exceeded
him in liberality. Besides pensions conferred on learned men
throughout all Europe, his academies were directed by rules
and supported by salaries ; a generosity which does great
honor to his memory ; and, in the eyes of all the ingenious part
of mankind, will be esteemed an atonement for many of
the errors of his reign. We may be surprised that this exam-
ple should not be more followed by princes ; since it is certain
that that bounty, so extensive, so beneficial, and so much cele-
brated, cost not this monarch so great a sum as is often con-
ferred on one useless, overgrown favorite or courtier.
But though the French Academy of Sciences was directed,
encouraged, and supported by the sovereign, there arose
in England some men of superior genius, who were more
than sufficient to cast the balance, and who drew on them-
selves and on their native country the regard and attention of
Europe. Besides Wilkins, Wren, Wallis, eminent mathema-
ticians, Hooke, an accurate observer by microscopes, and
Sydenham, the restorer of true physic, there flourished during
this period a Boyle and a Newton ; men who trod with cau-
tious, and therefore the more secure steps, the only road which
leads to true philosophy.
Boyle improved the pneumatic engine, invented by Otto
Guericke, and was thereby enabled to makes everal new and
curious experiments on the air, as well as on other bodies: his
chemistry is much admired by those who are acquainted with
that art : his hydrostatics contain a greater mixture of reason-
ing and invention with experiment than any other of his works ;
but his reasoning is still remote from that boldness and temer-
ity which had led astray so may philosophers. Boyle was a
great partisan of the mechanical philosophy ; a theory which,
by discovering some of the secrets of nature, and allowing us
571 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. [A. D. 1(330
to imagine the rest, is so agreeable to the natural vanity and
curiosity of men. He died in 1691. aged sixty-five.
In Newton this island may boast of having produced the
greatest and rarest genius that ever arose for the ornament
and instruction of the species. Cautious in admitting no
principles but such as were founded on experiment, but reso-
lute to adopt every such principle, however new or unusual :
from modesty, ignorance of his superiority above the rest of
mankind, and thence less careful to accommodate his reason-
ing to common apprehensions ; more anxious to merit than
acquire fame ; he was from these causes long unknown to the
world ; but his reputation at last broke out with a luster which
scarcely any writer, during his own lifetime, had ever before
attained. While Newton seemed to draw off the veil from
some of the mysteries of nature, he showed at the same time
•xie imperfections of the mechanical philosophy ; and thereby
restored her ultimate secrets to that obscurity, in which they
ever did and ever will remain. He died in 1727, aged eighty-
rive .
This age was far from being so favorable to polite literature
xs to the sciences. Charles, though fond of wit, though pos-
sessed himself of a considerable share of it, though his taste
in conversation seems to have been sound and just, served
rather to corrupt than improve the poetry and eloquence of
his time. When the theatres were opened at the restoration,
and freedom was again given to pleasantry and ingenuity,
men, after so long an abstinence, fed on these delicacies with
less taste than avidity, and the coarsest and most irregular
species of wit was received by the court as well as by the
people. The productions represented at that time on the
itage were such monsters of extravagance and folly, so utter
ly destitute of all reason or even common sense, that they
would be the disgrace of English literature, had not the nation
made atonement for its former admiration of them by the total
oblivion to which they are now condemned. The duke of
Buckingham's Rehearsal, which exposed these wild produc-
tions, seems to be a piece of ridicule carried to excess ; yet in
reality, the copy scarcely equals some of the absurdities which
we meet with in the originals.*
This severe satire, together with the good sen6e of the
* The duke of Buckingham died on the lC'h of April, 1688.
A.D. 1689 1 james n. 375
nation, corrected, after some time, the oxlravaganeies of tie
fashionable wit ; but the productions of literature still wanted
much of that correctness and delicacy which we so much ad-
mire in the ancients, and in the French writers, their judicious
imitators. It was, indeed, during this period chiefly, that that
nation left the English behind them in the productions of
poetry, eloquence, history, and other branches of polite let-
ters ; and acquired a superiority which the efforts of English
writers during the subsequent age, did more successfully
contest "with them The arts and sciences were imported from
Italy into this island as early as into France ; and made at
first more sensible advances. Spenser, Shakspeare, Bacon,
Jonson, were superior to their contemporaries who flourished
in that kingdom. Milton, Waller, Denham, Cowley, Harvey,
were at least equal to their contemporaries. The reign of
Charles II., which some preposterously represent as our
Augustan age, retarded the progress of polite literature in this
island; and it was then found, that the immeasurable licen-
tiousness, indulged or rather applauded at court, was more de-
structive to the refined arts, than even the cant, nonsense, and
enthusiasm of the preceding period.
Most of the celebrated writers of this age remain monu
ments of genius, perverted by indecency and bad taste ; and
none more than Dryden, both by reason of the greatness of
his talents and the gross abuse which he made of them. His
plays, excepting a few scenes, are utterly disfigured by
vice or folly, or both. His translations appear too much
the offspring of haste and hunger : even his fables are ill
thosen tales, conveyed in an incorrect, though spirited versifi-
cation. Yet amidst this great number of loose productions, the
refuse of our language, there are found some small pieces, his
Ode to St. Cecilia, the greater part of Absalom and Achito-
phel, and a few more, which discover so great genius, such
richness of expression, such pomp and variety of numbers,
that they leave us equally full of regret and indignation,
on account of the inferiority or rather great absurdity of
his other writings. He died in 1701, aged sixty-nine.
The very name of Rochester is offensive to modest ears ;
yet does his poetry discover such energy of style and such
poignancy of satire, as give ground to imagine what so fine a
genius, had he fallen in a more happy age, and had followed
better models, was capable of producing. The ancient satirists
often used great liberties in their expressions ^ but their free
376 history or England. [A.D. 1689
dom no more resembles the licentiousness of Rochester, than
the nakedness of an Indian does that of a common prostitute.
Wycherley was ambitious of the reputation of wit and liber
tinism ; and he attained it : he was probably capable of reach
ing the fame of true comedy and instructive ridicule. Otway
had a genius finely turned to the pathetic ; but he neither
observes strictly the rules of the drama, nor the rules, stili
more essential, of propriety and decorum. By one single
piece, the duke of Buckingham did both great service to
his age and honor to himself. The earls of Mulgrave, Dorset,
and Roscommon wrote in a good taste ; but their productions
are either feeble or careless. The marquis of Halifax dis-
covers a refined genius ; and nothing but leisure and an infe-
rior station seem wanting to have procured him eminence
in literature.
Of all the considerable writers of this age, Sir William
Temple is almost the only one that kept himself altogether
unpolluted by that inundation of vice and licentiousness which
overwhelmed the nation. The style of this author, though
extremely negligent, and even infected with foreign idioms,
is agreeable and interesting. That mixture of vanity which
appears in his works, is rather a recommendation to them.
By means of it we enter into acquaintance with the character
of the author, full of honor and humanity ; and fancy that we
are engaged, not in the perusal of a book, but in conversation
with a companion. He died in 1698, aged seventy.
Though Hudibras was published, and probably composed,
during the reign of Charles II., Butler may justly, as well as
Milton, be thought to belong to the foregoing period. No com-
position abounds so much as Hudibras in strokes of just and
inimitable wit ; yet are there many performances which give
as great or greater entertainment on the whole perusal. The
allusions in Butler are often dark and far-fetched ; and though
scarcely any author was ever able to express his thoughts in
so few words, he often employs too many thoughts on one
subject, and thereby becomes prolix after an unusual manner.
It is surprising how much erudition Butler has introduced with
so good a grace into a work of pleasantry and humor ; Hu-
dibras is perhaps one of the most learned compositions that ia
to be found in any language. The advantage which the royal
^ause received from this poem, in exposing the fanaticism and
false pretences of the former parliamentary party, was prodi-
gious. The kiug himself had so good a taste as to be highlj
A.D. 1089.] james it. 377
pleased with the merit of the work, and had even got a great
part of it by heart ; yet was he either so careless in his temper,
or so little endowed with the virtue of liberality, or, more
properly speaking, of gratitude, that he allowed the author, a
man of virtue and probity, to live in obscurity, and die in
want.* Dryden is an instance of a negligence of the same
kind. His Absalom sensibly contributed to the victory which
the tories obtained over the whigs, after the exclusion parlia-
ments : yet could not this merit, aided by his great genius, pro-
cure him an establishment which might exempt him from the
necessity of writing for bread. Otway, though a professed
royalist, could not even procure bread by his writings ; and he
had the singular fate of dying literally of hunger. These in-
3idents throw a great stain on the memory of Charles ; whc
had discernment, loved genius, was liberal of money, but at
tained not the praise of true generosity.
* Butler died in 1680, aged sixtj eight.
NOTES.
Note A, p. 53.
The articles were, that he had advised the king to govern by mil-
tary power without parliaments; that he had affirmed the king to bo
n. Papist, or popishly affected ; that he had received great sums of
money for procuring the Canary patent and other illegal patents;
that he had advised and procured divers of his majesty's subjects to
be imprisoned against law, in remote islands and garrisons, thereby
to prevent their having the benefit of the law ; that he had procured
the customs to be farmed at under rates ; that he had received great
sums from the vinters' company, for allowing them to enhance the
price of wines ; that he had in a short time gained a greater estate
than could have been supposed to arise from the profits of his offices ;
that he had introduced an arbritrary government into his majesty's
plantations ; that he had rejected a proposal for the preservation of
Nevis and St. Christopher's, which was the occasion of great losses in
those parts ; that when he was in his majesty's service beyond sea,
he held a correspondence with Cromwell and his accomplices; that
he advised the sale of Dunkirk ; that he had unduly altered letters
pateat under the king's seal; that he had unduly decided causes in
council, which should have been brought before chancery ; that he
had issued quo warrantos against corporations, with an intention of
squeezing money from them ; that he had taken money for passing
the bill of settlement in Ireland ; that he betrayed the nation in all
foreign treaties, and that he was the principal adviser of dividing the
tleet in June, 1666.
Note B, p. 80.
The abstract of the report of the Brook House committee (so that
committee was called) was first published by Mr. Ralph, (vol. i. p. 177,)
from Lord Halifax's Collections, to which I refer. If we peruse their
apology, which we find in the subsequent page of the same author,
we shall find that they acted with some malignity towards the king.
They would take notice of no services performed before the first of
September, 16G4. But all the king's preparations preceded that date,
and, as Chancellor Clarendon told the parliament, amounted to eight
hundred thousand pounds; and the computation is very probable.
This sum, therefore, must be added. The committee likewise charged
seven hundred thousand pounds to the king on account of the winter
and summer guards, saved during two years and ten months that th«
3S0 NOTES.
war lasted. But this seems iniquitous. For though that was mi
usual burden on the revenue, which was then saved, would not the
diminution of the customs during the war be an equivaleut to it?
Besides, near three hundred and forty thousand pounds are charged
for prize money, which perhaps the king thought he ought not to
account for. These sums exceed the million and a half.
Note C, p. 85.
Gourville has said in his Memoirs, (vol. ii. p. 14. C7,) that Charles
was never sincere in the triple alliance ; and that, having entertainer
a violent animosity against De Wit, he endeavored by this artifice ic
detach him from the French alliance, with a view of afterwards find-
ing an opportunity to satiate his vengeance upon him. This account,
though very little honorable to the king's memory, i.eems probable
from the events, as well as from the authority of the author.
GENERAL INDEX,
N. B The Roman numerals direct to tlievolume, and the figures to tkcpagt
Abbey lands, the immediate inconveniences resulting from their alienatior
into lay hands at the reformation, iii. 354.
Abbeys, their rich revenues, iii. 245. The hospitality exercised by them
245. See Monasteries.
Vbbot, Archbishop, i3 suspended and confined, for refusing to license Sib-
thorp's sermon on general loans, v. 22. Is employed by the lords tc
moderate the pretensions of the commons, in the petition of right, 40.
Abbots, are excluded from their seats in the house of lords, iii. 261. See
Monasteries.
\.bhorrers, and petitioners, an account of the origin of those party distinc-
tions, vi. 218. The former persecuted, and the latter countenanced, by
the house of commons, 221.
A.cadie is yielded to the French by the treaty of Breda, vi. 55.
leca, daughter of jElla, king of Deiri, is married to Ethelfrid, king of
Bernicia, i. 20.
icre, a city in Palestine, besieged by the Christians, i. 374. Taken by the
assistance of Richard I. of England, and Philip of France, 375. The
prisoners butchered, 381.
idela, daughter of King William the Conqueror, her issue, showing the
foundation of King Stephen's pretensions, i. 270.
\delfrid, king of Bernicia, establishes the kingdom of Northumberland, i
20, 31. Great slaughter of British monks by, 32. Destroys the vast
monastery of Bangor. 32. Defeated and killed by B,edwald, king of the
East Angles, 33.
Adjournment of parliament, distinction between that by the king, and of
the house of commons by themselves, v. 59, n.
Admiral, lord high, an account of those who filled that post during the reign
of James I., iv. 495. Those in the reign of Charles I., v. 384.
Adrian, emperor, builds his famous rampart between Britain and Caledonia,
i. 8. Completed by Severus, 8.
III., an English pope, his motives for making a grant of Ireland tc
Henry II. of England, i. 329.
VI., pope, his conduct towards the reformers, iii. 135. Dies, 142.
Adultery, the legal composition for, among our Saxon ancestors, i. 170.
/Ella, a Saxon, defeats the Britons, and settles in Sussex, i. 13. See
Sussex.
, another Saxon of that name, is made king of DeTri, i. 20.
iEtius, why unable to listen to the embassy of the Britons for assistance,
i. 11.
Agitators, or representatives of the army, in a military parliament, chosen
v. 334. Send Cornet Joyce to seize the king at Holdenby, 335. Then
meetings forbid by Cromwell, 350. Disorders committed by them, 394.
Are suppressed by the generals, 395.
Agues Sorel, mistress of Charles VII., assists the queen in recovering him
from his dejection on the siege of Orleans, ii. 3S8.
382
INDEX.
Agricola, J alias, finally subdues the Britons.- as far as Caledonia, i. 7. Ho*
lie »ecurcd their subjection, 7. His civil institutions, 7.
Agriculture, evidence of the bad state of, in the time of Henry Vlll., i'u
217. State of, during the reign of James I., iv. 520.
Aix la Chapelle, treaty of, in result of the triple alliance, vi. 66.
A-Lasco, John, a Polish nobleman, being expelled, turns Protestant preach-
er, and takes refuge with his congregation in England, iii. 370. Is pro-
tected by the council, 370. Is forced to leave England at the accession
of Queen Mary, 394.
Albano, the pope's legate, excommunicates Prince Richard, son of Henry
II., for rebelling against his father, i. 356.
Albany, duke of, brother to Robert III., king of Scotland, assumes the
administration, ii. 337. Enjoys the regal power by the death of his
brother and the captivity of his nephew, 337. Sends forces to the dauphin
of France, who defeat and kill the duke of Clarence, 367. Dies, 377.
Character of his son Murdac, 377.
, duke of, is invited over by the influence of Lord Hume, to accept
the regency of Scotland, iii. 110. The state of the kingdom as it appeared
to him at his arrival, 110. Is prejudiced against Hume by the enemies
of that nobleman, 111. The young king carried off by Ins mother, 111.
Lord Hume makes war against him, and is put to death by him, 112.
Goes over to France, 112. Returns to Scotland, 138. Concludes a truce
with the English, and returns to France, 138. Comes back, but his opera
tions against England disconcerted, 140. Leaves Scotland finally, 110.
Albemarle, earl of, foments a rebellion of the barons against Henry III.
ii. 9. Loses Rockingham Castle, but gains Fotheringay, and others,
9. Is excommunicated by Pandolf the legate, 9. Submits, and is par
doned, 9.
, General Monk created duke of, vi. 2. Procures the condemnation
of Argyle, 15. Engages the Dutch admirals for four days, 46. His
death and character, 89, n.
Albert and Theodin appointed legates to inquire into the murder of Thomas
a Becket, i. 333. Their accommodation with Henry II. en the account
of it, 334. Absolve him, 335.
Albigenses, who they were, i. 415. A crusade against them published by
Pope Innocent III., 415. Exterminated, 415.
Albiney, William de, defends the Castle of Rochester for the barons against
King John, i. 435. Is obliged to surrender, 435.
Alcuin, a clergyman, sent by Offa, king of Mercia, to the emperor Charle-
magne, and becomes his preceptor in the sciences, i. 39.
Alderman and earl, synou /mous terms in the Saxon laws and annals, i.
155, 478.
Aldred, archbishop of York, crowns King Harold, i. 139. Crowns William
the Conqueror, 181. Dies of grief, 198.
Ale, its price in the reign of Henry III., ii. 64.
Alencon, besieged by John, king of England, i. 402. The siege raised by
the address of Philip of France, 402.
, duke of, created duke of Anjou, iv. 181.
Alexander II., pope, his motives for declaring in favor of the Norman
invasion, i. 143, ]97. Sends Ermeufroy, legate to William the Conquer
or, 197.
■■ III., pope, driven from Rome by the anti-pope, Victor IV., i.
294. Abject honors paid to, by the kings of France and England, 295,
Deceives the intentions of Henry II., in the grant of a legatine commis-
sion, 306. His honorable reception of Archbishop Becket, and cold be-
havior to Henry's embassy, 312. Attempts by his nuncios to reconcile
them, 317. Aipeased by Henry's submissions on the occasion ofBecket'a
murder, 325. "Canonizes Becket, 326. Issues bulls at Henry's desire
against his sons, 338.
— IV., pope, publishes a crusade against Sicily, ii. 21. His leviei
INDEX. 1583
on the English cergy to caiTy it on, i.4. Threatens the kingdom with an
interdict for non-payment of his demands, 25.
Alexander VI., pope, sends a nuncio to engage Henry VII. of England in 8
crusade against the Turks, iii. 60.
III., king of Scotland, espouses the sister of Edward I. of Eng-
land, ii. 80. His death, 80.
Alexis Comnenus, emperor of Greece, his policy to get rid of the crusaders,
i. 239.
Alford, encounter there, between Montrose and Baillie, v. 306.
Alfred, accompanies his father Ethelwolf in his pilgrimage to Rome, i. 55.
Assists his brother King Ethered against the Danes, 57. Succeeds to
the crown, 58. Is anointed at Rome by Pope Leo III., 59. Progress of
his education, 59. Is worsted by the Danes, 60. Fights several battles
with them, 60. Forced to relinquish his dominions in the disguise of a
peasant, 61. Anecdote of him during this concealment, 62. Collects
some retainers in a secret retreat, 62. Sallies and routs the Danes, 63.
Enters their camp disguised like a harper, 63. Defeats them again, and
admits them to settle, 64. His civil institutions, 65, 71. Forms a naval
force, 66. Routs Hastings the Dane, 66. Routs Sigefert the Northum-
brian pirate, 69. His character, 69. State of the nation at the defeat of
the Danes, 70. Divides England into districts for the easy execution of
Justice, 71. The modes of justice established by him, 71. Appoints ju-
ries for judicial decisions, 72. His regard for the liberties of his people,
74. His care for the advancement of learning, 74. His economy of his
time, 75. How he inculcated morality, 75. His literary performances,
75. His attention to the promotion of arts, manufactures, and commerce,
76. His great reputation abroad, 76. His children, 76.
Alfred, a Saxon nobleman, accused of conspiring against King Athelstan,
his extraordinary fate, i. 79.
Alfric, duke of Mercia, his infamous character and history, i. 102. Treach-
erously saves the Danish fleet, 102. Another instance of his perfidy, 110.
Algiers is compelled to peace by Admiral Blake, v. 460.
Alice Pierce becomes the favorite of Edward III., but is removed from
court, ii. 264.
Allen, John, his character, iii. 118. Is made judge of Cardinal Wolsey's
legatine court, 118. Is prosecuted and convicted of iniquity, 119.
Alliance, triple, formed against Louis XIV., vi. 65.
Allison, his cruel prosecution in the star chamber for slander, v. 80.
Allodial and feudal possessions, the difference between, explained, and the
preference of the latter in the early ages shown, i. 444.
Alnwick, William, king of Scotland, defeated and taken prisoner there by
the English, i. 344.
Altar removed from the wall into the middle of the church by the first
English reformers, iv. 117.
Alva, duke of, concerts with Philip of Spain, Catharine de Medicis, and the
cardinal of Lorraine, a massacre of the French Protestants, iv. 471. See
Hugonots and Medicis. Enters into a negotiation with the earl of North-
umberland for an insurrection in England, 125. Is employed by Philip
to oppress the Flemings, 148. His character, 148. His cruelties, 149.
Some money sent for him from Genoa, seized by Q,ueen Elizabeth, 149.
Revenges himself on the English merchants, 149. His cruel extortions
on the Flemings, 150. Attempts to disturb the English government in
favor of Mary, queen of Scots, 151. Revolt of Holland and Zealand,
165. Condemns the prince of Orange as a rebel, and confiscates his pos-
sessions, 165. His cruelty on reducing Harlem, 166. Is finally repulsed
at Alcmaer, and solicits to be recalled from the Low Countries, 166
Boasts of his infamous conduct, 166.
Amboyna, cruelties x»racticed by the Dutch towards the English farlwri
there, v. 517. Why this injury was not properly resented, 517.
Ambrosius commands the Britons against Hengist, i 16.
384 INbEX.
Amerciaments, the arbitrary manner of imposing, by the Anglo- Normaa
kings, i. 469.
America, when first discovered, iii. 75. Great alterations in the Europcr.n
nations in consequence of this discovery, 75. The different claims made
by the European nations to their discoveries in, iv. 449. Colonies estab-
lished there by James I., 513.
Amiens, the states of France summoned there by Louis XT., on the appea."
to him by Henry III., and the barons of England, ii. 45. The appeal
decided in favor of Henry, 46. Treaty of alliance there, between the
dukes of Bedford, Burgundy, and Brittany, 377.
Ancient history, causes of the uncertainty of, pointed out, i. 1, 14.
Ancram, battle of, iii. 295.
Angles, who, and where they settled in Britain, i. 17, 19.
Anglesey, attacked by Suetonius Paulinus, i. 6. The Druid9 destroyed
there, 6.
Anglia, East, history of the Saxon kingdom of, i. 36.
Anglo-Norman government, the executive power of, where lodged, i. 437.
The judicial power, how distributed, 457. The crown revenue, in what it
consisted. 460. Talliages levied by, 461.
Angus, earl of, marries Margaret, widow of James IV. of Scotland, iii.
109. She gets a divorce from him, and marries again, 199. Is forced to
fly into England by the young king, 200. Joins the English army against
James V. of Scotland, 279. Returns to Scotland, and takes part with the
earl of Arran, against Cardinal Beaton, 283. Conducts the retreat of the
Scots army from the English on the flight of Arran, 295. Inspires Arran
with resolution to face the English again, who are defeated at Aucram,
295. Commands the van at the battle of Pinkey, 336.
Anjou, duke of, brother to Charles IX. of France, defeats and kills the
prince of Conde at the battle of Jarnac, iv. 143. Defeats Coligni, at Mont-
contour, 144. Is proposed as a husband to Elizabeth, queen of England.
145. Is elected king of Poland, 162. Takes possession of the crown of
France, on the death of his brother Charles, 162. See Henry III. of
France.
-—, the duke of Alencon created duke of, iv. 184. Sends over Simier to
prosecute his suit with Q.ueen Elizabeth, 184. See Simier. Pays Eliz-
abeth a private visit, 185. Articles for his marriage prepared, 185. Is
sent in the service of the states to the Low Countries, 186. His opera-
tions there, 187. Comes over to England, 187. Receives a ring from
Elizabeth, 187. The queen breaks off the match with him, 189. Is ex-
pelled the Netherlands, returns home and dies, 190.
A.nlaf heads the Danish pirates against King Athelstan, i. 81. His strata
agem to gain intelligence in Athelstan's camp, 81. Athelstan's prudent
conduct on the occasion, 81.
Annates, an act of parliament passed by Henry VIII. against levying,
iii. 187.
Aniie. sister of the emperor Winceslaus, and queen of Richard II., her
ineffectual suit to the duke of Gloucester in l'avor of Sir Simon Burley,
ii. 295.
— — , Princess, lady of Beaujeu, her character, iii. 22. Vested with the
government of France during the minority of Charles VIII., 22. The
administration disputed by Lewis, duke of Orleans, 22. Motives ot he'
embassy to Henry VII. of England, 24.
— — of Cleves, is sent over to be married to Henry VIII. of England,
iii. 260. Henry sees her privately, and is disgusted with her, 260. Is
nevertheless married by him, 261. Is divorced from Henry, 265. Her
insensibility under this treatment, 265. Refuses to return home, 265.
■— , Lady, daughter of James, duke of York, married to Prince George of
Denmark, vi. 277. Deserts with her husband to the prince of Orange,
345. Is declared successor to the crown on failure of the issue of her
•ister Mary, 362.
INDEX 385
Ansel.n, a Nonaan abbot, appointed archbishop of Canterbury, by William
Ruins, i. 232. Opposes the violences of the king-, 233. Preaches suc-
cessfully against the then fashionable modes of dress, 233. Espouses
the pretensions of Urban to the papacy, 234. In what manner he fur
nished his quota of soldiers demanded by the king for his expedition
against Wales, 234. Retires to Rome, and his temporalities confiscat-
ed, 234. Assists at the council of Bari, 235. Recalled by Henry I., 245.
Refuses homage to him, 24G. Assists at a council to debate on the king's
intended marriage, 246. Acquires the king's confidence, 248. Procures
an accommodation between the king and his brother Robert, 248. Re-
fuses to consecrate the bishops invested by Henry, 254. Retires to
Rome, and his revenues again confiscated, 254. Returns to bis ironas
tery in Normandy, 254. Compromise with, 258.
Antonio, Don, prior of Crato, solicits assistance from England to assert his
pretensions to the crown of Portugal, iv. 266. Obtains a small fleet,
267. The expedition fails, 268.
Antwerp, joyful reception of the English merchants there, on the renewal
of commerce with Flanders by Henry VII., iii. 55. A revolt of the Prot-
estants there, against the Catholic worship, iv. 148. The insurgents
suppressed by the prince of Orange, 148,
Appeals, from inferior to superior courts, how appointed by the laws of Al
fred, i. 72. From the barons' courts, how regulated by parliament, it
the reign of Henry III., ii. 63. To Rome, forbid by parliament, iii. 191
From chancery to the house of peers, first came into practice, iv. 460.
Apprentices of London petition the long parliament, v. 212.
Arcemboldi, a Genoese bishop, farms the sale of indulgences in Saxony, of
Magdalene, Pope Leo's sister, iii. 131. Appoints the preaching of them
to the Dominicans, 131. See Indulgences, and Luther.
Archangel, a passage to, discovered, and a trade opened with Muscovy, iv.
365.
Arnhy, the king's fool, loses his place for exercising his wit on Archbishop
Laud, v, 88.
Ardres, interview between Heivry VIII. of England and Francis I. of
France, in a plain near, iii. 123. Grand touruu.^ent held by them there,
124.
Argyle, earl of, with his son Lord Lome, enters into the association of refor-
mers, called the Congregation of the Lord, iv. 16. Attei. ds the queen regent
in her attempt to suppress the Protestant riots, 21. Signs the new cove-
nant of the Congregation, 23. Enters into a conspiracy against Mary at
Stirling, 68. Is forced to fly into England, 70. Is invited back by Darn-
ley, 74. Is reconciled to the queen, 75.
, earl of, his character, v. 106. Subscribes to the covenant, 106.
Deserts his army at the approach of Montrose, 305. Refuses any inti-
macy with Charles II. on his arrival in Scotland, 409. Submits to the
commonwealth, 425. Is tried and executed, vi. 14.
, earl of. See Lome. Is again condemned for leasing-rnaking,
vi. 251. Escapes to Holland, 252. Engages in the duke of Monmouth's
conspiracy, 263. Urges Monmouth to rebel against James II., 293. In-
vades Scotland, 301. Is taken and executed, 302.
Ariar.s, two burnt during the reign of James I., iv. 500.
Arlington, Bennet, earl of, made secretary of state by Charles II., vi. 33.
Becomes one of the cabal ministry, 82. His character, 83. Is sent to
Holland, to treat with Lewis XIV. concerning peace with the states, 108.
/.rmada, the invincible one of Spain, preparations for the equipment of,
iv. 254. Sails from Lisbon, aud is scattered by a storm, 259. Its strength
when repaired, 260. Makes an unsuccessfu attack on the English fleet,
262. Is attacked and disconcerted at Calais b} T the English admiral, 262.
Sails northward on its return home, and is destroyed by a storm, 263.
Armagnacs and Bnrgundians, these party denominations in France
plained, and the troubles occasioned thereby, ii. 352, 360.
VOL. VI. — R.
386 mDEx.
Armies, standing, the first rise ox, iii.75. When first introduced into Ens?
land, vi. 9. Number of standing forces kept up from the rcstoratioi
to the revolution, 3fi9.
Arminianism is persecuted in the United Provinces, iv. 421. Reflections
on the opinion of, 503. Is attacked by the house of commons, v. 57.
Armorica, See Brittany.
Arms, coats of, custom of using them first introduced into Europe during
the crusades, i. 393.
Armstrong, Sir Thomas, is seized and executed without trial, for engaging
in the duke of Monmouth's conspiracy, vi. 273.
Army, feudal, its disadvantages, ii. 95. Becomes disused in favor of i
mercenary one, 96.
, parliamentary, first raised, and the command given to the cai 1 of
Essex, v. 223. See its operations under the respective generals, Essex,
Fail-fax, Manchester, etc. Mutiny of, 332. Forms a military parliament,
334. Seizes the king, 335. Chooses Cromwell general, 336. Is ma die I
to St. Albans, 337 Enters into a negotiation with the parliament. "•)'»•
Accuses the Presbj terian leaders in parliament of high treason, 34 1. If e-
moves to Reading, after obtaining its demands, 342. Marches back to
Hounslow Heath, where the speakers of the two houses arrive, ami implore
its protection, 345. Arrives in London, and reinstates the speakers, 346.
Schemes of, for settling the nation, 350. Is reduced to obedience by
Cromwell, 351. Subdues the scattered parties of royalists, 359. For its
future operations, see Cromwell. Is disbanded at the restoration, vi. C.
Army, Scots. See Leven, earl of Lesley, Montrose, and Scotland
Arran, James, earl of, his pretensions to the administration of Scotland
during the minority of Mary, daughter of James V., iii. 282. Opposes
and confines Cardinal Beaton, 283. Contracts the infant queen to Prince
Edward of England, 283. Evades the demand of the stipulated hos-
tages, made by Sadler, the English ambassador, 284. Attempts to seize
the young rraeen, but fails, and enters into an accommodation, 285. Re
uounces the reformed religion, 289. Attaches himself to Beaton in op-
position to Lennox, 289. Forces Lennox to fly to England, 292. His
feeble opposition to the English incursions, 295. The English defeated
at Ancram, 295. Ravages the borders of England, 296. Refuses to con-
cur in the execution of Wishart, the reformer, 332. Engages the duks
of Somerset at Pinkey, 336. Receives succors from France, 342. Ob-
tains a pension from France, and is created duke of Chatelrault, 343.
See Chatelrault.
• , James Stuart of Ochiltree, made earl of, iv. 190. The king taken
from the power of him and Lennox, by an association of Scots nobility,
190. Is confined to his own house, 191. Is recalled to court, on the king's
escape, 196. His violent, tyrannical conduct, 197. Is degraded from
his authority, and deprived of his title and estate, 197.
Arras, congress at, between Charles VII. of France and the dukes of Bed-
ford and Burgundy, ii. 403.
Array, commissions of, issued by Charle3 I. in opposition to the militia
under parliamentary authority, v. 222.
Arteville, James dc, a brewer at Ghent, becomes a leader of the popu-
lace against the Flemish nobility, ii. 196. Is employed by Edward III.
of England to bring the Flemings to assist his pretensions on the crown
of Frauce, 197. His death, 229.
Arthur, prince of the Silures, is the prince so celebrated by the British
bards, i. 19.
, posthumous son of Geoffrey, third son of King Henry II. of Eng-
land, invested in the duchy of Brittany, under the guardianship of his
grandfather, i. 352. Is declared successor by Richard I. on his entering
into a crusade, 394. His title asserted by the barons of the French
provinces, 395. Is taken under the protection of, and educated by, Philip
of Fiance, 395. Joins with Philip, and commits hostilities against hit
INDEX. 387
and a John, 399. Is knighted, and marries Phi.lp s dau.ri.tc-r, 399. Ji
taken prisouer by John, 399. His resolute behavior in a conference witfc
him, 400. Is murdered by John, 400.
Arthur, Prince, eldest son of Henry VII. born, iii. 12. Married to Catha-
rine of Arragou, 60. Die3, 60.
Articles, six, the law of, passed by the parliament in ihe reign of Henry
VIII., for abolishing diversity of opinions in religion, iii. 253. A view of
them, 254. Numerous prosecutions commenced on this act, 258. Is
rigorously enforced, 267. The penalties on the marriage of priests miti
gated, 275. A further mitigation of this law, 291. This statute re-
pealed, 339.
— — — , lords of. See Lords.
Artillery, reflections on the effects of, in war, ii. 225. First used at tlte
battle of Crecy, 225. When first used at sieges, 386. The art and
management of, improved sooner than fortification, 415.
Artois, Hobert de, his character, and how he lost his patrimony, ii. 194
Is favorably received by Edward III. of England, 195. Stimulates Ed-
ward to assert his pretensions to the crown of Prance, 195. Joins the
army of Edward in his invasion of France, 203. Is routed at St. Omers,
203. Is sent with English succors to Brittany, where he is killed, 215,
216.
Arts, the advantages of cultivating in society, iii. 71. State of, during the
reign of Charles I. v. 527.
Arundel, Humphrey, an insurrection in Devonshire, excited and headed by
him, to oppose the reformation, iii. 356. He is taken by Lord Russet
and executed, 357.
, earl of, condemned by the house of peers, and executed, ii. 302.
, earl of, is appointed one of the commissioners at Hampton Court,
to inquire into the conduct of Mary queen of Scots, iv. 106. Was tho
first who introduced coaches into England, 370.
, earl of, is sent with an army to reduce the Scotch covenanters,
v. 108.
Ascham, envoy from the English commonwealth to Madrid, murdered there
by banished royalists, v. 458.
Ascue, Anne, cruelly tortured by Wriothesely, chancellor, for denying the
real presence in the eucharist, iii. 301. Is burnt with other heretics, 302
Ashley, Lord, one of the cabal ministry, his character, vi. 82. Is made earl
of Shaftesbury. See Shaftesbury.
Aske, Mr., raises an insurrection in the north of England against Henry
VIII., under the name of the Pilgrimage of Grace, iii. 236. Takes Hull
and York, 237. Is joined by the archbishop of York and Lord Darcy, 237,
His negotiations with the duke of Norfolk, sent against him, 237. His
adherents separate, 238. Is executed, 239.
Assassins, whence the origin of the term derived, their prince, and his
dangerous authority and principles, i. 378. Causes Conrade, marquis of
Montferrat, to be assassinated, 378.
Assembly, general, of the church of Scotland, addresses Q,uecn Mary on
occasion of the riot at the house of Alison Craig, iv. 40. Exhorts Mary
to change her religion, 67. Appoints a fast to free King James from the
danger of evil counsellors, 190. Is summoned by James, 191. Votes any
settlement of terms between James and his mother a most wicked un-
dertaking, 192. Appoints a fast on the day fixed for entertaining the
French ambassadors, 192. Is induced to submit to the king's authority,
and admit the jurisdiction of bishops, 445. Admits the ceremonies
enjoined by the king with great reluctance, 446. The bishops neglect to
summon it, v. 95. One summoned under the influence of the Covenant-
ers, 103. Meets at Glasgow, and abolishes episcopacy, 105. Concessions
obtained of the king, 111. Meets by their own authority together with
a convention of states, 261. Concurs in delivering up the king to tha
English parliament, 328.
388 IKDEX.
Assembly of divines at Westminster, new regulation of re'.igion bj v. 291
Votes the divine right of presbytery, 320. Its power restricted by par
liainent, 321.
Astley, Lord, general for Cliarles I., is defeated by Colonel Morgan, v. 317.
Athel'stan, natural son of Edward the Elder, his reign, i. 79. Conspired
against by Alfred, one ol his nobles, 79. Appoints Sitbric the Dano
king of Northumberland, SO. His wars against Sithric's sons and the
Scots, 80. His character, 82.
Athelwold, favorite of King Edcjar, bis treacherous behavior to his master
in the affair of Elfrida, i. 95. Killed by Edgar, 96.
Vtherton Moor, battle of, defeat of Lord Fairfax and the parliamentary
forces, v. 257.
Athole, earl of, forms a confederacy of Scots nobles, to protect Prince
James from the attempts of Bothwell, and to punish the murderers of his
father, iv. 90. Bothwell escapes, and Mary resigns herself into the hands
of the confederacy, 91.
Audley, Lord, heads an insurrection in the west, against Henry VII., hi. 51.
Defeated at Blackheath, and executed, 53.
, Sir Thomas, speaker of the house of commons, made lord chancel
lor on the resignation of Sir Thomas More, iii. 189.
Augmentation, court of, erected for the management of the revenues of the
suppressed monasteries, iii. 220.
Augsbourg, a German league formed there, against Lewis XIV., vi. 332.
Augustine, a Roman monk, sent by Pope Gregory to preach Christianity
in Britain, i. 26. Assisted in his mission by Q.ueen Brunehaut, 26. la
favorably received by Ethelbert, king of Kent, 26. His character and
successful mission, 27. Cases of conscience proposed by, to the pope,
28. Created archbishop of Canterbury, 29.
Augustine friars' church, granted to A-L&sco and his followers, iii. 370.
Augustus Caesar dissuades his successors from enlarging their empire, i. 5.
Avisa, daughter to the earl of Gloucester, married to John, fourth son of
Henry II., i. 365. Is divorced by him, 397.
Auray, Du Guesclin, defeated by the English near Calais, and taken pris
oner, ii. 255.
Ayscue, Admiral Sir George, reduces the English colonies in America to
obedience to the commonwealth, v. 423. Engages Do Ruyter, the Dutch
admiral, 430. His ship taken by the Dutch on the Galloper sands, vi. 47
Azincour, ba'.tle of, ii. 356. Compared with those of Crecy and Poictiers.
358.
Babington, Anthony, his character, iv. 211. Engages in the service ol
Mary queen of Scots, 218. Enters into a conspiracy against the life ol
Elizabeth, 218. He and his associates seized and executed, 221.
Bacon, Sir Nicholas, is made one of the council, and lord keeper of tho
great seal on the accession of Queen Elizabeth, iv. 4. A solemn relig-
ious disputation held before him, 9. Is appointed one of the commission
ers to inquire into the conduct of Mary queen of Scots, 106. Prohibits
the parliament by the queen's order from meddling with any matters of
state, 133. Reprimands the commons for their presumption, at the close
of this session, 139.
, Lord, remarks on his account of Perkin Warbec, iii. 450. Displays
to the privy council the undutiful expressions in the earl of Essex's let-
ters, iv. 316. The former friendly patronage afforded him by Essex, 318
By the queen's order, draws up a narrative of Essex's examination before
the council, 316. His officious assistance at the trial of Essex, 327
Preserves Hayward, an author, from the indignation of dueen Elizabeth,
by his pleasantry, 348. His speech against purveyance, 547. Makes a
speech in parliament in favor of a union between England and Scotland,
<08, 109. Attempts without success to procure an establishment, for the
cultivation of natural philosophy, 503. Is discovered to have taken
bribes while chancellor 460. Is impeached, confesses the charge, it
INDEX. 38
fined, and cunimi.ted to the Tower, 460. His writings, and character, 460
Considered as a philosopher, and writer, 525.
Badajox, Marquis of, and viceroy of Peru, is, with his wife ar.d daughter,
burnt on board a Spanish galleon, by some of Blake's squadron, v. 463.
Badlesmere, Lord, insults Isabella, queen to Edward II., and kills some of
her retinue, ii. 158. Is punished by the king, 158. Is taken at the detent
of the earl of Lancaster, tried, and executed, 100.
Badon, Cerdic the Saxon worsted there by the 8ri'co;i3, i. 19.
Bagnal, Sir Henry, the English general in Ireland, is defeated and killed
by Tyrone, iv. 307.
Baillie, of Jerviswood, his trial and execution, ua account of the duke of
Monmouth's conspiracy, vi. 276.
Bainham, James, cruelly treated by Sir Thomas More, for heresy, iii. 206.
Is burnt iu Smithfield, 206.
Baldwin, earl of Flanders, receives Tosti, duke of Northumberland, i. 137
Assists the Norman invasion, 143.
Balfour, Sir. lames, deputy governor of Edinburgh Castle, betrays a casket
of Queen Marv's letters to Bothwell into the hands of Chancellor Morton,
iv. 109.
Bnliol, John, his pretensions of succession to the crown of Scotland, ii. B2
Recognizes the king of England's superiority over Scotland, 88. Ed
ward pronounces decision in his favor, 90. Swears fealty to Edward,
who puts him in possession of the kingdom, 90. Is incensed by the
usurpations of Edward, 91. Forms an alliance with Philip of France, 95.
Refuses compliance with the summons and demands of Edward, 107
Assembles an army to oppose the attacks of Edward, 107. Sets Ed
ward at defiance, 107. Swears fealty and makes his submissions tc
Edward, on his subduing Scotland, 108. Carried prisoner to London,
and committed to the Tower, 109. Obtains his liberty, and retires tc
France, 109. Dies in a private station, 109. His character, and a sum-
mary view of his conduct, 132.
, Edward, son of John, the occasion of his renewing his father's pre
tensions to the crown of Scotland, ii. 186. Raises a force, and is joined
by divers English barons, 187. Invades Scotland, 187. Defeats and kills
the earl of Mar, regent, 188. Takes Perth, 188. Is crowned at Scone,
189. Is routed by Sir Archibald Douglas, and flies to England, 189.
Edward III. undertakes to restore him, 189. Is restored, 191. Uut the
Scots revolt whenever the English king retires, 191. Resigns his pie-
tensions to Scotland to Edward, and lives retired, 241.
Ball, John, a seditious preacher in the reign of Richard II., inculcates
levelling principles among the people, ii. 283. See Tyler.
Ballard, John, a priest of Rheims, comes to England to concert an assassina
tion of Ciueen Elizabeth, iv. 217. See Babington.
Bangor, great slaughter of the monks of, by Adell'rid, king of Northumber-
land, i. 32. The large monastery of. destroyed, 32.
Bannockburn, battle of, between Edward II., and Robert Bruce, king of
Scotland, ii. 153.
Banqueting house, at Whitehall, when built, iv. 508.
Barbadoes, the island of, when planted by the English, iv. 520.
Barebone, Praise God. a member of Cromwell's parliament, the parliament
denominated from him, v. 4-12. Origin of the appellation, 442, n.
Bari, a council called there, i. 235.
Barillon, M., his relation of a private contract between Charles II. and
Lewis XIV., vi. 279, n.
Barnard, lecturer of St. Sepulchre's, prays for the queen's conversion, and
is reproved by the high commission court for it, v. 74.
Barnes, Dr., procures Lambert to be accused for denying the real presence
in the cucharist, iii. 250. Is himself burnt, 267.
Barnet, battle of, between Edward IV., and the carl of Warwick, ii. 470.
Barons of England, the first indications of a regular association and plan
$90 INDEX.
of liberty among them, i. 397. Intimidated by John, and attend :»ieo in
big Norman wars, 3 97. Desert him, and return to England, 403. Accused
and tiued by him on his return, 405. Again refuse to assist him in
France, 421, Th«ir situation and discontents under John, 424. Ex-
horted by Cardinal Langton to insist on a renewal of the charter of lib-
erties granted by Henry I., 424. Confederate for that purpose at St.
Edmondsbury, 425. Make a formal demand of the renewal from John,
425. Appeal to the pope, 426. Assemble their retainers, 427. Deliver
to the king a list of their demands, 428. Choose Robert Fitzwalter lor
their general, on the king's refusal, 428. Commence hostilities aeainst
John, 428. Obtain the Great Charter from him, 429. The chief heads of
this charter, 429. Remarks upon it, 431. John makes further conces-
sions for security of this grant, 432. List of the conservators of this
tharter, 433. The charter annulled by the pope, 434. Lang ton refuses
to publish the pope's bull of excommunication against them, 435. The
king takes Rochester from them, and the cruel devastation of the coun-
try by both parties. 435. Those in the north ally with Alexander, king
)f Scotland, 43G. The rest offer the kingdom to Lewis, son of Philip ol
France, 436. Give hostages to Philip for their fidelity, 436. Are dis
gusted at Lewis's behavior, 438. Their contest suspended by the death
of John, 438. The origin of their power, and the nature of military ser
vice explained, 441. A view of their civil offices, 444. Their power
over their vassals, 448. The power of their courts, 449. Their usual
way of life, 449. Their importance in parliament, 452. The nature of
their courts, 453. Exercised a kind of sovereign authority, 471. More
arbitrary in their respective jurisdictions than their kings, 471. Obtain a
new charter of liberties from Henry III., ii. 3. And a confirmation of it,
4. Obtain a charter of forests, 4. Are recovered from their foreign alli-
ance by the judicious endeavors of the earl of Pembroke, protector iu
the realm, 5. Conclude a peace with him, 7. Their commotions on the
death of the earl of Pembroke, 8. Refuse to surrender their fortresses
into the king's hands, 11. Confederate against Hubert de Burgh, 11.
A reconciliation effected by the prelates, 11. Procure the dismission of
Hubert, 14. Combine against his successor, the bishop of Winchester,
15. Confederate with Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, 31. Assem-
ble in parliament dressed in armor, 32. A supreme council of twenty-
four chosen by, in parliament, at Oxford, to regulate the government,
32. •Regulations formed by this council, 33. The council combine to
perpetuate their authority, 34. Impose an oath of obedience to them
on the whole nation, 31. Appoint a committee of equal authority with
parliament, to act in the intervals between the sessions of parliament,
35. Send and propose the oath of obedience to the provisions of Ox-
ford, to Richard, king of the Romans, on his intended visit to England,
35. The people begin to be jealous of this council, 35. The knights of
the shires appeal to Prince Edward against their proceedings, 36. His
message to them on the occasion, 36. The council form a code of triv-
ial ordinances, 36. The pope disinclined toward them, 39. The pope
absolves Henry and the nation from their oath to them, 39. The par-
liament empowers Henry to resume the authority out of their hands, 41.
They confederate with the earl of Leicester, 42. Imprison the bishops
who published the pope's absolution, 43. Levy war on the king, 43.
Reduce him to comply again with the provisions of Oxford, 44. Their
disputes with Henry referred to the arbitration of Lewis, king of France,
45. Lewis decides in favor of Henry, 46. They reject Lewis's decis-
ion, and take arms, 46. Associate with Fitz-Richard the mayor, and the
citizens of London, 46. Mutual hostilities by them and the king's army,
♦7. Defeat Henry at Lewes, and take him prisoner, 49. Another ap-
peal to arbitration, 50. Are ill treated by Leicester, 51. Their army
defeated at Evesham, and the earl of Leicester killed, 57. The lenity
of Henry toward them, 59 Prohibited to appear in parliament with
INDEX 391
ont being particuUrly summoned by writ, 98. The distinctions among,
98. Confirm the two charters in parliament, which are also confirmed
by Edward I. in Flanders, 110. Obtain a limitation of forests, 117
Obtain a full, free, and linal confirmation of the two charters, 118. Are
allowed by Edward I. to entail their estates, 139. Are disgusted at
the attachment of Edward II. to Piers Gavaston, 144. A confed
eracy of, formed by Thomas earl of Lancaster against Gavaston, 146
Procure his banishment, 146. Procure the authority of government to
he vested in a junto, 147. Seize Gavaston, and put him, to death, 150.
The king's rage on this murder, 150. He is reconciled to them, 150. In-
sist on a renewal of their ordinances after the defeat at Bannockbum,
155. They combine to ruin the Despensers, 156. Causes of their dis-
suntents, 157. They peremptorily demand a dismission of Despenser.
157. Obtain of the parliament a sentence of forfeiture, and perpetual
exile, against the Despensers, 158. They join the invasion of Isabella,
163. Murder Despenser, the father, at Bristol, 165. Are discontented
with Richard II., 289. Aucieut and modern nobility, their ways of lifa
contrasted, iii. 71.
baronet, that title invented by the earl of Salisbury, and sold to supply
King James with money, iv. 432.
Partholomew, massacre of the Hugonots at Paris, on the eve of that festival,
iv. 157.
Uarton, a Scotsman, obtains letters of marque of James IV., against the
Portuguese, but commits piracies on the English, iii. 91. Is destroyed by
the English admirals, 91.
, Elizabeth, commonly called the holy *naid of Kent, her hysterical
fits attributed to inspiration, iii. 208. Is engaged by Masters and Boking
to carry on the imposture, 209. Confesses the artifice, and is punished
with her associates, 210.
Basilides, John, czar of Muscovy, the cause and particulars of his treaty
with Queen Elizabeth, iv. 365. The privileges by him granted to tho
English, revoked by his son Theodore, 365.
Bastardy, disputes between the civil and ecclesiastical courts concerning,
in the reign of Henry III., ii. 62. Memorable reply of the nobility to the
prelates on this occasion, 63.
Bastwick, a physician, is cruelly sentenced by the star chamber, v. 83.
His sentence reversed by the commons, 137. See Burton.
Battle, trials by, allowed by Henry II. to be evaded by appeal to ajury,i.347.
. See under the names of the places where they were respectively
fought.
Abbey, founded by William the Conqueror, i. 182.
Bavaria, duke of, defeats the elector palatine at Prague, iv. 456. Publishes
the ban of the empire against the elector, and conquers the Upper Pala-
tinate, 462. Obtains the electoral dignity, 471.
Baudricourt, governor of Vaucouleurs, applied to by Joan d'Arc, sends her
to King Charles VII., ii. 389.
Bauge, battle of, between the duke of Clarence and the dauphin of France,
ii. 367.
Bayonne, a massacre of the French Hugonots planned at a meeting there
iv. 71. See Medicis, Catharine de, Philip of Spain, etc.
Beaton, primate of Scotland, made a cardinal, iii. 282. Is accused of forg-
ing the will of James V., 282. Joins the interests of the queen dowager,
and obtains possession of the government, 282. Is confined by the earl
of Arran, his competitor for the administration, 283. Recovers his liberty,
and cabals with the clergy against Arran, 283. Procures the retinue of
the English ambassador to be insulted, to occasion a rupture between
the two crowns, 284. Applies to France for succors, 284. Attaches
himself to Arran, 289. Causes Wishart, the reformer, to be apprehended
and executed for heresy, 332. Is assassinated 333. His murdereis f.rt>
tected by Lenry VIII. of England. 333.
S92 INDEX.
Beauchamp, of Holt, Lord, is condemned for treason, li. 295. Was the hrti
peer created by patent, 325.
Beaufort, duke of, the French admiral, misses the Dutch fleet, and escapes
the English, vi. 49.
Beaumont, Lord, the motive of his engaging Edward Baliol to renew his
father's pretensions to the crown of Scotland, ii. 186.
Beauvais, bishop of, taken prisoner in battle by Richard I., i. 389 His
coat of mail sarcastically sent to the pope, who claimed him, 389. Is sp4
at liberty by John, 396.
, bishop of, petitions for the trial of Joan d'Arc for sorcery, iii. 138.
Becket. See Thomas a Becket.
edford, duke of, brother to Henry V., left by him regent of France, ii.
369. Appointed by parliament protector or guardian of England, during
the minority of Henry VI., 374. His character, 375. Espouses the prin-
cess of Burgundy, 376. Considerations on which he formed his conduct
in France, 376. Treaty at Amiens, 377. Restores and forms an alliance
with James I., king of Scotland, 378. His great successes over the
French, 378. Raises the siege of Crevant, 379. Defeats the earl of Buchan
at Verneuil, 380. His succors intercepted by Glocester, and applied to
his private disputes, 382. His ineffectual endeavors to compromise his
brothers quarrels, 383. Reconciles Glocester and the bishop of Win-
chester, 383. Situation of affairs in France at his return, 384. Reduces
the duke of Brittany to maintain the treaty of Trove, 385. His prudent
conduct on the successes of Joan d'Arc, 396. His supplies from England
fail, 397. Persuades the bishop of Winchester to lend him the men he
was conducting into Bohemia, 397. His prudent caution in avoiding an
action with Charles, 397. Gets young Henry VI. crowned at Paris, 397.
His cruel prosecution of Joan d'Arc, 398. Bad situation of the English
affairs in France, 401. Death of the duchess of Bedford, and its con-
sequences, 401. Agrees to a congress at Arras, 403. The English min-
isters leave the congress, which is concluded without them, 403. Dies,
404.
, Russel, earl of, is sent over to Boulotme, to negotiate peace with
Henry II. of France, iii. 366. Suppresses Sir Peter Carow's insurrection
in Devonshire, 402. Is made one of the council on the accession of
Queen Elizabeth, iv. 4. Is sent by Elizabeth to officiate at the baptism
of Prince James of Scotland, 77.
,.earl of, is sent bv the parliament with forces against the marquis
of Hertford, v. 233. Deserts to the king at Oxford, 253.
Bedloe, his character, vi. 191. His narrative of Godfrey's murder, and the
Popish plot, 192. His narrative published, 193. Circumstances of his
death, 237.
Bele, Dr., instigates an insurrection against foreign artificers in London,
iii. 314.
Bell, Robert, a Puritan member, makes a motion in the house of commons
against a monopoly, iv. 137. Is severely reprimanded in council for his
temerity, 138.
Benedictines, an Italian order of monks, described, i. 85.
Benefices, how they first came into the hands of laymen, iii. 245.
Benevolences, when first levied, ii. 325. Levied by Henry VII. iii. 33.
The power of levying established by parliament, 46. See Loans
Bennet. See Arlington.
Beutivoglio, Cardinal, his remark on the English government, iv. 571.
Berengaria, daughter of Sanchez, king of Navarre, married to Richard I.
of England, at Cyprus, and attends him on the crusade, i. 374.
Berkeley, Lord, Edward II. delivered into his custody, jointly with Mau-
travers and Gournay in rotation, ii. 167. The king murdered by the two
latter, during his confinement by sickness, 163.
, Judge, is seized upon the bench by order of the house of commons,
on account of Hambden's trial, v. 134.
INDEX. 39i
Herkstead, one of the king's judges, is seized in Holland, brought home,
and executed, vi. 24.
Bermudas, when first settled by the English, iv. 51 9.
Bernard, St., preaches a crusade, and engages several English in it, i. 283.
Beruicia, the Saxon kingdom in Britain, by whom founded, i. 20. Sea
Northumberland.
Bertha, queen of Kent, her zeal for the propagation of Christianity, i. 25.
Berwick, taken by assault by Edward I., and the garrisou put to the sword,
ii. 108.
Hible, a translation of, made by Tindal, the reformer, iii. 205. Bishop Ton-
stal's artifice to enable Tindal to make a 'more correct translation, 205.
Debates in convocation concerning the expediency of a translation for tho
use of the people, 221. A t-anslation finished and printed at Paris, 223.
Single copies only allowed to be chained in some churches, with restric
tions as to reading it, 240. Granted to every family, 258. The issue of
it prohibited to the lower classes of the people, 277.
Bicocca, battle of, between Marshal Lautrec and the imperialists, iii. 137.
Bigod, Hugh, his artifice to bring the archbishop of Canterbury to couk
tenance the pretensions of King Stephen, i. 272. Preparing to revolt
against Henry II., is reduced to surrender his castles, 344.
, Roger, earl of Norfolk. See Norfolk.
Bilney, Thomas, a priest, embraces the reformation, iii. 207. Is burnt in
Norfolk. 207.
Biron, Lord, commands the forces sent from Ireland to Charles I., and
reduces Cheshire, v. 272. His forces dispersed by Fairfax, 272.
Bishops, English, subscribe the constitution of Clarendon, i. 305. Their
opposition to the pope's levies for the crusade against Sicily, ii. 25. Are
forced to submit on the menace of excommunication, 25. Their election
appointed by parliament to be by congt d'ilire, or letters patent from tho
king, without recourse to Rome, iii. 195. Take out new commissions
from the crown, 197. Are kindly received by Queen Elizabeth, at her
accession, excepting Bonner, iv. 2. Become disgusted at her steps to
wards restoring the Protestant religion, and refuse officiating at the cor-
onation, 6. The nomination of, annexed to the crown, with other pow
ers relating to them, 8. Degraded for refusing the oath of supremacy
11. Begin to be slighted in parliamentary proceedings, v. 143. A meet
ing of twelve, present a protestation to the king and peers, against their
injurious treatment, 204. Are impeached by the commons, sequestered
from parliament, and confined, 204. The bill against their votes passed,
214. Episcopal authority abolished, 319. The survivors re-admitted to
their sees, at the restoration, vi. 11. Are restored to their seats in par-
liament, 18. How excluded from sitting in the house of lords, on capi-
tal trials, 206. Their right of voting in the case of the earl of Dau-
by contested by the commons, 206. Four Catholic bishops consecrated,
319. Six, with the primate, committed to the Tower for petitioning
James II. against the declaration of indulgence, 325. Are tried, 326
Acquitted, 327.
Bishoprics, six new ones erected by Henry VIII., iii. 245.
Black, minister of St. Andrews, his opinion of kings, and manner of praying
for the queen, iv. 444.
book of the exchequer, its origin, ii. 97, n.
Blackheath, battle of, between Lord Daubeney and the Cornish rebels,
iii. 53.
Blake, Admiral, his rise and abilities in the navy, v. 423. Pursues and
harasses Prince Rupert's fleet, 423. Quarrels with Tromp, the Dutch
admiral, in Dover Road, 428. Engages Tromp, 429. Falls upon the
Dutch herring busses, 430. In conjunction with Bourne and Pen, defeats
De Witte and De Ruyter, 430. Is worsted by Tromp and De Ruyter, 43C.
Engages Tromp for three days, and defeats him, 431. Defeats Tromp in
Oil engagement of two days' continuance, 446. Attacks and seizes a
R*
$$4 INDEX.
equasiiou of French ships, 457. His successes in the Mediterranean.
460. Th J Spanish galleons taken and destroyed by part of his squadron,
463. Burns a Spanish fleet in Santa Cruz harbor, 463. His death and
character, 464.
Blood, the circulation of, when and by whom discovered, v. 532.
of Christ, a relic shovfn at Hales, in Gloucester, the artifice of,
exposed, iii. 242.
-, a disbanded officer, escapes to England, after the defeat of his in-
tended insurrection at Dublin, by the duke of Ormond, vi. 90. Seizet
Ormond at Loudon, with intent to hang him at Tyburn, 90. Forms f
design of seizing the regalia, but is taken in the attempt, 91. Obtains
the king's pardon, with the grant of an estate, 92.
Blore Heath, battle of, between the earl of Salisbury and Lord Aui\,ey, ii
435.
Boadicea, her successes against the Romans, i. 6. Defeated, 7.
Bocher, Joan, or Joan of Kent, the doctrines propagated by her, iii. 352.
King Edward VI. very unwilling to consent to her execution, 353. Ii
burnt, 353.
Booking, Dr., canon of Canterbury, engages iu the imposture of the holy
maid of Kent, iii. 209. Confesses the scheme, and is punished, 210.
Bockland and Folkland, in the Saxon tenures, explained, i. 177.
Bohemia, the blind king of, killed at the battle of Crecy, ii. 228. His crest
and motto assumed by Prince Edward, 228. The states of, take anus
against the house of Austria, iv. 454. Offer their crown to Frederic
elector palatine, 455. Frederic defeated by the duke of Bavaria, 456.
The reformed religion severely oppressed there, 462. See Frederic.
Bohun, Humphrey de. See Barons.
Boleyn, Lady Anne, her character and family, iii. 165. Attracts the notice
of Henry VIII., 165. Is prepossessed against Cardinal Wolsey, 175. Con-
tributes to his disgrace, 177. Is inclined towards the doctrines of the
reformation, 182. Is created marchioness of Pembroke, and married to
Henry, 191. Birth of the Princess Elizabeth, 192. Favors the reformers,
203. Is brought to bed of a dead son, and loses Henry's affections, 223.
The king becomes jealous of her free behavior, 224. Is calumniated by
her sister-in-law the viscountess of Kocheford, 224. Is committed to the
Tower with some of her attendants, and her brother Rocheford, 225.
Confesses some innocent levities, 225. Her letter to the king, 226. Is
tried by a jury of peers, 226. Condemned, 227. Her marriage annulled,
227. Is executed, 228. Reflections on her fate, 228. Is attainted by
parliament, and the Princess Elizabeth illegitimated, 230.
Bombay, the fort of, yielded to Charles II. as part of the dowry with
the Princess Catharine of Portugal, vi. 23.
I'oniface of Savoy made archbishop of Canterbury by Henry III., ii. 17.
The king's repartee to him, 29.
VIII., Pope, his character, ii. 110. Prohibits, by a bull, all princes
from levying taxes on the clergy, without his consent, 111. At whose so-
licitation this bull was procured, 111. The differences between Philip of
France and Edward I. of England, referred to his decision, 120. His
award between them, 120. Writes to Edward to engage him to desist
from his attempts against Scotland, 128.
Bonner, made bishop of Hereford, iii. 249. First opposes, but afterwa->
acquiesces in the steps toward reformation by the protector and rer-^cy,
during the minority of Edward VI., 328. Is deprived of his see ^id con
fined, for asserting the real presence, 351. Is released by Ou^cn Mary,
391. Is employed by Gardiner to persecute the reformers, which he pe ■■■
formed with brutal cruelty, 421. Degrades Archbishop Cranmer, 433. a
ill received by Oueen Elizabeth at her accession, iv. 2.
Bonnivet, admiral of France, is sent ambassador to England by Francis I,
iii. 115. Courts the confidence of Cardinal Wolsey, 115. Is sent to iD
vade Milar., 146. Blockades tha ^ity, 146.
INDEX. 395
Books, heietical, a proclamation issaed against, rendering it capital to keep
any such, iii. 423 .
Booth, Sir George, enters into a conspiracy to restore Charles II., vi. 496
Seizes Chester, 497. Is routed and taken prisoner by General Lambert,
497. Is set at liberty by parliament, 511.
Boroughs, English, why so dependent on great men, among the Saxons, i.
158. Their state at the time of the Norman conquest, 454. Representf4-
tives of, first sent to parliament, ii. 53. See Corporations.
Boroughbridge, battle of, between Sir Andrew Harcla and Thomas earl of
Lancaster, ii. 159.
Borsholder, his office according to Alfred's institution, i. 71.
Boscobel, Charles II. secreted there, after the battle of Worcester, v. 417.
Bosworth field, battle of, between Richard III. and Henry earl of Rich-
mond, ii. 505.
Bothwell, earl of, distinguishes himself against the army of the Protestant
association in Scotland, called the Congregation of the Lord, iv 25. la
concerned with the marquis of Elbeuf in a debauch and riot at the house
of Alison Craig, which the church takes cognizance of, 39. Becomes the
favorite of Mar}', and intercedes for Ilizzio's murderers, 76. A character
of him, 80. Reports spread of his intimacj with the queen, 80. Is sus-
pected of murdering the king, 82. Is chafed with the murder by the
earl of Lenox, 82. Is tried and acquitted, 83. Is recommended by the
nobility as a husband for Mary, 84. Seizes the queen, by concert with
her, to oblige her to marry him, 85. Is divorced from his former wife, 86.
Is made duke of Orkney, 86. See Orkney.
, earl of, descended from a natural son of James V., is expelled
Scotland for treasonable attempts, and is protected by Queen Elizabeth,
iv. 285. Forfeits Elizabeth's favor, and dies in exile, 285.
Bridge, battle of, between the duke of Monmouth and the Scots
Covenanters, vi. 211.
Bouchaine, taken by the duke of Orleans, vi. 140.
Bovines, battle of, between Philip, king of France, and the emperor Otho,
i. 423.
Boulogne, siege of, by Henry VII., iii. 36. Is taken by Henry VIII., 294.
Is surrendered to the French, 366.
Bourbon, Charles, duke of, constable of France, his character, iii. 143. Re-
jects proposals of marriage made to him by Louisa of Sa jy, mother of
Francis I., 143. Revolts against Francis, and enters into the emperor's
service, 144. Battle of Pavia, and captivity of Francis, 149. Conquers
the Milanese, 158. Attacks Rome, and is killed in scaling the walls, 158.
Sourchier, archbishop of Canterbury, crowns Henry VII., iii. 7.
Bowes, Sir Robert, makes an incursion into Scotland, and is defeated by
the lords Hume and Huntley, iii. 280.
Boyle, his improvements in natural philosophy, vi. 373.
Brabancjons, account of these banditti, i. 338. Occasionally employed by
princes, 338. A number of them engaged by Henry II. against his sons,
339. Two of them left governors of Normandy by John, on his retiring
from thence to England, 404.
Bradoc Down, battle of, between the royalists and Ruthven, the parliamect
general, v. 244.
Bradshaw, a lawyer, is appointed president of the court, for the trial o.
Charles I., v. 371. His reply to the king's objections to the authority of
the court, 373. Sentences the king, 374. Is named one of the council
of state, 388.
Brandenburg, elector of, takes part with the United Provinces against Lewis
XIV., vi. 113. Commands the German troops, and is chased from Col-
mar by Turonne, 132. Drives the Swedes out of his territories, 139. Is
obliged to restore his acquisitions, by the treaty of Nimeguen, 159.
Brandon, Sir Charles, favorite of Henry VIII , created duko of SuffolK for
his services at the battle of Flodden, iii. 102. 8ee Suffolk.
396 INDEX.
Braase, William de, his wife and son starved to deajh in prison, for an im
prudent reflection on King John, i. 414.
Bread, the assize of, how settled in the thirty-fifth year of Henry III., h. 63
Breda, negotiations there, between Charles II. and the Scots commission
ers, v. 400. Treaty of peace there, between the English, Dutch, and
French, vi. 55.
Brehon law or custom in Ireland, explained, iv. 422. Is abolished, 423.
Brembre, Sir Nicholas, his unjust trial and execution, ii. 294.
Breteuil, William de, treasurer to William Rufus, fo""ed to deliver np hia
charge to Henry, William's successor, i. 242.
Sretigni, treaty of, between Edward III. and France, ii. 252.
Bribery, the first instance of, being practised towards members of parlia-
ment, v. 114. A bribe given to a Jiayor for an election, with the probable
reason for it, iv. 141, n.
Brill, attacked and seized by the Flemish exiles, iv. 165.
Bristol, when first erected into a bishopric, iii. 245. Is besieged and taken
by Prince Rupert, v. 248.
, Digby, earl of, sent ambassador to Spain, by James I., to conclude
the Spanish match, iv. 472. His favorable accounts of the progress of the
treaty, 473. His negotiations obstructed by Buckingham's bringing the
prince to Spain, 481. Is disgraced on coming home, 489. Is impeached
in the reign of Charles, and in return impeaches Buckingham, v. 13.
, earl of, impeaches Chancellor Clarendon in the house of lords, vi. 23.
Britain, by whom first peopled, i. 2. The manners and government of the
inhabitants previous to the landing of Crcsar, 2. Their religion, 3. In-
vaded by Julius Caisar, 4. How regarded and treated by his successor*,
5. Caractacus defeated, 5. Boadicea defeated, 7. Its subjection effected
by Julius Agricola. 7. Abandoned by the Romans, 9. Harassed by the
Picts and Scots, 9. Assisted by the Romans in rebuilding Adrian and
Severus's wall, an. I finally deserted by them, 10. Why they were unable
to resist the Picts and Scots, 10. Their third application to Rome for
assistance ineffectual, 11. Conjectures as to their civil government when
left by the Romans, 12, Invite the Saxons over, 14. Are subjected by
these auxiliaries. 15. Some of them take refuge and settle in Brittany,
in France, 16. Consequences of their beiuj overrun by the Saxons, 20.
See England.
Brittany, by whom settled, i. Ifi. For Arthur, duke of, see Arthur. For
Conan, see Conan. The Breto.is choose Alice for their sovereign, on the
murder of Arthur by his uncle John, king of England, 401. They appeal
to Philip, who judges John to have forfeited all his possessions in France,
401. Guy de Thours, who governs for his daughter Alice, being jealous
of Philip's power, joins with John, 406. Contests between Charles de
Blois and the count de Mountfoit for the possession of that duchy, ii.
212. State of, at the time of Henry VII. of England, iii. 22. The barons
incite an invasion by the king of France, 23. Assisted too late by the
English, 29. Cause of their domestic dissensions, 30. The young duchess
married to Maximilian, 30. Annexed to France by marriage, 33.
, duke of, accedes to the treaty of Trove, ii. 377. His interest, how
cultivated by the duke of Bedford, 377. Withdraws from the English
interest, 334. Created constable of France, 384. Forced by the duke
of Bedford to renounce his new alliance, 3S5.
— — , Francis II. duke of, his character, iii. 22. His favorite, Peter
Landais, put to death by the nobles, 22. Protects Lewis duke of Orleang,
at his court, who forms a yjarty there, 23. Appoints Orleans to oppote
the invasion of the king of Fiance, 23. Obliged to fly, 23. His answer
to the off r of mediation by Henry VII., 26. His fortune ruined, and hii
death, 28
— — , Anne, duchess of, married by proxy to Maximilian, king of th«
Romans,, iii. 30. Pressed to a marriage with th/s king of France, 32
Tie duchy annexed to the crown of France by this marriage. 33
rNDEX. 39 J
Broke, Lord, a parliament general, account of his deatl , v. 242
Brook House committee, inquiry into their conduct towards Charles II., vi
96, 379.
Brounker, inquiry into his conduct, in the engagement between the duki
of York and Opdam, the Dutch admiral, vi. 41.
Bruce, Robert, his claim of succession to the crown of Scotland, how
founded, ii. 82. Acknowledges the claim of Edward I., as superior lord
of Scotland, 88. His claim to Scotland rejected by Edward in favor of
Baliol, 90. Countenances the revolt of William Wallace, 123.
— ■■, Robert, tke younger, serves in the English army at the battle of
Falkirk, ii. 126. His conference with Wallace on the banks of Can-on,
126. Is gained over to the Scots' interest by Wallace, 127. Succeeds tc
his father's pretensions to the crown of Scotland, 132. Opens his de-
signs in confidence to John Cummin, the late regent, 133. Is betrayed
by Cummin, 133. Retreats to Scotland, 133. His declaration to the Scots
nobility, 134. Kills Cummin, 135. Routs the English, and is crowned
at Scone, 135. Is defeated by Aymer de Valence, 13G. Reduces the
castles, and is acknowledged by the whole country, 151. The prudent
disposition of his forces against the appearance of Edward's army, 152.
Defeats Edward at Bannockburn, 153. His independency secured by his
victory, 154. Makes an unsuccessful expedition to Ireland, 154. Repulses
an attempt of Edward, and concludes a truce with him for thirteen years,
161. Invades England on the death of Edward II., 179. Concludes a
treaty with Mortimer, 182. Dies, and is succeeded by his son David.
See David.
-, David, succeeds his father, Robert, in the kingdom of Scotland, and
left under the guardianship of the earl of Murray, ii. 186. Is disturbed
by the pretensions of Baliol, 186. The regency committed to the earl
of Marre on Murray's death, 187. Is sent to France on the conquest of
Scotland by Edward Baliol, 189. Is recalled to Scotland, 230. Invades
England during Edward's absence, 230. Is taken prisoner by Ciueen
Philippa, 231. Recovers his liberty, 247.
Buchan, earl of, defeats the duke of Clarence at Bauge, in Anjou, ii. 367
Rewarded with the office of constable of France, 367. Defeated and
killed by the duke of Bedford at Verneuil, 380.
Buchanan, George, assists in the hearing the cause of Mary queen of Scots
before the English commissioners, iv. 103.
Buckingham, duke of, harangues the people in favor of the duke of Glou
cester's pretensions to the crown, ii. 4y3. Offers the crown to him as a
popular tender, 494. His pedigree and family connections, 496. Created
constable with other emoluments, 497. Becomes discontented, and forms
schemes against Richard, 497. Raises forces, but is disappointed by
great rains, 501. Tried and executed, 502.
, duke of, offends Cardinal Wolsey, iii. 126. Is tried and executed
for indiscreet expressions against Henry VIII., 126. Was the last who
enjoyed the office of constable, 127.
, George Villiers, created duke of, iv. 438. Is made lord high admi
ral, 438. His cbaracter, 474. Persuades Prince Charles to a journey tu
Madrid, 475. His boisterous importunity with James to gain his consent
476. His behavior odious to the Spaniards, 480. Affronts Olivarez, thu
Spanish minister, 481. Determines to break off the treaty of marriage,
481. Misrepresents the affair to parliament, 484. Cabals with the Puri
tans, 485. Procures the treasurer Middlesex to be impeacbed, 487. Bt
gins to lose the king's favor, 488. Prevails on the king to send Bristo
to the Tower on his return, 489. Remarks on his character, ami its in
fluence on parliamentary conduct, v. 3. Is impeached by the earl of Bris
tol, 13. And by the commons, 13. Is chosen chancellor of the university
of Cambridge, 15. Makes love to the queen of France, 27. Is rivallet
by Cardinal Richelieu, 28. Determines to engage England in a war witi»
396 INDEX
France, 28. Commands a fleet sent to assist the Rocliellers, who refuso
to admit him, 29. His indiscreet attack of the Isle of Rhe, 29. Is forced
to return, 30. Is assassinated by Felton at Portsmouth, 48. Remarks on
his Spanish negotiation, 535.
Buckingham,. Viiliers, duke of, advises Charles II. to accept the terms
offered by the Scots commissioners at Breda, v. 401. Is the only courtier
allowed to attend Charles in Scotland, 414. Aims at a comprehension
with the Presbyterians, and a toleration of other sects, vi. 77. Is one
of the cabal ministry, 82. His character, 82. Goes over to France to
concert the war against the states, 87. Lord Ossory's speech to him, on
Blood's attempt on the duke of Ormond, 91. Is sent to Holland to treat
with Lewis XIV. about peace with the states, 108. Is examined on his
conduct at the bar of the house of commons, 123. Is dismissed from
the ministry, 132. Favors, in conjunction with Algernon Sidney and
others, the intrigues of France, and receives bribes from that court, 156,
n. Introduces the manufacture of glass from Venice, 370. Character of
his Rehearsal, 374.
Bullion, and foreign coin, when first allowed to be exported, vi. 370.
Burchet, Peter, a Puritan, wounds Captain Hawkins by mistake, instead
of Hatton, Elizabeth's favorite, iv. 347.
Burdet, Thomas, cruel execution of, in the reign of Edward IV., ii. 480.
Burgesses of corporations, when first summoned to parliament, ii. 53
The principles that operated to their forming one body of the legislature,
with the representatives of counties, 105.
Burgundians and Armagnacs, import of those distinctions in France, and
the troubles occasioned by, ii. 352, 360.
Burgundy, John, duke of, disputes the administration of affairs with the
duke of Orleans, on the insanity of Charles VI., ii. 351. Hi« deceitful
reconciliation with Orleans, 351. Causes him to be assassina.ed, 351.
Avows and justifies the assassination, 351. Expelled France, and solicits
the aid of England, 355. Attempts to seize the government, but is dis
appointed, 359. His treaty with Henry V., and secret one with the dau-
phin, 362. Distrustful precautions in the interview between him and the
dauphin, 362. Assassinated by the dauphin's retinue, 363.
• , Philip, duke of, treats with Henry V., yields every thing to him for
the marriage of his sister with the duke of Bedford, and the revenging
his father's murder, ii. 364. Articles of this treaty, 364. Reflections on
this treaty, 365. Review of his conduct, 376. Marries his sister to the
duke of Bedford, 377. His quarrels with the duke of Glocester on ac-
count of Jaqueline, countess of Hainault, 382. Detaches himself from the
English interest, 384. Recalls his troops from the siege of Orleans, 387.
His alliance with the duke of Bedford renewed, 396. Besieges Compeigne,
and takes Joan d'Arc prisoner, 398. Differs with the duke of Bedlord,
402. Attends the congress at Arras, 403. Makes his peace with Charles,
403. His herald ill treated at London, 404. Besieges Calais, 405. Re-
treats on the defiance sent by the duke of Glocester, 405. Concludes a
truce with the English, 407.
, Charles, duke of, makes an alliance with Edward IV. of England,
ii. 457. Marries Edward's sister, 457. Assists him with a fleet against
the earl of Warwick, 463. Assists him covertly after his expulsion, 467
Renews his alliance with Edward, 473. His death and character, 478.
, Margaret, duchess of, her character, iii. 17. How induced to
patronize the pretensions of Lambert Simnel against Henry VIII., 17.
Sends forces to his assistance, 17. Raises up the imposture of Perkin
Warbec, 38. Her public reception of him, 40.
3urleigh, Cecil, Lord, discovers to Elizabeth the duke of Norfolk's conspir-
acy, iv. 152. Is made treasurer, and with others ordered by Elizabeth to
prepare the articles of marriage between her and the duke of Anjou, 185.
His vigilance and artifices in detecting conspiracies, 197 His death and
INDEX. 390
■•n&racter, 29f Was the proposer of a scheme for levying a general loan,
&51. And of exacting niney by erecting a court for the correction of
abuses, 35 2. His computation of the queen's gift to Esses, 362. Hia
magnificent hospitality, 372.
Burley, Sir Simon, short history of, ii. 295. Executed by Glocester and
his party, notwithstanding the queen's earnest solicitation for him, 295.
Burton, a divine, is cruelly sentenced by the star chamber, iv. 83. Hia
sentence reversed by the commons, 137. See Bastwick.
Butler, a character of his Hudibras, vi. 376.
Cabal, a character of the ministry known under that name, vi. c2. The
counsels given by, to the king, S3. Remarks on the schemes adopted by,
125. Concert a plan for restoring Popery, 127, n.
Cabot, Sebastian, sent out by Henry VII., on discovery in America, iii. 76
Discovers Newfoundland, 70.
Cade, John, assumes the name of Mortimer, ii. 424. Heads an insurrec-
tion in Kent, 424. Gets possession of London, 425. His followers discour
aged and dispersed, 425. Cade killed, 425.
Cadiz, an expedition against, under Lord Effingham and the earl of Essex,
iv. 290. Is taken and plundered, 291.
Casdwalla, the last British chief who withstood the Saxons, defeated, i. 35.
Caen, in Normandy, is taken and plundered by Edward III., ii. 221. Its
principal citizens carried over to England, 222.
Cajsar, Julius, invades Britain, i. 4.
Calais, in Normandy, is besieged by Edward III., ii. 229. The governor
reduced to a parley, and his manly behavior therein, 232. Edward's
rigorous terms to the inhabitants, 232. Queen Philippa's intercession for
them, 233. Its inhabitants turned out, and peopled with English, 233.
The treachery of the new governor, 234. His double treachery, 234.
Great expense of maintaining that city, 373. Is besieged by the duke
of Burgundy, 405. The siege raised, 405. Taken by the duke of
Guise, iii. 43S.
Caledonia remains unsubdued by the Romans, i. 7. See Scotland.
Calixtus II., Pope, calls a council at Rhehns, i. 260. His character of
Henry I. of England, 260.
Cambray, league of, against the Venetians, iii. 83. Peace of, between the
emperor Charles V. and Francis I. of France, 180.
Cambridge university, by whom said to be founded, i. 36. Trinity college
there, when founded, iii. 318. The vice-chancellor of, suspended for the
refusal of a degree to a Benedictine monk, recommended by James II.,
vi. 321.
Camden, a character of his history of Queen Elizabeth, iv. 526.
Campbell, prior of the Dominicans in Scotland, accuses Patrick Hamilton
of heresy, and insults him at the stake, iii. 269. His extraordinary death,
269.
Campe, peace of, between Henry VIII. of England and Francis I. of
France, iii. 299.
Campeggio, Cardinal, is appointed jointly with Wolsey, by Pope Clement
VII., to trv the validity of the marriage of Henry VIII. with Catharine
of Arragou, iii. 170. The trial opened, 172. His abrupt prorogation of
the court, 1 "4. Is deprived of his English bishopric by parliament, 196.
Campion, a Jesuit, executed for treasonable practices, iv. 183.
Cannon, when first applied with success in sieges, ii. 386.
Canon law, commissioners appointed by Edward VI. to frame a body of,
iii. 365.
Canterbury, the clandestine election of Reginald to that see, on the death
of Hubert, i. 407. John de Gray, bishop of Norwich, elected at the in
stance of King John, 408. Appeals to the pope on both sides, 408. Dis-
putes with the pope concerning the election of Ralph de Neville to that
see, ii. 20. Terminated by the election of Edmond, 20. The chapter
lands of that see s sized by Henry VIII., iii. 274. Archbishops of, during
the reitrn of James I., iv. 494. During the reign of Charles I., v. 394.
400 INDEJ.
Canute the Great, son of Swcyn, bis ravages in England, i. 112. His craei
treatment of the English hostages, 112. Obtains by compromise w;m
Edmond Ironside the northern part of his kingdom, 114. Succeeds t»
the crown of England, 114. His political conduct, llfi. Marries Bmm^
widow of Ethelred, 116. Goes to Denmark to oppose the Swedes, 117.
Goes again, aud conquers Norway. 117. His piety to the church, 116.
Undertakes a pilgrimage to Rome, 118. Exposes the preposterous (lat-
tery of his courtiers, 118. His expedition agt.inst the Scots, 118. His
sons, 1 10.
Ctpe of Good Hope, first discovered, and a passage to the East Indies that
way, iii. 75.
Capel, Sir William, convicted on some penal statutes, and fined by Henry
VII., iii. 44. Fined again, and committed to the Tower, 67.
Capet, Hugh, state of France at his accession to that kingdom, i. 287,
289.
Caractacus, defeated by the Romans, i. 5.
Carew, Sir Peter, raises an insurrection in Devonshire against Q.ueen Mary,
on account of the Spanish match, iii. 402. Is suppressed by the earl of
Bedford, and flies to France, 402.
Carlisle, bishop of, defends the cause of Richard II., when accused in
parliament, ii. 312. Imprisoned in the abbey of St. Albans, 314. The
city taken from Charles I. by the Scots, v. 314.
Carolina, when settled, vi. 370.
Carre, Robert, a Scottish gentleman, arrives in London from his travels,
iv. 426. How introduced to King James I., 426. Is made Viscount
Rochester, and promoted to the privy council, 427. His education
undertaken by James, 427. Contracts a friendship with Sir Thomas
Overbury, 428. Contracts a familiarity with Lady Essex, 42 Is insti-
gated by her to ruin Sir Thomas Overbury, 430. Procures e divorce
of Lady Essex, marries her and is created earl of Somerse 431. See
Somerset.
Carte, Mr., remarks on his account of the first formation of tl house of
commons, ii. 519. His notion of the nature of the homage ] id by the
kings of Scotland to those of England, examined, 515. Exai ination of
his account of Perkin Warbec, iii. 449.
Casimir, Prince, leads an army of German Protestants to the asr^stance of
the French Hugonots, iv. 102. Is assisted by Q.ueen Elizt.ieth with
money for this purpose, 164.
Cassilis, earl of, taken prisoner by the English at the battle of Solway
iii. 281. Is released by Henry on conditions, 282. Is the only prisoner
who complies with the order to return to England, 284. Is graciously
treated by Henry, and released with his brothers, 284.
Oastile, Peter, kiug of, his cruelties, ii. 257. Imprisons and poisons his
wife, Blanche de Bourbon, 257. Is chased from his dominions by Du
Guesclin, the French general, 258. Is protected by Prince Edward, 253.
Henry, natural brother to Peter, seizes the kingdom, 259. Peter re-
stored by Prince Edward, 259. His ingratitude to Edward, 259. Peter
murdered by his brother Henry, who obtains the kingdom, 260. Henry
intercepts the earl of Pembroke by sea, and takes him a.i-1 his army
prisoners, 263. Isabella, queen of, dies, iii. 64. Comes 1 1 Philip, arch-
duke of Austria, by marriage with Joan, daughter to Isabella, on the
death cf Isabella, 64. Returns to Ferdinand on the death o r Philip, 67
The states of, oppose the emperor Charles marrying the princess Mary of
England, 16a
Castlemaine, earl of, is accused of au intention to assassinate the king, but
acquitted, vi. 219. Is sent ambassador to the pope by James II., 319.
Castles, of the nobility, the mischievous purposes they served, i. 278. The
number of, in England, in the early part of, the reigu of Henry III,
ii. 11.
Cateau Cambresis, peace of, between Philip of Spain, Henry of Fr<uire
and Elizabeth of England, iv. 11
vtaask 461
Oatcsby, concerts the famous gunpowder plot, to bow up tho king an<i
parliament, iv. 400. Flies on the discovery ol the scheme, 40.3. Is killed
405. Remarks cu his former good character, 405.
Catharine, princess of France, married to Henry V. of England, ii. 3(J6.
Brought to bed of a son, afterwards Henry VI., 368. Marries, after her
husband's death, Sir Owen Tudor, a Welsh gentleman, and thus founds
the future grandeur of that name, 370. See Tudor.
- of Arragou, married to Prince Arthur of England, iii. GO. On
the death of her husband, married to Prince Henry, afterwards Henry
VIII., 61. Henry entertains scruples concerning his marriage with her.
164. Solicits the emperor her nephew's assistance, 172. Her behavior
at the trial of her marriage, 172. Her appeal received at Rotne, 190.
Refuses Cranmer's citation to appear before him, 191. Her rnarriago
declared null, 192. Is degraded to the rank of princess dowager of
Wales, but insists on being served as queen, 192. Her death and letter
to Henry, 214.
Howard, Lady. See Howard.
-, princess of Portugal, is married to King Charles II., vi. 22. Is
accused by Uates and Bedloe of being concerned in the Popish plot, 187.
Catholics. See Reformation, Protestants, Heresy, etc.
Cavaliers, the appellation of, when and to whom given, v. 203.
Cavendish, Sir Thomas, his successful expedition against the Spaniards,
and voyage round the world, iv. 250.
Ceaulin, son of Kenric, king of Wessex, his successes against the Britons,
i. 41. Crushed by a confederacy, under Kthclbert, king of Kent, 41.
Cecil, Sir William, is committed to the Tower, along with the protector,
Somerset, iii. 363. When secretary of state, signs the patent for thu
succession of the lady Jane Gray, 363. Is made secretary of state on
the accession of Queen Elizabeth, iv. 4. Encourages her to reestablish
the Protestant religion, 4. Represents to Elizabeth the expediency of
assisting the Protestant malecontents in Scotland, 25. Signs the treaty
of Edinburgh, with Dr. Wotton, on the part of Elizabeth, 28. Informs
the house of commons of the queen's promise to marry, and of hei
reasons against naming a successor, 78. His advice to Elizabeth, or
Mary taking refuge in England, 98. Is appointed one of the commis-
sioners to inquire into the conduct of Mary, 106. Interposes with Queen
Elizabeth in favor of the reformation, 118, n., 119. His great influenco
over Elizabeth, 121. Is sent with proposals to Mary, who concludes a
treaty with Elizabeth, 130. Writes a letter to Lenox, the regent, on this
business, calculated to frustrate it, 131. Is created Lord Burleigh, 152.
See Burleigh.
, Sir Robert, is made secretary of state, iv. 294. Is made master ot
the wards, 312. Is created earl of Salisbury, 381. See Salisbury.
, Sir Edward, is sent with a fleet against Cadiz, but fails, v. 11. Ij
forced to return, by the plague among his men, 11.
Celestine III., Pope, refuses to absolve Philip of France from his engage-
ments to Richard I. of England, i. 376. Renews the legatine authority
to Longchamp, bishop of Ely, 377. Is wrote to by Eleanor, queen dowa
ger of England, on the captivity of Richard in Germany, 382. Threatens
the emperor with excommunication on this account, 385.
Celibacy, the political motives of enforcing it on the Romish clergy, i. 85
S3'nods called to establish it, 209, 258. See Reformation.
Cenulph, king of Mercia, his unfortunate reign, i. 43.
Ceodwalla, king of Wessex, his history, i. 42.
Ceorles, among the Anglo-Saxons, import of that denomination, i. 162.
Cerdic the Saxon arrives in Britain with his son Kenric, i. 18. Defeats thi
Britons, 18. Establishes the kingdom of Wessex, 19. See Wessex.
Oeritnbra, in Portugal, rich carrack taken there, by an English fleet, iv. 339
Chair, sedan, the first seen in England, used by the duke of Buckingham
iv. 505. Gave great indignation at first to the people, 505.
\0'~ INDEX.
Chaloii9, rencontre there, between Edward [. and the French knights. 10
censed at his successes in a tournament there, ii. 71.
Chamberlain, Thomas, is executed for robbing the fair at Bostor. in Lincoln
shire, ii. 7 9.
Champernon, Henry, raises, with Q,ueen Elizabeth's leave, a body of voliu-.
tft?rs to assist the French Protestants, iv. 1 14.
Chancellor of England, the nature of his office in the time of Henry II.,
i. 296. A list of those during the reign of James I., iv. 404. During- tin
reign of Charles I., v. 384.
Chapter lands, seized by Henry VIII. from the sees of Canterbury, York,
aud London, iii. 274.
Charlemagne, emperor, enters into an alliance with Otf'a, king of Mercia, i.
39. His bigoted cruelty to the pagans in Germany, 51. Consequences
of his conduct, 52.
Charles Prince, second son of James I. becomes prince of Wales by the
death of his elder brother, Henry, iv. 425. A marriage with the second
daughter of Spain proposed for him, 453. Is persuaded by Buckingham
to go to Madrid to visit the infanta, 475. The difficulty with which he
obtained permission of James, 476. His reception in Spain, 478. lie-
turns home, 480. Obtains a high character m Spain, 480. Is persuaded
oy Buckingham to oppose the marriage, 481. Vouches the truth of
Buckingham's misrepresentation of the affair to parliament, 484. A
marriage with the princess Henrietta of France proposed, 491. Death
of his father, 493. See the next article.
I. summons a parliament on his accession, v. 1. Prorogues it on
account of his marriage with the princess Henrietta, 1. Inquiry into
the cause of the small supply voted to him by the commons, 3. Charac-
ter of the duke of Buckingham, and his great influence over him, 3
A plan concerted by the commons for the assertion of civil liberty, 5.
Entertains high ideas of monarchical power, 6. Adjourns the parliament
to Oxford on account of the plague, 6. Represents his necessities to
parliament, 6. Is refused on account of the assistance sent against the
Rochellers, 8. His moderation towards the Catholics aggravates the
popular disquiets, 10. Dissolves the parliament on the plague appearing
at Oxford, 10. Issues privy seals for borrowing money, 10. Ineffectual
attempt on Cadiz, 11. Calls a second parliament, 11. Threatens the
commoners, 15. Imprisons two commoners who managed Buckingham's
impeachment, 15. Is forced to release them, 16. His reflections on the
proceedings of the commons, 18. Dissolves the parliament, 19. Pub-
lishes a declaration in defence of himself, 19. liaises money by dispens-
ing with the penal laws against Catholics, 20. Solicits loans from the
nobility and from the city, 20. Is refused by the city, 20. Levies ship
money for the first time, 21. Resolves to levy a general loau, 21. Im-
prisons those who refuse compliance, 22. Other oppressions exercised
on refusal, 25. Engages in a war with France, 26. Sends a fleet to the
assistance of the Huguenots in Rochelle, 29. Calls a third parliament, 31.
His threatening address to it, 32. Five subsidies voted by the commons,
36. Sends a message to the house, 41. His further expostulations with
the commons, 41. And with the lords, 41. His evasive manner of
passing the petition of right, 42. Gives his full assent to it, 45. Pro-
rogues the parliament, 47. His behavior on information of Bucking
ham's assassination, 49. Discovers an intention to elude the petition
of right, 51. Levies tonnage and poundage, after the expiration of the
¥-ant of those duties, 52. Pleads his necessity for this measure, 53.
he commons insist on his discontinuing this prerogative, 53. His
embarrassment at this demand, 54. His religious sentiments, 57. His
quarrel with the commons augmented on the subject of tonnage aud
poundage, 58. Dissolves the parliament, 59. Imprisons some of the
members, 59. Makes peace with France and Spain, 62. Assists Gus-
tavus, king of Sweden, ~n his invasion of Germany, 63. His domestic
INDEX. 403
ataaraaier^ 64. Promotes the popular leaders, 65. Characters of Straf-
ford aad Land, 6G. Orders by proclamation no one to propose the
calling of another parliament, 72. Levies money irregularly by his
regal authority, 73. Encourages the magnificent repair of St. Paul's
cathedral, 74. Revives monopolies, 75. Enlarges the powers of the
council of York, and court of star chamber, 75. Renews his father's
edict for recreations on Sunday, 77. Takes a journey to Scotland, 78.
Levies ship money over the whole kingdom, 79. Arbitrary sentences of
the star chamber, 80, 82. Equips a fleet to attack the Dutch herring
fishery, and obtains a sum for license to fish, 83. Stops the e:nigratic n
of Puritans to America, 85. Trial of John Hambden lor refusing to pay
ehip money, 88. Reason of his attachment to church authority, 94. De-
clares a general resumption of crown lands in Scotland, 95. Introduces
the canons and liturgy there, 97. Tumults at Edinburgh on this
account, 99. Enforces the liturgy by proclamation, 100. Revolt of the
Scots, and the covenant framed, and universally subscribed, 101. Sends
the marquis of Hamilton to treat with the Covenanters, 101. Frames a
covenant on his part, which is rejected, 103. Episcopacy abolished in
Scotland by the general assembly, 105. Refuses the proposal of a neu-
tality as to the Low Countries, 105. Sends the marquis of Hamilton
with a fleet and army against the Scots, 108. Joins an army under the
earl of Arundel, and marches to Berwick, 108. Receives proposals lor a
treaty from the. Covenanters, 108. His reflections on the proposal, 109
Concludes an imprudent pacification with them, 110. How induced to
this measure, 110. Disbands his army, 112. Assembles a fourth parlia-
ment, after an interval of eleven years, 112. Lays before it an intercept-
ed letter from the Scots malecontents to the king of France, 113. His
pleas for supplies, 113. Desires the good offices of the peers with ~\e
commons, 116, His concessions to the commons, 118. Dissolves lj.e
parliament abruptly, 119. His arbitrary proceedings against obnoxior.s
members, 119. Publishes a declaration of his reasons for dissolving the
parliament, 120. His schemes for supplying himself with money, 121.
Prepares another armament against the Scots, 122. Names commission-
ers to treat with the Scots at Rippon, 123. Summons a great council of
the peers at York, 123. The treaty of Rippon adjourned to London, 125.
Meeting of the long parliament, 128. Promises the earl of Strafford
protection, 130. Impeachment of Strafford, 130. Of Laud, 131. Of
Finch, 132. Votes of the commons regarding grievances, 133. His
observation to parliament on their proceedings, 140. Endeavors to re-
gain confidence by complying to the disposition of parliament, 148.
Receives limited grants for tonnage and poundage, 148. Passes the act
for triennial parliaments, 149. Changes his ministry, 150. Countersigns
the petition of the army, 163. Interposes with the lords in favor of
Strafford, 164. Strafford's letter to him, 165. Gives his assent to
Strafford's attainder by commission, 166. Passes the bill for not pro-
roguing, adjourning, or dissolving the parliament without their own
consent, 166. Passes the bill for abolishing the high-commission court
and star chamber, 170. Goes to visit Scotland, 172. A committee of
both houses appointed to attend him, 172. Laws passed by the Scots
parliament, 175. Endeavors to conciliate the affections of the Scots,
177. Is obliged by the English commons to reduce the Irish army, 179.
Is thwarted in his intention of sending the disbanded men into the
Spanish service, 179. Sir Phelim O'Neale forges a commission from
him for the Irish massacre, 187. Communicates his intelligence of the
Irish insurrection to the Scots parliament, 188. Informs the English
parliament of it, 183. Returns to London, and is presented with the
remonstrance and petition of the commons, 197. Answers the remon-
strance, 198. Impeaches Lord Kimboltou and five commoners, 205.
Orders the impeached members to be delivered up, 207. Goes himself to
the house to demand them, 207 Orders a common council of Lcndoa
"*;
to be assembled, which he attends, 208. His trcarment by the Lor..lo.j
ers, 008. Retires to Hampton Court, 210. Remarks on his conrluit
towards parliament, 210. Messages between him and the parliament, 21 ],
Passes the bill sent to him, 214. The commons prepare to defend their
measures by arms, 215. Evades assenting to the bill appointing
the lieutenants of counties by the commons, 216. His reply to theii
solicitations to pass it, 217. Removes to York, 219. Is encouraged by
the principal nobility and gentry, 219. Refuses to pass the militia bill,
and issues proclamations against the proceedings of the commons, 219.
Answers their memorials by the assistance of Lord Falkland, 222. Is-
sues commissions of arra}', in opposition to the militia, 222. Is refused
admittance to Hull, 222. The county of York levies a guard for him,
222. Receives military stores from Holland. 224. His answer to the
propositions of agreement, sent by the parliament, 225. Erects his
standard at Nottingham, 226. State of parties at the commencement
of the civil war, 227. His revenue stopped by parliament, 22?. Is pre-
vailed upon to make overtures for a treaty, 231. His declarations be-
fore his army, 2:54. Prince Rupert defeats a party of Essex's army, 235
Marches from Shrewsbury to meet Essex, 235. Battle of Edgehill, 23C.
Takes possession of Oxford, 237. Marches towards London, 238. Re-
ceives an address from the parliament for a treaty, 238. Defeats two
regiments at Brentford, 238. Returns to Oxford, 238. Demands of the
parliament in the negotiation there, 239. Reading taken from him
by the earl of Essex, 240. Cornwall reduced to obedience to him by Sit
Ralph Hopton, 243. His generals defeat the parliament commanders at
Bradoc Down and Stratton, 244. Sends Prince Maurice and the marquis
of Hertford into the west, 245. Lord Wilmot, sent with cavalry to the
west, defeats Sir William Waller on Roundway Down. 246. Receives a
reenforcement brought over by the queen, 247. Bristol taken by Prince
Rupert, 248. Publishes a manifesto, and renews his protestation, 249
Joins the camp at Bristol, 249. Besieges Gloucester, 250. Raises the
siege on the approach of Essex, 255. Battle of Newbury, 255. Estab-
lishes a garrison in Reading, 256. Applies to Ireland for assistance,
258. His reply to the offer of mediation made by the Scots commis
sioners, 260. Orders Ormond to conclude a cessation with the Irish
rebels, 266. Receives troops from Ormond, 266. A vindication of his
innocence as to the Irish rebellion, 541. Endeavors to form a parliament
at Oxford, in opposition to that at London, 269. Circulates privy seals
for loans, 270. Solicits a treaty, 271. Declares the parliament at West
minster not to be a free one, or entitled to authority, 271. Writes to the
parliament, which rejects his offers, 271. Prince Rupert is defeated at
Marston Moor, 275. York and Newcastle taken from him, 277. Ap
points Ruthven, earl of Brentford, general under him, 278. Routs Sir
William Waller at Cropredy Bridge, 278. Reduces Essex's army in the
west, 279. Is defeated at Newbury, 280. Makes fresh proposals for
a treaty, 289. Sends commissioners to Uxbridge, 291. His offers with
regai d to church government, 292. His offers with regard to the militia,
293. The licentious disposition and practices of his troops, 308. Re
lieves Chester, 309. Takes Leicester, 309. Battle of Naseby, 310. Is
defeated, 311. His cabinet of letters seized, and published by the parlia-
ment, 312. Recalls Prince Rupert's commission on the loss of Bristol, 314.
Is again defeated at Chester, 314. Retires to Oxford, 314. Lord Astley
defeated, 317. His fortitude under his disasters, 317. Is refused a treaty
by the parliament, 317. His commission to the earl of Glamorgan with
regar.l to Ireland, 318. Glamorgan's conduct, 318. Justifies himself in
this affair, 319. Retires from Oxford, and puts himself into the hands
rjf the Scots army before Newark, 323. Is put under a guard by them,
323. His treatment by the preachers, 324. Is obliged to order his gar-
risons to surrender, 324. Receives fresh proposals from the parliament
vol the Scots, 325. Is delivered up to the Eng'ish commissioners, 3«8
INDEX. *04
Is conducted to Holdjnby, 328. Is seized by Cornet Joyce, and conveyed
to the army, 335. The indulgence of the army towards him, 341. The
army enters into treaty with him, for the settlement of the nation,
343. His oll'e-s to Cromwell and Ireton, 343. Is brought by the army
to Hampton Court, 347. His confinement increased, 348. Flies to the.
Isle of Wight, 349. Intrusts himself to Hammond, the governor, wh',
lodges him in Carisbroke Castle, 349. Negotiates again with the parlia-
ment, 352. The parliament votes against all further treaty with him,
354. Is closely confined, 354. The Scots commissioners treat with him
for arming Scotland in his favor, 356. A fleet in the river declares (or
him, 358. Treats with commissioners of the parliament, sent for
that purpose, 360. The points debated between them, 361. Is again
seized by the army, and confined in Hurst Castle, 366. Is brought tc
London to be tried, 371. His trial opened, 372. His speech agains!
the authority of the court, 372. Is condemned, 374. Reflections on
this event, 374. His behavior after sentence, 374. His execution, 377.
His character, 379. His children, 384. Inquiry into the authenticity of
the [con Basilike, 384. Character of this work, and its supposed in-
fluence in producing the restoration of his son, 385. His love for the fine-
arts, 527. His pictures and furniture sold, 528. His death, how first re-
solved upon, 549. Vindicated from the charge of insincerity, 551.
Oharles, prince of Wales, son of Charles I., is sent by his father, general
into the west, v. 313. Retires over to Paris to his mother, 315. Takes
command of a fleet which declares for the king, 358. Is proclaimed
king by the Scots 389. Is obliged to remove from Holland, 399. De-
sires the Scots commissioners to attend him at Breda, 400. The terms
proposed to him there, 400. His treatment on landing in Scotland, 407
The declaration he is forced to publish, 408. Is obliged to sign twelve
articles of repentance, 409. Goes to the Scots camp, but is ordered by
the clergy to leave it, 411. Is crowned at Scone, 414. Is reproved by a
committee of ministers for his gallantries, 414. Is detected in an at-
tempt to escape, 415. Is permitted to join the camp, 415. Marches
into England, 416. Is routed by Cromwell at Worcester, 417. Secretes
himself at Boscobel, 417. Travels in disguise to Bristol, 418. Takes refuge
with Colonel Windham, 418. Embarks at Shoreham, in Sussex, for Nor-
mandy, 421. Encourages au insurrection of the royalists against the
protector, 452. Is forced to retire from France, 457. Forms a league
with Philip of Spain, and keeps a court at Bruges, 480. His reception by
the French and Spanish ministers, at the treaty of the Pyrenees, 500.
Sends a letter to Monk, 504. His letter delivered to parliament, 516.
He is proclaimed, 517.
II. is restored by parliament, v. 517. The respect shown to him
by foreign powers on this event, 517. Land3 at Dover, 518. His char-
acter and persoual qualifications, vi. I. Forms his ministry, 2. Settle-
ment of the state, 3. The late king's judges ordered to surrender, on
pain of exclusion from pardon, 3. Passes an act of indemnity, 4. His
revenue settled, 4. Restores Episcopacy and the liturgy, 11. His reasons
for restoring Episcopacy in Scotland, 14. Restores the bishops to their
seats in parliament, 18. All military authority surrendered to him, 19.
The regulation of corporations granted to him, 20. His motives for
marrying Catharine of Portugal, 23. Sells Dunkirk to the French, 28.
Issues the declaration of indulgence, 29. Is attached to the Catholic
religion, 30. Becomes disgusted with Clarendon, 33. Is ruled by his
mistress, the duchess of Cleveland, 33. His character and conduct, 33.
Demands, and obtains, a repeal of the triennial act, 35. Sends Sir
Robert Holmes to attack the Dutch settlements, 38. Obtains a sum
from the city of London for the Dutch war, 39. Declares war against
the United Provinces, 40. Endeavors to engage France to unite against
the Dutch, 42. Denmark declares against him, 43. Passes the live-
mile act, 45. Makes advances towards a peace with the states, 5a
406 INDEX.
Treaty of Breda, 55. Banishment of Clarendon, !»9 Concludes ths
Ci-iple alliance, 65. Treaty of Aix-la-Cliapelle, 6C. Is forced to pass the
bill against the importation of Irish cattle, 75. As also the act against
conventicles, 80. Character of his cabal ministry, 82. The counsels in-
stilled into him by, 83i Is prevailed on to desert the triple alliance, an;
to league with France, by his sister the duchess of Orleans, 86. Is ic
fluenced also by his French mistress, the duchess of Portsmouth, 87
Pardons Blood for his attempt on the regalia, and takes him into favor
92. Bestows a peerage and the treasurer's staff on Sir Thomas Clif
ford, for his expedient of shutting up the exchequer, 95. A second dec
1 oration of indulgence, 96. Suspension of the navigation act, 96. Mar
tial law revived, 96. Declares war against the Dutch, 98. His reflec-
tions on the successes of Lewis in the Low Countries, 108. His demands
from the states, 108. His speech to parliament, 113. His declaration
of indulgence opposed by the commons, 115. Recalls the declaration.
117. Prorogues the parliament, 122. Asks advice of parliament respect-
ing making peace with the Dutch, 123. Peace concluded, 123. Proof
of his entering into a scheme for restoring Popery, 127, n. Duplicity of
his conduct on this occasion, 127, n. Sir William Temple's free remon-
strance to him, 129. Is unable to obtain a supply for taking off anticipa-
tions of his revenue, 135. Suppresses coffee-houses by proclamation, 136.
Recalls the proclamation, 137. His embarrassed situation at the time
of the congress of Nimeguen, 142. His speech to parliament, 143. Is
exhorted by parliament to guard against the growing power of France
145. Requests supplies, and pledges his honor for the proper applica
tion of them, 145. Is addressed by the parliament to form an alliance
with the states against France, 148. Adjourns the parliament, 1-18.
Secretly signs a treaty with France, and obtains a pension from that
court, on promise of his neutrality, 148. Receives the prince of Orange
at Newmarket, 149. Concludes a marriage between him and the prin-
cess Mary, 150. Concerts the terms of peace with the prince, 151. Sends
the terms to Paris, 151. His instructions to Sir William Temple, with
Temple's reply, 152. Concludes an alliance with the states, to oblige
France to peace, 153. The parliament still distrustful of him, 153. Re
ceives a passionate address from the commons, 154. Concludes a treaty
with the states to oblige Lewis to an immediate evacuation of the towns
in Flanders, 156. His conduct in regard to the treaty of Nimeguen, 160.
His observation on the complaints made of Lauderdale's administratioi
in Scotland, 170. Is warned of a Popish plot, 171. Publishes proclama
tions for the discovery of the murderers of Sir Edmundsbury Godfrey, 182
His speech to parliament, 182. Ridicules the popish plot privately, 186
Protects his queen from the accusation of Oates and Bedloe, 187. Re
fuses to pass the militia bill, 1 88. His private contract with Lewis, foi
the peace of Nimeguen, discovered by Danby's letter, in the house of
commons, 188. Dissolves the parliament to screen Danby, 190. Is
obliged to summon a parliament again for money, 194. Desires his
brother to retire beyond sea, 195. Declares the illegitimacy of the duke
of Monmouth, 196. Asserts the prerogative of rejecting the speaker
chosen by the commons, 196. The pretension compromised, 196. As-
serts his intention of protecting Danby against the resentment of the
commons, 196. Chooses a new council by the advice of Sir William Tem-
ple, 200. A list of the new council, 200, n. Proposes to parliament lim-
itations on a Popish successor to the crown, 201. Habeas corpus act
passed, 204. The parliament takes advantage of his necessities, 205.
Prorogues, and after dissolves the parliament, 207. The popularity of
his behavior, 215. Is prevailed on by the duke of York to deprive
Monmouth of Ms command, and send him abroad, 216. Is strongly pe
titioneil for a parliament, 218. His speech to the new parliament, 220.
Evades passing a repeal of the thirty-fifth of Elizabeth, 235. Dissolves
the parliament, and summon? another to meet at Oxford, 236. Hi*
&l
407
speech to the new parliament, 237. Dissolves it, 239. Persecutes the
dissenters, 256. Issues a writ of quo warranto against the city of Lon-
don, 258. Conditions on which he restored the charter, 259. Makes
profit by the surrender of corporation charters, 260. How he escaped
the Rye-house plot, 264. His motives for not sparing Lord Russel, 269.
Marries the Lady Anne to Prince George of Denmark, 277. Particulars
of a private agreement between him and Lewis XIV., 279, n. Is conjec-
tured to have intended an alteration of his political measures, 280. Dies,
281. His private character, 281. His political character, 282. Compared
with the emperor Tiberius, 283. The Royal Society instituted by him,
373. Why unable to encourage literary merit, 373.
Charles the Simple, king of France, resigns Neustria to Rollo the Dane,
and gives him his daughter, i. 107.
the Fair, king of France, the grounds of his dispute with Edward
II. of England, ii. 161. Secretly countenances the conspiracy of his
sister, Queen Isabella, against Edward, 163.
-, dauphin of France, is seduced by Charles, king of Navarre, ii. 239.
Repents, and betrays Charles into the hands of his father, John, 239.
His government renounced on his father's captivity, and all affairs
thrown into confusion, 217. Rejects the dishonorable treaty concluded
by his father at London, 250. His prudent disposition on Edward's in-
vasion, 250. Succeeds to the crown on his father's death, 255. The first
acts of his reign, 255. Acknowledges the young count de Mountfort,
duke of Brittany, 256. Is engaged by the count de Transtanmere to in-
vade Peter, king of Castile, 257. Summons Prince Edward to Paris, 262
Invades the English provinces in France, 262.
VI. of France, his situation compared with that of Richard II. of
England, ii. 350. Disorders the kingdom became subject to, from tho
devolving of the regal power on the dukes of Orleans and Burgundy, on
his insanity. 351. See France, Burgundy, and Orleans. Dies, 370.
VII. of France, his character, and situation at the death of his
father, ii. 375. His distressed situation after the battle of Verneuil, 381.
How recovered from his despair on the siege of Orleans, 388. Deter-
mines, on the success of Joan d'Arc, to take the field, 395. Marches
into Rheims, and is crowned there, 396. His volunteer army disbands,
397. Makes peace with the duke of Burgundy at Arras, 403. His ad-
vantages in the war with the English, 406. Concludes a truce with t' e
English, 409. His prudent employment of this interval, 414. Renews
the war, 414. Takes Rouen, and recovers the province of Normandy, 415
Recovers Guienne, 415. Dies, 550.
VIII., king of France, encourages the Flemings in their opposition
to his father-in-law, Maximilian, king of the Romans, iii. 21. Invades
Brittany by invitation of the barons, 23. Marries the duchess of Brit
tany, 33. Returns the daughter of Maximilian, to whom he had been
contracted, 33. Makes peace with Spain, and his cessions to that court,
36. Receives Perkin Warbec, and patronizes him, 39. Invades Italy,
47.
IX. of France, his mother, Cathai-ine de Medicis, appointed regent
during his minority, iv. 32. See Medicis. League of Bayonne for the
extirpation of the Hugonots, 71. Is forced to an accommodation with
the prince of Conde, 143. Concludes a second accommodation with tho
Protestants, 145. His dissimulation towards the Protestant leaders, 156.
Marries his sister to the prince of Navarre, 157. Orders the poisoning
of the queen of Navarre, 157. Massacre of Paris, 157. The massacre of
the Hugonots extended to the provinces, 158. Extorts a recantation of
the Protestant religion from the young king of Navarre, s.nd prince of
Conde, 158. Calumniates the Protestants at foreign couits, to palliat*
these barbarities, 158. His death, and character, 161.
, grandson of Ferdinand of Arragon, succeeds him in the kingdom of
Spain, iii. 115. Is chosen emperor of Germany, liXt.
408 INDEX.
Charles V., emperor of Germany, his character compared with that of ha
competitor, Francis I. of France, iii. 120. His extensive dominions, 120
Motives of his visit to Henry VIII., 122. Pays his court to Cardinal
Wolsev, 122. A second interview between him and Henry at Gravelines,
124. His grants to Wolsey, 125. Makes war against France, 12.5. His
exorbitant demands from Francis, 12.5. Concludes an alliance with the
pope and Henry against Francis, 126. Comes over again to England,
136. Renews his court to Wolsey, 136. Is installed knight of the
farter, 136. The duke of Bourbon revolts against Francis, and enters
is service, 114. Invades France, and takes Fontarabia, 145. A new
treaty between him and Henry for the invasion of Frauce, 147. Invades
Provence, 147. Battle of Pavia, and captivity of Francis, 14!). His hy-
pocrisy on this occasion, 149. His exorbitant demands for the ransom
of Francis, 155. Removes Francis to Madrid, 155. Visits him, 155.
Restores Francis by the treaty of Madrid, 155. His hypocrisy on the
news of the taking of Rome by the imperial troops, 159. War declared
against him by France and England, 16]. Challenges Francis to single
combat, 161. Intimidates the pope, 166. Peace of Cambray with Fran-
cis, 180. Sultan Solyman conquers Hungary, and besieges Vienna, 181.
Makes advances towards an accommodation with Henry, 215. His un-
successful invasion of Frauce, 216. Concludes a truce with Francis for
ten years, 240. Asks of Francis permission to pass through France to
the Netherlands, 260. Is honorably received and conducted through,
260. His ungrateful insincerity towards Francis, 266. Irritates Henry
against Francis, and concludes an alliance with him, 266, 286. His re-
mark on Henry's suppression of the monasteries, 287. Reduces the
duchy of Cleves, 288. Besieges Landrecy, 288. Is forced to abandon
the siege, 288. Invades France in concert with Henry, 293. Takes St.
Disier, 293. Concludes a separate peace with Francis, 294. His con-
duct relating to the council of Trent, 329. His artful and treacherous
behavior towards the princes of the Protestant league, 330. His reasons
for declining an alliance with the protector Somerset on the part of
Edward VI., 359. Is reduced to grant an equitable peace to the Pro
testants, by Maurice, elector of Saxony, 397. Makes an unsuccessful
attempt on Metz, 397. Proposes his son Philip as a husband to Queen
Mary of England, 398. His reasons for stopping Cardinal Pole on his
journey to England, 399. Sends over a large sum to bribe the English
parliament, 407. Instructs Cardinal Pole to exhort Mary to moderation
towards her Protestant subjects, 419. Resigns all his hereditary domin
ions to his son Philip. 430. Retires to a monastery in Estremadura, 430
His employment in his retreat, 431. His character compared with th&t
of Pope Paul IV., 432.
, king of Navarre, some account of, and his character, ii. 237. Pro-
cures Charles de la Cerda, constable of France, to be assassinated, and
his behavior on that occasion, 238. John, king of France, purchases a
peace with him, 239. Seduces the dauphin Charles, who betrays him into
the hands of his father, 239. Is thrown into prison, 239. Escapes, 249.
X., of Sweden, his success in the north, v. 455. Besieges Copenhagen,
but is forced to desist by an English and Dutch fleet, 409.
de Blois marries the niece of John III., duke of Brittany, and is
acknowledged successor to that duchy, ii. 212. Besieges the countess
de Mountfort in Hennebone, 214. Is forced to raise the siege by the ar-
rival of succors from England, 215. Is taken prisoner by the countess de
Mountfort, 230. Is slain in Brittany, B55.
Charmouth, battl2 there between the English and Danes, i. 52.
Charter of liberties granted to the English by Henry I., i. 242. Review of
this charter, 245. Renewed by Stephen, and confirmed by Henry, 423
The Great Charter, called Magna Chnrtu, granted by John, 429. The
principal heads of this charter, 429. Remarks upon it, 431, 473. Secnri
tins for the fulfihnert of it, !?2. A new one granted by Henry III., ii. 3.
INDEX 409
The difFerenr.es between this charter and the Magna Charta of Jphi. 3
A confirmation of it by Henry, 4. A charter of forests granted by him. 4.
The Great Charter renewed and confirmed by a parliament at Oxford. lO
A solemn confirmation of the Great Charter by Henry, 29. The two char-
ters confirmed by parliament at home, and by Edward I. in Flanders, li6.
Are confirmed by him in the fullest manner on his return, with furtner
securities, 117. A free and full confirmation of them by Edward I., J'i8.
Above twenty parliamentary confirmations of the Great Charter, granted
by Edward III., 268.
Chartres, the city of, besieged by the prince of Conde, iv. 143.
Chateau Gaillard, on the frontier of Normandy, described, i. 403. Is besietred
and taken by Philip of France, 404.
Chatelrault, the earl of Arran created duke of, iii. 343. Resigns his author-
ity, as regent of Scotland, to the queen dowager, 440. Interposes arid
effects an accommodation between the queen regent and the Congrega-
tion of the Lord, iv. 24. Joins the Congregation, 24. Is discontented at
the marriage of Mary with the Lord Darnley, 68. Enters into a conspiracy
against Mary at Stirling, 69. Is forced to take refuge in England, 70.
Is pardoned on condition of retiring to France, 70. Arrives in London
during the conference at York, but is detained by Elizabeth till Murray's
return, 111. Lavs down his arms on the detection of Norfolk's conspiracy,
156.
Chauntry, what, iii. 297, n.
Cherington, battle there, between Waller and Hopton, v. 273.
Chester, when first erected into a bishopric, iii. 24-j.
Child, Sir Josiah, his account of the great increase of wealth after the resto
ration, vi. 370.
Chivalry, the passion for, when first introduced among the English, i. 473.
The romantic principles of, deduced, 473. How improved during the times
of the crusades, 473.
Christ Church, Oxford, history of its first foundation, iii. 318.
Christianity, its first introduction among the Anglo-Saxons, i. 23.
Church, the power of, in the times of the Anglo-Norman kings, i. 472.
The authority of, detached from the state, by the ill-judged policy of
William the Conqueror, 473. Estimate of its revenues in the reign of
Henry IV., ii. 341. Proposal formed by the commons to convert them
to civil purposes, 341. For its reformation from Popery, see Reformation.
An examination of its principles of reformation, iv. 115. Reflections on
the revolution of its doctrines concerning the absolute decrees of God,
503.
Churchill, Captain, distinguishes himself in the French army against the
imperialists, vi. 138. Joins the prince of Orange, on his invasion of Eng-
land, 345.
Circuits, by itinerant justices, established by Henry II., i. 348.
Cities in England, the state of, at the time of the Norman conquest, i. 161
See Corporations.
Civil laws, a view of the state of, as modelled by the Anglo-Norman kingg,
i. 472.
Civil society, the advantages of, in comparison of barbarous ages, i. 171.
Claims, a court of, erected, for the division of lands in Ireland, vi. 73.
Clanricarde, earl of, forms a combination among the Irish Catholics, and
drives the nuncio Rinuccini out of the island, v. 392. Invites Ormond
back from France, 392. Is obliged to submit to the parliament, retires,
and dies, 425.
Clarence, Lionel, duke of, second son of Edward ni., a brief view of his life
ii. 266.
Thomas, duke of, son of Henry IV., ii. 344. Attends his brother
Henry V. to Troye, 364. Defeated and slain at the battle of Bange, 367.
George, duke of, second brother to Edward IV., leagues with the
ty.rl of Warwick, ii. 456. Marries his daughter, 456. Confused accounts
VOL. v; — S
410 INDEX.
of their subsequent operations, 458. Raises men in conjunction witi
Warwick, but, despairing of success, disbands them, and flies to France,
460. Secretly reconciled to bis brother Edward, 463. Deserts with hia
forces from Warwick, 470. Hindered from marrying the heiress of Bur-
gundy, by his brother Edward, 478. Prosecution and execution of two
of his friends, Burdet and Stacy, 480. Conlined and tried for his reflections
en these proceedings, 480. Drowned in a butt of malmsey, 481. Reflec-
tions on the unfortunate fates of his children, 481.
Clarendon, summary of the constitutions of, i. 303. Subscribed by the bisuojis,
305. Abrogated by Pope Alexander, 30(5.
, Hyde, earl of, and chancellor, his character as an historian, v. 532.
Persuades Charles II. to disband the republican army, vi. 9. His charac-
ter and influence with the king, 9. His daughter married to the duke of
York, 10. Is impeached in the house of lords, by the earl if Bristol, 33.
Causes of the decline of his credit with the king, 33. The causes of his
fall inquired into, 56. The great seal taken from him, 57. Is impeached
by the commons, 57. Retires to Calais, and writes from thence to tho
house of lords, 58. Is banished, and composes his history of the civil wars,
59. Review of his life and conduct, 59.
Claypole, Mrs., daughter of Oliver Cromwell, her character and death, v. 483.
Clement V., Pope, the order of knights templars abolished by him, ii. 171.
VII., of the family of Medicis, elected to the papacy, iii. 142. Grants
to Wolsey the legatine commission for life, 142. Gives Francis I. of Franca
a dispensation from fulfilling the treaty of Madrid, 157. Rome sacked by the
imperial troops, and himself taken prisoner, 158. Is applied to by Henry
VIII. for a divorce from Catharine of Arragon, 166. Causes of his hesita-
tion in that affair, 167. His character, 168. Is intimidated by the emperor,
168. Grants a commission to Campeggio and Wolsey, to try the king's
marriage, 170. Evokes the cause to Rome, 174. Receives Clueen Catha-
rine's appeal, 190. Is instigated by the conclave to proceed to extremities
against Henry, but only threatens him, 193. Is disgusted with Charles,
and leagues with Francis, 193. Motives which prevented an accommoda-
tion with Henry, 193. Pronounces sentence against Henry precipitately,
which he afterwards repents, 194. His authority renounced by the English
convocation and parliament, 197. Dies, 212.
Prince, of Bavaria, is chosen elector of Cologne, vi. 338.
• Jacques, assassinates Henry III. of France, iv. 273.
Dlementines and Urbanists, the source of those distinctions, ii. 323.
Clergy, review of the usurpations of, in the reign of Henry II., i. 295. Theii
artifices to obtain money, 301. Claim an exemption from the civil magis-
trate, 302. Enormities committed by, 302. How they evaded the celibacy
enjoined them, 413. Reflections on their case, 413. By what titles they
obtained seats in the ancient feudal parliaments, 451. Of use as mediators
in disputes between the kings and their barons, ii. 11. Italian, an estimate
of the value of their benefices in England, in the early part of the reign
of Henry III., 22. Deprived of all protection from the laws, by Edward
1., on their refusal to grant him supplies, 112. The bad circumstances to
which they were reduced by this exclusion, 112. Are reduced to com-
pliance, 113. A view of the supplies granted by, to Edward I., 140. Why
assiduous in promoting the study and observance of civil law, 509. Not
to beg without a license, in the time of Henry VII., iii. 74. All obliged to
take the oath of supremacy, by act of Elizabeth's parliament, iv. 58. Their
disposition towards Romish ceremonies and church authority, under the
countenance; of Bishop Laud, v. 71. The right of taxing their revenues
resigned to parliament, vi. 39. Parochial, obtain the right of voting a»
elections, 40. See Church, and Bishops.
, reformed, in Scotland, their gross behavior to Mary, on her arrival
in Scotland, iv. 37. Are ruled in this by John Knox, 38. The real cause
of their ill humor, 11. See Knox. Reformation, Assembly, Congregquon
of tin' Lord Ei olesiastical Commission, and Scotland.
INDEX * t i
Clergy, oi the church of Rome, their auchority and union dangero is to the
civil m igistrate, iii. 130. But the encouragement of the fine arts in
some measure owing to them, 130. See Indulgences, Luther, and Refor-
mation.
Clermont, a council called there by Pope Martin II., to resolve on a holy
war, i. 22 3.
Cleveland, duchess of, mistress to Charles IT., her character and influence
over the king, vi. 33.
Cleves. See Anne of.
Clifford, Sir Robert, engages in the imposture of Perkin Warbec, iii. 40.
Prevailed on by Henry VII. to betray his secrets, and be his spy upon
him, 41. Returns to England, and accuses Sir William Stanley as &t>
accomplice, 43.
, Sir Thomas, one of the cabal, his character, vi. 83. Obtains a peei
age and the treasurer's staff, for his hint of shutting up the exchequer,
95. Is excluded by the test act, 122.
Clinton, Lord, commands Queen Mary's fleet for a descent on the coasts of
Brittany, iii. 444. Lands at Conquet, but is drove off, 444. Is appointed
one of the commissioners to inquire into the conduct of Mary, queen of
Scots, iv. 106.
Coaches, when first introduced into England, iv. 370.
Coal, when first dug in England, ii. 69.
Coats of arms, when they first came into vogue, ii. 69.
Cobbet, one of the king's judges, is seized in Holland, brought homo, ami
executed, vi. 21.
Ooblvam, Sir John Oldcastle, Lord, his character as head of the Lollards.
ii. 348. Singled out as a victim by Arundel, archbishop of Canterbury,
348. Conference between him and the king, 348. Condemned, 348.
Escapes, 348. Conspires against the king, 349. Taken and executed.
349.
, Lord, condemned, but pardoned, for a conspiracy against James
I., iv. 384. His inconsistent accusation of Sir Walter Raleigh, 384.
Coffee-houses, a proclamation for the suppression of, vi. 136. The procla
mation recalled, 137.
Coin, Swedish bullion imported, and good money coined, iii. 372. Is reg
ulatcd by Queen Elizabeth, iv. 45. Amount of, from 1599 to 1619, 518
Amount of, during the reign of Charles I. and the succeeding common
wealth, v. 526. Great increase of, after the restoration, vi. 370.
Coke, Sir Edward, a curious passage from his institutes, relating to tho
suppression of the monasteries, iii. 460. Queen Elizabeth's haughty
treatment of him when speaker of the house of commons, iv. 278. His
severe treatment of the earl of Essex, 316. Grossly abuses Sir Walter
Raleigh on his trial, 384. Is ordered by James to prosecute the murder-
ers of Sir Thomas Overbury, 436.
Colchester is forced to capitulate to Fairfax and Ireton, v. 365.
Coleman is arrested, and his papers seized, on account of the Popish plot
vi. 177. Discoveries made by his letters, 177. Is tried and executed, 191
Coligni, Admiral, makes an unsuccessful attempt on Boulogne, iii. 359
Defends St. Quintin against the Spanish army, 437. The town taken,
437. Forms a scheme for the taking of Calais, which is executed by the
duke of Guise, 438. Declares in favor of the Protestants in Franco, iv. 31
Commands the Protestant forces after the battle of Dreux, 55. Obtains
supplies from Queen Elizabeth, 55. His progress in Normandy, 59. Is
apprised of the league of Bayonne against the Protestants, and concerts
a scheme to frustrate it, 142. Battle of St. Denis, 143. Collects the
Protestant forces after the defeat of Jarnac, and besieges Poktiers, 143.
Is defeated by the duke of Anjou at Moncontour, 1 14. Is deceived by the
dissimulation of Charles, 157. Is wounded by an assassin, 157. Is killed
in the massacre of Paris, 133.
Colingbournc, William', executed for a distich against Richard 111 , ii. 502,
4 I *J INDEX.
College, a joiner, his extraordinary trial, and execution, vi. 243.
Colonies settled by the English in America, iv. 518. See America. Ar*
peopled by the restraints imposed on dissenters, vi. 370. Their charters
recalled by James II., 371.
Colonna, Prosper, the Spanish general, defends Milan against the French
invasion under the admiral Bonnivet, iii. 146.
Columbus, Christopher, his first voyage for discovery of the western world,
iii. 75. Sent his brother Bartholomew to England to make his proposals
to Henry VII., 7C. How Henry was deprived of the honor of the dis
covery of America, 76.
Combat, single, trial by, in the Anglo-Saxon laws, how instituted, i. 172
472,
Commerce, a view of the state of, during the Anglo-Norman kings, i. 470.
Remarks on the state of, during the reign of Henry III., ii. 64. Industry,
and state of, in the reign of Edward III., 273. State of, during the reign
of Henry iV., 343. Regulations of, in the reign of Henry VII., iii. 7-'.
Great extension of, in this reign, 75. The privileges of the merchants of
the stil-yard taken away, 371. A treaty of, made withGustavus Ericson,
172. State of, during the time of Q,ueen Mary, 447. The great oppression
of, by the enormous grants of monopolies by Queen Elizabeth, iv. 335.
State of during her reign, 3G4. Establishment of the East India Com
pany, 365. Trade with Muscovy opened, 365. Turkey Company erected,
366. In the beginning of the reign of James 1., almost wholly rnonop
olized by exclusive companies, 394. A decay of shipping occasioned by
this evil, 395. Amount of the customs in this reign, 416. State of, during
this reign, 514. Exports and imports, 518. State of, during the reign of
Charles I., and the succeeding commonwealth, v. 526. Great increase of,
after the restoration, vi. 370.
Commission, ecclesiastical, or high. See High commission court.
Committee of safety, formed by the officers after the expulsion of the long
or rump parliament, v. 498. Negotiates with General Monk, 505.
Commodities, prices of, in the reign of Richard I., i. 392. Remarks on the
price of, in the reign of Edward III., ii. 275, n.
Common prayer book, composed by a committee of bishops and divines,
iii. 350. In what respects it differed from the old mass-book, 350. Is
revised, 370. Is authorized by the parliament, 375. See Liturgy, and
Refoi nation.
Commons, the first efforts towards sending representatives of, to parliament,
ii. 33. Begin to assemble separate from the peers, 36. Remonstrate
against the delays of the council of barons, 36. Appeal to Prince Ed-
ward, 36. The house of, regularly formed by the earl of Leicester, with
the admission of members from boroughs, 53. Further regulations with
respect to representatives of counties, 100. The real epoch of the house
of, 101. The election of representatives considered a3 a hardship, both
by them and their constituents, 103. The gradual increase of their in
fluence on government, 105. Refuse granting supplies for the expedition
of Edward III. against France, 200. The consequence they arrive to, in
his reign, 267. Lawyers totally excluded the house at this time, 267.
Choose a speaker for the first time, 280. Petition the lords to appoint a
council, etc., during the minority of Richard H., 280. Petition Richard
II. against the confederacies of the barons, 281, 521. Impeach Michael
de la Pole, earl of Suffolk, 290. Their proceedings against Richard's
ministry, 294. Their compliance to the king on the crushing of Glouces
ter's faction, 301, 523. Impeach Fitz-AUan, archbishop of Canterbury
302. Petition for an act to check the clergy in eluding the mortmain a,:t
322. Their importance greatly increased, 339. Insist on an answe.
So their petitions, before they make any grants, 339. Other art.s of
resolution by them, 339. Oppose Henry IV. in his attempt to exclude
females from succession to the crown, 340. Advise the king to seize
the temporalities of the church, 341. Scheme formed by them, from aii
INDEX. 413
estimate of the ecclesiastical revenues, 341. Apply fi>r a mitigation of
the statutes against Lollards, 3-12. Impeachment of the duke of Sui.
folk, 421. A second, 423. Temper of the house which met on the as
sertion of the duke of York's pretensions, 430. Address the king to
remove certain peers from his presence, 430. Their spirit of opposition
to the encroachments of the church of Rome during the reign of Henry
VI., 443. Petition for the execution of the duke of Clarence, brother
to Edward IV., 481. Their grants to Henry VIII., at the instance of
Cardinal Wolsey and their speaker Sir Thomas More, iii. 141. The ar-
bitrary speech of Henry to Edward Montague, a member, 456. Thomas
Cromwell, a member, warmly defends his patron Cardinal Wolsey against
the charge of the peers, 177. Pass several bills to restrain the imposi-
tions of the clergy, 178. Extraordinary speech of a member on the
subject of religion, 178. Complain to the king of the reflections cast
on them by Fisher, bishop of Rochester, 179. Grant the king a dis
charge of his debts, 179. Petitions for indemnity from the statute ot
provisors, 187. Prefer a complaint to the king against the oppressions
f f ecclesiastical courts, 188. Reject a bill framed by the king, respect-
ing his right of wardships, etc., 188. Comply with an act relating to
the possession of lands, framed by the king, 220. The gross flattery
of the speaker to the king, 229. Grant Henry supplies, but very re-
luctantly, 262. Pass the bill for Cromwell's death unwillingly, 2ti4.
Petition the king to lay the case of his marriage with Anne of Cloves
before the convocation, 265. Pass a bill of attainder against the duke
of Norfolk, in obedience to the king's message, 306. Cruel treatment
of Strode, a member, in Cornwall, for bringing in a bill concerning
tin, 312. Lord Seymour attainted, 349. Alter a bill against treason
passed by the lords, and pass another, 376. Reject a poor bill frahiei
by the lords, and pass another, 376. Refuse to pass the attainder of
Tonstal, bishop of Durham, or to ratify the attainder of Somerset, 378.
A new election of, under Northumberland's influence, 378. Grant sub-
sidies to the king, 379. Remonstrate against Mary marrying Philip of
Spain, and are dissolved for it, 399. A new election under Mary and
Gardiner's influence, 410. Some members punished for secession, 414.
Their reason for refusing a subsidy to the queen, 428. Grants made by
a new house to the queen, 442. Oppose the act confirming the queen's
sale, or grant of crown lands, 442. Copley, a member, imprisoned tor
speaking irreverently of the queen, 443. Vote a subsidy and other
grants to Queen Elizabeth, iv. 10. Address her to make choice of a
husband, 10. Repeat this address, 56. Are stopped by Elizabeth in
their debates concerning the settlement of the succession, 78. Further
debates on this subject, 78. Her speech at dissolving them, 79. Sfiric-
land introduces a bill for the amendment of the liturgy, 133. Speech
of Pistor on kneeling, and making the sign of the cross, 134. Stricland
prohibited by the queen from attending the house, 135. Yelverton's
free speech on the occasion, 135. Further debates on this matter, 130.
Stricland restored to the house, 136. Are checked by the lords in debat-
ing of matters of religious reformation, 136. Speeches on the queen's
prerogative, occasioned by Bell's motion against an exclusive patent
granted to a trading company at Bristol, 137. Bell severely reprimanded
by the council for his temerity, 138. Are reproved by the lord keeper
at the close of the session for their freedom, 139. A bribe given to a
mayor for an election, with the probable reason for it, 141, n. Address
the queen for the duke of Norfolk's execution, 153. Apply to the queen
for the trial and execution of Mary, queen of Scots, 154. Pass two bills
for regulating ecclesiastical ceremonies, but are checked by the queen,
155. Speech of Peter Wentworth in favor of liberty, 172. Behavior of the
house on this occasion, 174. Oppose encroachments of the upper house,
175. Appoint a general fast, at tie motion of Paul Wentworth, 181. Are
reprimanded by the queen for it, 181. Apply to the bishops for furthoi
*1* INDEX.
reformation, 200. Complain of the court of ecclesiastical commission.
•20 1. Are prohibited by the queen from intermeddling with ecclesiastical
affairs, 264. An; checked in their endeavors to regulate purveyance, 265
The queen's haughty reply to the requests of Sir Edward Coke, speaker,
178. Peter Wentworth resumes the subject of the succession, 278. He
and several others sent to prison, 278. Treatment of Morrice for op-
posing abuses of ecclesiastical power, 279. Yelverlon, a lawyer, chosen
speaker, 294. Grant supplies to the queen, 293. Dispute about forms
with the lords, 295. Extraordinary assertions of the regal prerogative in
the debates concerning monopolies, 336. The abject acknowledgments
of the house, on the queen's promise to cancel the most oppressive of
the patents, 337. Grant the queen an extraordinary supply, 338. Re-
view of the practice of the chancellors, in issuing new writs to supply
the places of members whom they judged incapable of attending, 388.
Vote of the house on this occasion, 389. Inquiry into the question,
whether an outlaw can be chosen a member, 390. Restore Sir Frar'is
Goodwin to his seat, which had been vacated by the chancellor on ac-
count of his outlawry, 391. Refuse a conference with the lords on this
affair, 391. Are commanded by the king to confer with the judges, 391.
Spirited debates on this subject, 392. A committee of, inquire into the
monopolies of trade, 395. Attempt to free the nation from the burden
of wardships and feudal tenures, 395. And from purveyance, 395. Are
unwilling to grant any supplies to the king, 395. Reject a bill from
the lords, for entailing the crown lands on the king and his successors,
397. Grant supplies, 408. Are averse to the union between England
and Scotland, 409. Frame a petition for rigor towauds Popish recusants,
and lenity towards scrupulous Protestant clergymen, but are checked by
the king, 410. Order their journals to be regularly kept, 411. Refuse
to supply the king's necessities, 413. Reflections on their conduct, 41' 1 .
Their views extend to establish the constitution on freer principles than
formerly, 416. Attempt to check the regal prerogative in ecclesiastical
affairs, 418. Remonstrate against the high commission court, 418. Are
alarmed at reports of the king's influencing elections, 432. Dispute
the king's power of levying money by his prerogative, 433. Are dis-
solved in anger, and some of the members imprisoned, 433. Grant sup-
plies to assist the elector palatine, 458. Make a representation of
grievances to the king, 459. Impeach the lord chancellor, Bacon, 460
Remonstrate to the king in favor of the elector palatine, and against
the Spanish match, 462. Are reproved by the king, 463. Remonstrate
again, 464. The king's speech to their committee, 465. Protest against
the king's denial of their privileges, 465. This protestation torn out of
their journal by the king, 465. Are dissolved, and the refractory mem-
bers punished, 486. The arguments urged by both parties concerning
the disputes between the king and them, 467. Vote supplies for a
Spanish war, 486. Impeach the earl of Middlesex, 487. Inquiry into
the cause of the small supply granted by them in the fust parliament of
Charles I., v. 3. Their leaders and their views, 5. Continue obstinate
in denying further supplies, notwithstanding the king's remonstrances,
7. Are disgusted at the assistance sent against Rochelle, 8. Complain
of the growth of Popery, 9. A supply \oted, but its passing into a law
postponed, 12. Impeach the duke of Buckingham, 12. The two mem-
bers who managed this impeachment imprisoned by the king, 16. Re-
monstrate against conferring trusts on Catholics. 17. Are dissolved, but
publish a remonstrance previous to their dissolution, 19. A character of
this house in the third parliament, 32. Sir Francis Seymour's speech,
33. Sir Robert Philips's speech, 34. Sir Thomas Wentworth's speech,
35. Five subsidies voted, 36. The famous petition of right taken under
consideration, 37. Further expostulations by the king, 41. The petition
of right passed by them, 42. Impeach Manwaring, for asserting in a
lermmi the regal prerogative of levying taxes independent of parliament,
*3 Attack the commission for levying money, 46. Present a remon-
INDEX. 415
•trance against the duKe of Buckingham's conduct, 46. Insist on the
King's discontinuing levying the duties of tonnage and poundage, 5^'.
Attack Arminianisra, 56. An allusion made use of by Rouse, a member,
58. First appearance of Oliver Cromwell, 58. Call officers to account
for levying tonnage and poundage, 58. Sir John Elliot reads a remon-
strance against these duties, 59. The speaker forcibly held in the chai*
till a remonstrance is framed and passed, 59. Are dissolved, 59. Mem
bers punished, 59. The complexion and reasoning of the house in the
fourth parliament, now summoned after eleven years' interval, 113. The
substance of Pym's speech, 115. Enter into the consideration of
grievances, 115. Resent the interposition of the lords, 116. Summary
of the arguments urged by the court and popular parties, 116. Are ab-
ruptly dissolved, 119. Strafford impeached by, in the long parliament,
3 31. Impeach Archbishop Laud, 131. Impeach the lord keeper, Finch.
132. Vote several proceedings of lieutenants, and deputy lieutenanrs
of counties, illegal, and the parties exercising them delinquents, 133.
Sheriffs voted delinquents for assessing ship money, 134. The offi-
cers who levied tonnage and poundage lined, 134. The star chamber
and high commission courts condemned, 134. Accuse the judges
for their determination on Hambden's trial, 134. Expel monopolists
and projectors, 135. Remarks on their proceedings, 135. Reverse
the sentences of the star chamber on Prynne and others. 137. The
rapid progress of their regulations, 140. Agree to pay the Scots army,
140. Begin to attack Episcopal authority, 143. Harass the elergy,
145. Vote a removal of all Catholics from the army, 146. Make lim-
ited grants of tonnage and poundage, 149. Frame a bill tor triennial
parliaments, which is passed, 149. Pass a bill of attainder against
Stralibrd, 162. Form a protestation, and order it to be signed by the
whole nation, 164. Are offended at the king's interposition for Strafford,
164. Disband the English and Scots armies on the king's journey to
Scotland, 172. Insist on the reduction of the Irish army raised by
Strafford to reduce the Scots, 178. Oppose their being hired by the
Spaniards, 179. Their zeal for the Presbyterian discipline, 189. Credit
the report of the Irish massacre being ordered by the king, 190. An
account of the famous remonstrance framed by them, 192. Pas3 the
remonstrance, and publish it without sending it up to the lords, 193.
Reasoning of the parties on both sides with regard to it, 193. Present
the remonstrance to the king on his return, 197. Pass the bill for press-
ing soldiers for Ireland, 199. The interposition of peers in elections de-
clared to he a breach of privilege, 200. Their proceedings against the
bishops, 201. Declare to the lords an intention of rejecting their author
ity, if opposed by them, 201. Excite apprehensions in the people, 202
Impeach the bishops, who sign a protestation, 204. Five members im-
peached by the king, 206. The impeached members are demanded, 2j07.
Are demanded by the king in person, 207. Adjourn the house on this
occasion, 208. Order a committee to sit in merchant-tailors' hall, 209
The accused members take their seats, 209. Messages between them
and the king, 211. Encourage petitions from the common people, 'Z12
Impeach the attorney-general, and prosecute their plan of the militia,
214. Form a magazine at Hull, and appoint Sir John Hotham p-overuor,
215. Appoint governors of Portsmouth and the Tower, 215. Warn the
kiugdom to prepare for a defence against Papists, and ill-affected persons
215. Appoint all the lieutenants of counties and restore their powers 215,
Press the king by messages to pass the bill, 216. His reply, 217. Then
vote on this reply, 218. Carry the militia bill into execution, without tho
king's concurrence, 219. Vote all to be traitors who assist the king, 223
Raise an army and appoint the earl of Essex general, 223. For those
transactions wherein both houses concur, see Parliament. Carry an
impeachment of the queen up to the lords, 274. Pass the self-denying
ordinance. 287 Clioose Henry Pelham speaker in the room of Ler.thaL
4 It 1I-DEX
on his e ' 11 ? t0 t' ic array, 315. Their violent accusation against trie
king, 354. Pass a vote for bringing- the king to a trial, 369. This vote
being refused by the lords, they pass an ordinance for bringing him to
trial by their own authority, 370. Vote the house of lords useless, and
abolish monarchy, 382. Readmit some of the secluded members, 388
Name a council to c airy on the administration of government, 388. Ei:
large the laws of high treason, 31)5. Dissolution of, by Cromwell, 434
Retrospect of their proceedings, 434. Character of Barebone's parlia
ment, 441. In the protector's parliament, refuse to acknowledge the
house of lords summoned by him, 479. The new house of, after the
final dissolution of the long parliament, meet and choose Sir Harbottle
Grimstone speaker, 516. Receive a letter from Charles II., and appoint
a committee to answer it, 516. The king proclaimed, 517. Vote presents
to the king and his brothers, 517. Pass a vote against the indignities
practiced by the Dutch towards the English trade, vi. 36. Impeach the
earl of Clarendon, 57. Oblige the king to pass the act against the im
portation of Irish cattle, 75. .Address the king for a proclamation against
conventicles, 78. Obstruct the tolerating maxims of the court, 78. Re-
sent the lords' taking cognizance of Skinner's case, 79. As also with
their altering a money bill, 89. Coventry act, on what o«casion passed,
90. Vacancies supplied by writs from the chancellor, annulled, 115.
Grants to the king, 115. Frame and support a remonstrance against
the declaration of indulgence, 116. Remonstrance against the duke of
York's intended marriage, and the standing army, 122. Motions carried,
on the expected prorogation, 122. Inquire into grievances at the
next meeting, 123. Prepare to impeach Buckingham and Arlington,
123. Their discontented measures, 133. Quarrel with the lords on the
case of Fag and Shirley, 135 Refuse the king a supply to free his
revenue from anticipations, 135. Grant supplies for the navy, 144.
Their reasons for putting no confidence in the king's promises, 146.
Are reproved and adjourned for the address recommending an nlliauce
with the states against France, 148. Continue distrustful of the king's
intentions, 153. Make a passionate address to the king, 155. Vote the
disbanding of the army, 157. Impeach the earl of DaDby, 189. Con
test the choice of a speaker with the king, 196. The dispute compro-
mised, 197. Danby attainted, 198. Resume the search alter the Popish
plot, 198. Pass the bill of exclusion against the duke of York, 203. A
bill brought in to exclude all members possessing lucrative offices, 204.
Vote the king's guards and standing army to be illegal, 204. Resume
the impeachment of Danby, 205. Dispute with the lords on the right of
the bishops' votes in Danby's case, 205. Persecute the abhorrcrs, and
protect the petitioners, 221. Revive alarms about the Popish plot, 223.
The exclusion bill resumed, 225. The arguments urged for and against
the exclusion bill, 225. Pass the exclusion bill, 228. Present an address
to the king concerning abuses in government, 229. Their violent pro-
ceedings, 234. Impeach Fitzharris in the parliament at Oxford, 239.
Grant a revenue to James II. during life, 291. Address him against his
exercise cf a dispensing power, 303. In the convention parliament, vote
the throne to be vacant, 356. Their conference with the lords, 359. See
Lords, and Parliament.
Commonwealth of England, commencement of,, v. 382. State of, after the
battle of Worcester, 420. Its confused management of ecclesiastical
alfairs, 422. Maintains a formidable power abroad, 422. Admiral Blake
disperses Prince Rupert's fleet, 423. Sir George Ayscue reduces the
colonies, 423. Scotland reduced by Monk, 425. Attempts a coalition
with the United Provinces, 426. Determines on a war with tbem, 427.
Engagement between Blake and Tromp, 428. See Blake, Ayscue, etc.
Their advantages at sea owing to the ship money levied by Charles, 430.
The long parliament dissolved by Cromwell, 431. State of parties at this
time, 439 Is terminated by Cromwell being chosen protector, 444. If
INDEX. 417
restored by the resignation of Richard Cromw< 11 <md reassembling the
long parliament, 494. The parliament expelled, and a committee of
safety appointed, 493. State of foreign affairs, 499. Dissolution of the
long parliament, 511. Charles II. restored, 517. A review of manners,
etc., at this time, 518.
Communion service, a new one framed, on the abolition of private masses,
iii. 341.
table, removed from the wall into the middle of the church, by
the first English reformers, iv. 117.
Companies, exclusive, almost all the foreign trade of England in the hands
of, at the commencement of the reign of James I., iv. 394.
Oornpeigne besieged by the duke of Burgundy, and Joan d'Arc taken pris-
oner there, ii. 308.
Comprehension of Episcopists and Presbyterians, a conference held in the
Savoy for effecting, vi. 16. The popular arguments for and against this
measure, 16.
Compurgators, among our Saxon ancestors, what, i. 172.
Conau, duke of Brittany, yields Nantz to King Henry II. of England, i. 29S
Betroths his daughter to Henry's third son, Geoffrey, 292.
Conde, prince of, declares in favor of the Protestants in France, iv. 32
Is seized and condemned to death, by the influence of the Guises, 32.
Saved by the death of the king, 32. Takes arms in favor of the Protest-
ants against the royal party, 52. Enters into a treaty with Elizabeth of
England for assistance, 53. Is taken prisoner by the Catholics at the
battle of Dreux, 55. Obtains his liberty by treaty, and is reinstated in
bis offices, 60. Assists at the siege of Havre de Grace, 60. Is apprised
of the league of Bayonne against the Protestants, and joins in a scheme
to prevent it, 142. Battle of St. Denis, 143. Forms the siego of Char-
tres, and obliges the court to an accommodation, 143. Is killed at the
battle of Jarnac, 143.
, the young prince of, is, with Henry, prince of Navarre, placed at tho
head of the Protestants by Coligni, after the defeat of Jarntc, and death
of his father, iv. 143. Is obliged by Charles to renounce the Protestant
faith as the price of his life, during the massacre of Paris, 153. Puts
himself at the head of the German Protestant auxiliaries, 151. Is defeat
ed by the duke of Guise, 272.
-, prince of, his obstinate battle with the prince of Orange at Seneffe,
vi. 131. Louis XIV. serves under him as a volunteer, 137. Succeed?
Turenne in Alsace, 138. Forces the imperialists to repass tho Rhine, 138.
Congregation of the Lord, an association of reformers in Scotland so styled,
account of the bond they entered into, iv. 17. Present a petition to the
queen regent, against the scandalous lives of the clergy, 19. Petition
the parliament and convocation, 19. Raise men to oppose th*» regent,
21. Their address to her, and remonstrance to such of their party as
; oiued her, 21. Their address to the established church, 22. The regent
enters into an accommodation with them, 22. Charge the regent with
infringing the capitulation, 22. Sign a new covenant, 23. Give them-
selves up to the guidance of John Knox, 23. Take Perth and Edinburgh,
23. Come to an agreement with the regent, 24. Are joined by the duke
of Chatelrault, 24. Deprive the queen dowager of the regency, and ordei
all French troops to depart the kingdom, 25. Request assistance from
Qneeu Elizabeth, 25. Conclude a treaty with Elizabeth, and receive a
fleet and forces from her, 27. Treaty of Edinburgh, 28. Call a parlia
ment, suppress the Catholic religion, and establish the Presbyterian
discipline, 29. Send to the queen for a ratification, which she refuses. 30
Carry their plan into execution, and again request the assistartcp of
England, 30.
Connaught. See Ireland.
Conquerors, 'n the feudal times, an estimate of their c irits, ii. 266, 267.
4 ib i.VUF.X.
Ikuirade, iimwjais of Montferrat, conducts the German army to PalesriuK.
on the (loath of his father, the emperor Frederic, i. 369. Claims the
kingdom of Jerusalem, in opposition to Guy de Lusignan, 375. Is assas-
sinated by order of the Old Man of the Mountain. See Assassins.
Conservators of the public liberties. See Barons.
of the peace, appointed in Scotland, v. 261.
Constable of England, reflections on the arbitrary office, and court of, ii. 524.
The olfice of, forfeited by the duke of Buckingham, and never revived,
iii. 127.
Constance, council of, deposes Pope John XXIII., and elects Martin V., ii.
371. Burns John Huss and Jerome of Prague, 371.
Constant in, aunt to William II., king of Naples aud Sicily, is left by him
successor to his dominions, i. 371. Is married to the emperor Henry VI.,
371. Is dispossessed by her natural brother Tancred, 371 .
, mother of Arthur, duke of Brittany, is hated by Eleanor,
queen dowager of England, i. 3'J5. How induced to surrender her sou
to his uncle John, king of England, 396 Appeals to Philip on the mur-
der of Arthur by John, 401.
Constantine, king of Scotland, defeated by Athelstan, king of England, i. 80.
Confederates with the Danish pirates and Welsh princes, but is worsted
by Athelstan, 81.
Constantinople taken by the Turks, and the consequences of that event,
iii. 76.
Constitution of England, an historical view of, to the time of Henry VII.,
ii. 513. The different periods of, pointed out, iv. 345, n. Indications of
a spirit in the house of commons to alter it on principles of freedom, 416
Never thoroughly understood until fixed on principles of liberty by par-
liament, 417. The arguments urged on both sides on the disputes
between James I. and the parliament, 467.
Conventicles, act of parliament against, passed, vi. 80. A severe law
against, in Scotland, 163. Are rigorously dispersed and suppressed, 210
Are strictly suppressed in England, 256. Are allowed by the declaration
of indulgence, 315.
Convention of states, called in Scotland, without the king's authority, v. 281
Enforce the solemn league and covenant, 262.
parliament. See Parliament.
Convocation, the first assembling of deputies of the inferior clerg}', by
Edward I., ii. 106. Scruple to assemble on the king's writ, 106. The
objection how accommodated, and the reason why the clergy formed two
houses of, 106. Refuses the demands of Edward toward a French war,
111. The consequences of this refusal, 112. Summoned by Henry VIII.,
and intimidated by Cardinal Wolscy into the grant of a moiety of eccle-
siastical revenues, iii. 141. Henry's marriage with Catharine of Arragon
declared to be invalid, by, 184. Compounds with the king for a prose-
cution carried on against the clergy, on the statute of provisors, 187.
Acknowledges the king's supremacy, with a reservation, 187. The papal
authority renounced 03-, 197. Debates on the expediency of a translation
of the Scriptures, 221. The bishops for and against reformation enumer-
ated, 232. Articles of faith framed by, 232. The influence of Protestant
principles in their articles estimated, 233. Grants supplies to Henry, 362.
Annuls Henry's marriage with Anne of Cleves, 265. Grants supplies for
a French war, 286. Votes Henry a subsidy of six shillings in the pound,
297. Meets when the first parliament of Edward VI. was summoned by
the duke of Somerset, 340. Meets in Queen Mary's reign, and disputes
on transubstantiation, 399. The debate adjourned to Oxford, 400. Votes
a subsidy to Clueen Elizabeth, iv. 59. Its proceedings in the sitting after
the dissolution of the fourth parliament of Charles I., v. 120.
Conway, Lord, is appointed general of the horse, >n tbe army sent against
the Soots, v. 122. Is routed at Newbnm, $82
INDEX. 41>
Copenhagen is besieged by diaries X. of Sweden, T>ut relieved by an
English and Dutch fleet, v. 499.
Copley, a member of the house of commons, imprisoned for speaking nre"
erently of Queen Mary, iii. 443.
Copper coin, when first introduced, iv. 518.
Corn, remarks on the statute prices of, during the reign of Henry III., ii.
64. The exportation of, allowed in the reign of Henry VI., 444. Other
regulations of the trade in, 444. Prices of, during the reign of James I.,
iv. 510. Public magazines of, established, 510.
Cornish, sheriff of London, is convicted on false evidence, and executed,
vi. yoo.
Cornwall, an insurrection there, against Henry VII., on account of levying
a subsidy, iii. 51. Headed by the lord Audley, 5]. The rebels defeated
at Blackheath, 53.
, Richard, earl of, son of King John, his disputes with his brother
Henry III., and Waleran de Ties, concerning the restitution of a manor
in his earldom, ii. 12. Refuses the kingdom of Sicily, offered to him by
Pope Innocent IV., 23. Is elected king of the Romans, 26. Spends
all his treasures in Germany, 26. Is obliged to swear obedience to the
provisions of Oxford, before the barons allow him to return to England,
35. His son Henry joins the confederacy of barons against the king, 42.
Is taken prisoner by the barons at the battle of Lewes, 49. Recovers his
liberty by the battle of Evesham, 58. His son Henry d Allmaine assas
sinated by his cousins, 59. Dies, 61.
Corporations, when first erected in France, and with what view, i. 454.
Are a great check upon industry, iii. 74. The regulation of, granted to
the king by parliament, v. 20. Most of them surrender their charters to
Charles II., 260. Conditions on which they were restored, 260.
Corren, Dr., preaches before Henry VIII., and justifies his conduct against
the reproaches of Friar Peyto, iii. 208.
Cospatrick, why made earl of Northumberland by King William the Con-
queror, i. 158, n., 193. Created earl of Dunbar, by Malcolm, king of Scot-
land, 203.
Cottereaux. See Brabaneons.
Cottiugton, Sir Francis, opposes Prince Charles's journey to Spain, iv. 477.
Is abused lor it by Buckingham, 477.
Covenant, one framed and subscribed in Scotland, against receiving the
canons and liturgy, v. 101. Is enforced by the general assembly under
pain of excommunication, 105. See League.
Coventry, Sir John, is assaulted and maimed, for a satirical reflection on
Charles II., vi. 90. Which occasions the famous act against maiming,
known under his name, 90.
Coverdale, bishop of Exeter, is imprisoned on the accession of Queen Mary,
iii. 392.
Council of the north, abolished by the long parliament, v. 171.
of officers, summoned by Oliver Cromwell, resolves on bringing
Charles I. to trial, v. 351. Demands a dissolution of the parliament,
and seizes the king, 366. The parliament purged by, 368. Plans a
republican form of government, 369. Turns the members out of the
house by violence, 434. Chooses Oliver Cromwell protector, 444. One
is summoned by Richard Cromwell, 492. Deposes the protector, 493.
Restores the long parliament, 494.
~— — — of state, nominated by parliament to cany on the administration
of government after the execution of the king, v. 388. Appoints Crom-
well lord lieutenant of Ireland, 393. One appointed on the dissolution o\
the long parliament, 511.
of Wales, abolished by the long parliament, v. 171.
— , ecclesiastical. See Synods.
Counties, the first division of England into, i. 71. The first attempts at
appointing members for, to parliament, ii. 33. See Commons. Palatir>&
the jurisdiction of, annexed to the crown, iv 375.
•120 INDEX.
County courts, first appointment of, i. 72. Are peculiar to Eng and, Ku4
the nature of them explained, 457, n.
Courfeu bell, the observance of, in England, no mark of slavery, i. 479.
Court and couutry, when those parties first began in parliament, iv. 565
baron, the ancient form and nature of, i. 453, 457.
Courts, civil and ecclesiastical, law enacted for their re-union, on the acces
sion of Henry I., i. 263. Remained without effect, from the opposition
of Archbishop Anselm. 268.
Court of high commission. See High commission.
Courtney, son of the marquis of Exeter, is released from the Tower, and
made earl of Devonshire, by Queen Mary, iii. 391. See Devonshire.
Ooutras, battle of, between Henry III. of France, and Henry, king of Na-
varre, iv. 272.
Cowley, his character as a poet, v. 530. His death, 531.
Cozens, dean of Peterborough, his superstitious zeal for ecclesiastical cere-
monies, and haughty assertion of church authority, v. 144.
';raig, a Protestant minister of Edinburgh, is ordered to publish the bans
between Queen Mary and Bothwell, which he refuses, iv. 86. Remon-
strates against this marriage before the council, and from the pulpit, 86.
, Allison, a Scots courtesan, a riot at her house taken cognizance of by
the church, iv. 40.
Cranmer, Dr., his first introduction to Henry VIII., iii. 182. Is engaged
by Henry to write in favor of his divorce, 182. Is made archbishop of
Canterbury, 191. The number of bulls necessary for his installation,
remarked, from Bishop Burnet, 458. Is appointed to examine the va-
lidity of the king's marriage, 191. Declares Catharine contumacious
for non-appearance, and pronounces the marriage invalid, 192. Fa-
vors the Protestant tenets, 203. Intercedes with Henry in behalf
of Queen Anne Boleyn, 226. Is constrained to annul the marriage,
227. Encourages further reformations in religion, 249. Opposes the
law of the six ai tides, 254. Dismisses his wife in obedience to them,
254. Communicates to Henry an account of Queen Catharine Howard's
lewdness, 272. Loses a powerful friend by the death of the duke of
Suffolk, 299. Is protected by the king against the Catholic courtiers,
308 Attends Henry in his dying moments, 307. Is named one of the
regency during the minority of Edward VI., 320. His importunity with
the young king to sign the warrant lor the execution of Jean Bocher,
353. Adheres to Somerset, the p.otector, in his distress, 362. Opposes
the attainder of Tonstal, bishop of Durham, 377. Is induced to sign the
patent for the succession of Lady Jane Gray, 383. Is imprisoned and
convicted of treason, owing to his indiscreet zeal against masses, 393.
Is sent under a guard to Oxford to debate on transubstantiation, 400.
Is cited to Rome for heresy, 433. Is condemned as contumacious,
though in custody, 433. Is degraded, 433. Subscribes to the pope's
supremacy, and the real presence, 433. Retracts this subscription by
public declaration, 434. Is burnt, and his fortitude at the stake, 434. A
character of him, 435.
Crecy, battle of, between Edward III. of England and Philip de Valois of
France, ii. 223. The great slaughter of the French at, 227.
Credit, national, low state of, previous to the reign of Elizabeth, iv. 364.
Crema, Cardinal de, disgraceful anecdote of, i. 265.
Crequi, Marshal, is defeated by the imperialists in an endeavor to relievo
Treves, vi. 138.
Cressingham, treasurer of Scotland, is joined in the administration with
Ormesbv, on Earl's Warrene's leaving his government there, ii. 121.
Exaspei ;:ros the Scots by his oppressions, 121. Urges Warrenne to give
battle to Wallace, 123. Is slain in the action with Wallace, 124. Hia
body contemptuously treated by the Scots, 124.
Crevant, in Burgundy, besieged by the French and Scots, ii. 379 Relieved
by the English, 379.
Criminal law, among the Anglo-Saxons, a view of, i. 10a.
INDEX. 12v
Criminals, a comparison of the yearly execition of, til England, at different
periods, iii. 315. iv. 35B.
Cromwell. Thomas, defends his patron, Cardinal Wolsey, against a charge
of the peers, in the house of commons, iii. 177. Is made secretary of statu,
203. The king's supremacy over the church delegated to him, under the
title and office of vicar-general, 218. Appoints commissioners to visit the
monasteries, 218. Great ahuses charged upon them, 219. Presides in the
convocation as vicar-general, 231. Articles of faith framed by this meeting
of convocation, 232. The clergy incensed against him for his regulations
in religious matters. 23.3. Pronounces sentence against Lambert, 252.
His account of Henry's disputation with Lambert, 461. Is made a peer,
and appointed one of the committee of lords, to frame articles for abolish-
ing diversities of opinion in religion, 253. Assists the king in his arbitrary
prosecutions, 356. Obtains precedency of the other officers of state, 258.
Mitigates the prosecutions on the law of the six articles, 258. Promotes
Henry's marriage with Anne of Cleves, 251). Henry harbors a Secret
displeasure against him on that account, 261. Is made earl of Essex,
and knight of the garter, 262. The causes which procured his fall,
263. Is committed to the Tower, 263. His accusation and condemna
tion, 263. His moving letter to the king, 264. His execution and char
acter, 264.
•-> , Oliver, complains in the house of commons of a preacher, fbi
Popish doctrines, v. 58. Is stopped, with other Puritans, from transport
jug himself to America, 85. Defeats the royalists at Gainsborough, 257
Distinguishes himself at the battle of Horncastle, 258. His gallant be-
havior at the battle of Marston Moor, 275. Assists in defeating the king
at Newbury, 280. Becomes a leader of the Independents, 283. Differ-
ences between him and the earl of Manchester, 284. His speech in
parliament relative to the self-denying ordinance, 286. How he eluded
the self-denying ordinance as to himself, 288. His character, 289. New
models the army, 306. The fanatical spirit of the officers and soldiers
307. Commands the right wing at the battle of Naseby, 310. His
successes afterwards, 314. Foments the discontents of the army, 334
Is the secret cause of the king being seized by the army, 335. His pro-
found hypocrisy, 336. Is chosen general by the army, 336. Marches
the army towards London against the parliament, 337. Retires to Read
ing, 342. Pays court to the king, and enters privately into treaty witn
him, 342. The army marches to London, 346. Remarks on his conduct
between the king and parliament, 347. Suppresses the agitators, and
reduces the army to obedience, 351. Calls a meeting of officers at
Windsor, to settle the nation, where it is resolved to bring the king to
a trial, 351. Prevails with the parliament to vote against all further
treaty with the king, 353. Defeats Laugdale and Hamilton, and marches
into Scotland, 364. Sends a remonstrance to the parliament on its
treating with the king, 366. Seizes the king, and confines him in Hurst
Castle, 366. Marches the army to London, to purge the parliament,
368. His speech in the house on the ordinance for bringing the king to
a trial, 370. Is appointed one of the king's judges, 371. His hypocritical
conduct towards Fairfax, during the time of the king's execution, 378.
His general character, and great influence in the army, 388. Is named
one of the council of state, 388. Procures himself to be appointed lord
lieutenant of Irelaud, 393. Suppresses the agitators, 395. Arrives at
Dublin, 397. Storms Tredah, and puts the garrison to the sword, 397.
Storms Wexford with the same cruelty, 398. All Munster submits to
him, 398 Takes Kilkenny, 398. Leaves Ireland, 410. Is declared
captain-general of all the forces in England, and marches an army to
Scotland, 411. Is forced to retire, and is followed by Lesly, 412. Defeats
Lesly at Dunbar, 412. Writes polemical letters to the Scots clergy, 413.
Follows Charles II. into England, 416. Defeats Charles at Worcester,
417. Summons a council of officers to remonstrate to the parliament ft*
«22 INDEX.
a new election, 432. Expels the members from the house, anil locka
the door, 4.'M. An account of his birth and private life, 43o. Receives
addresses on the dissolution of the parliament, 439. Summons a new
parliament, 440. His address to it, 441, n. The parliament resigns up
its authority to hiin, 444. Is declared protector, 44 1. His powers, 441.
Makes peace with the Dutch, 447. Executes the Portuguese ambassa
dor's brother, for assassination, 443. Summons a parliament, 448. His
equitable regulation of elections, 440. Discontents against his admin-
istration, 449. Tiie parliament disputes his authority, 450. Dissolves
it, after obtaining a recognition, 451. Au insurrection of royalists at
Salisbury suppressed, 453. Divides England into twelve military juris-
dictions, under major-generals, to suppress the royalists, 453. Issues
letters of reprisal against France. 457. His influence over the French
minister Mazarine, 457. Reflections on his foreign negotiations, 458.
Sends a fleet under Blake to the Mediterranean, 4(i0. Sends a fleet
under Pen and Venables to the West Indies, 4(il. Jamaica takeD, 462.
Sends Pen and Venables to the Tower, 462. The vigor of his foreign
transactions, 464. His domestic administration, 464. Establishes a mili-
itia, 466. Establishes a commission of triers, to present to ecclesiastical
benefices, 466. His general conduct in religious matters, 467. His
address in procuring secret intelligence, 468. His general deportment,
469. His vein of pleasantry sometimes leads him into inconsistencies ;
instanced in an anecdote, 470. His plan df administration in Scotland,
470. In Ireland, 47 L. Endeavors to be made king, 472. Destroys the
authority of the major-generals, 472. The crown is offered to him by
parliament, 474. Is afraid to venture on it, 474. Extract from his
speech on refusing it, 475, n. The motives of his refusal, 476. His
protectoral authority confirmed by parliament, 477. Brings his sun
Richard to court, and marries his daughters, 478. Summons a new
parliament in two houses, as formerly, 479. Dissolves it, on his house
of peers not being owned by the commons, 479. Concludes an alliance
with France, 480. Sends an army to join Turenne in Flanders, 480
Dunkirk delivered to him, 481. Parties formed against him at home, 481
Discovers a plot of the royalists, 4S2. Escapes assassination by Sinder
come, 483. Is disturbed with apprehensions and domestic troubles, 483
Falls sick, 484. Dies, 486. His character, 486. An apology for his con-
duct, 488. Anecdotes of his family, 489. Remarks on his political situa-
tion at the time of his death, 490. His regard to literary merit, 528. His
account, to Lord Orrery, of the first cause of determining on the death of
Charles I., 549.
..'romwell, Richard, is brought to court by his father, v. 478. His char-
acter, 478. Is acknowledged protector, 491. Calls a parliament, 491.
Cabal of Wallingford House against him, 492. Is persuaded to call a
general council of officers, who also cabal against him, 492. Is forced to
resign the protectorship, 493. Passes the remainder of his life in peace,
193.
, Henry, second son of Oliver, his character, v. 471. Is made lord
lieutenant of Ireland, 471. Resigns his command, and retires to England,
493. His death, vi. 133, n.
Copredy Bridge, battle of, between Charles I. and Sir William Waller, v.
278.
Crown, entail of, by the first parliament of Henry VII., iii. 8. A review of
powers claimed by, to the time of Charles I., iv. 198.
Crusades, the commencement of, i. 226. The universal rage for engaging
in, 229. The political use made of this frenzy by the European princes,
230. Why less attended to by William Rufus, than by other princes,
231. History of, continued, 239, 353. Richard 1. prepares to engage in,
366. The emperor Frederic marches on, 369. Richard I. of England
and Philip of France engage in, 369, 370. Their transactions at Sicily,
371 At Cyprus. ''74. Acre, in Palestine, taken by their assis'aucc, r :"S
1NIJEX. 42X
Lewis IX of Fra »C3, a. i Prince Edward, son of Henry IN., engage in
one, ii. 60. Lew's dies, 60. Edward recalled by his father, who dies
quickly after, fil.
Cumberland, earl of, fits out a fleet at his own charges a train st the Spaniards,
but meets with ill success and misfortunes, iv. 268. Undertakes another
expedition, which fails, 277. Endeavors to mitigate the sentence of the
council against the earl of Essex, 317.
Cummin of Badenoch, associated with the steward of Scotland, in the re-
gency of that kingdom, ii. 125. Is routed at Falkirk by Edward, 126.
■ , John, chosen regent of Scotland, ii. 129. Defeats John de Segrave,
Edward's guardian of Scotland, 129. Makes his submission to Edward,
130. Betrays young Robert Brace's secrets to Edward, 133. Is killed
by Bruce, 135.
Otirson, Sir Robert, governor of Hammes, employed by Henry VII. to be-
tray the secrets of the earl of Suffolk, iii. 65.
Customs, produce of, in Queen Elizabeth's reign, iv. 362. The amount of
these duties in the reign of James I., 507. Amount of, in the reign of
Charles I., before the civil wars, v. 526.
Cyprus, part of the fleet of Richard I. shipwrecked and pillaged on that
coast, on their way to the Holy Laud, i. 373. Isaac, prince of. conquered
and thrown into prison by Richard, 374. Richard espouses Berengaria,
daughter of Sanchez, king of Navarre, there, 374. Lusignan made king
of, by Richard, 379.
Dacres, Leonard, excites an insurrection in the north of England, iv. 126.
D'Albiney, Philip, defeats the French fleet coming to England to succor
Prince Lewis, and his stratagem on that occasion, ii. 6.
D'Albret, constable of France, extraordinary defeat of, at Azinconr, bj
Heuiy V. of England, ii. 357.
D'Allmaine, Henry, son to Richard, king of the Romans and earl of Corn-
wall, joins Leicester and the barons, against Henry III., ii. 42. Is gained
over to the royal cause by Prince Edward, 45. Commands the main
body of the king's army at the battle of Lewes, in conjunction with his
father, 48. Is surrendered, together with Edward, to Leicester, to gain
the liberty of Henry and his father, 50. Recovers his liberty, with the
other prisoners, by the battle of Evesham, 58. Is assassinated by his
cousins, at Viterbo, 59.
Danby, Sir Thomas Osborne, treasurer, made earl of, vi. 122. His char-
acter, 132. Receives information of the Popish plot, 172. Communi-
cates it to the house of lords, 183. His letter to Montague, ambassador
at Paris, produced before the house of commons, 188. Is impeached by
the commons, 189. His defence of himself, 190. His impeachment re-
vived by the following parliament, 197. Is committed to the Tower,
198. Is admitted to bail, 277. Is freed by the house of lords, on the
accession of James II., 293. Concurs in an invitation to the prince of
Orange, 336. His conduct in parliament, on the abdication of James, 359.
Danegelt, occasion of imposing that tax, i. 118. Remitted, 362.
Danes, the nature of their first piratical inroads into England, i. 53. A
body of them take up their winter quarters here, 54. Sack Winchester,
57. Seize York and other places, 57. Defeat Alfred, and continue their
depredations, 60. Reduce the Saxons to despair, 6!. Routed by Alfred,
64. Admitted to settle, and baptized, 64. Revolt, C6. Renew their
invasions, 101. Receive tribute from King Ethelred, 103. Their piratical
conduct accounted for, 107. Settle in Normandy, 107. Retain their
ancient rude ferocity in England, 109. Ever ready to betray the English
to their foreign countrymen, 109. A massacre of, 109. Destroy ( he Eng-
lish fleet, 111. See Canute, and Denmark.
Dangerfield, the author of the meal-tub plot, his character, vi. 217.
D'Aquila, Don John, commands the Spanish troops in an invasion of Ire
land, iv. 333. Is forced to capitulate to Mountjoy, the deputy, 334.
Darcy, Lord, joins Aske's insurrection in the north, iii. 237. Is imcrisorad
on the suppression of it. 239 Is executed, 239
421 ::rj,EX.
Darnley, Lord, son of the earl of Lenox, is proposed as husband for Mary,
queen of Scotland, iv. 65. His pedigree, 65. Is marneo. to her, 68. Is
insulted from the pulpit by John Knox, 68. His character, 72. Resentf
the queen's neglect of him, 72. Becomes jealous of David Rizzio, 73.
Enters into a plot with the chancellor, Morton, for the destruction of Riz
zio, 71. Causes Rizzio to be assassinated in tlie queen's presence, 75
Avows his orders for this action, 75. Is prevailed on by Mary to disavow
all concern in Rizzio's murder, and is then left by her in disdain, 76. Is
reduced to despair by her neglect, 81. His illness attributed to poison, 81
The queen's apparent reconciliation, and tenderness of him, 81. Is blown
up with gunpower, in a lone house where he was lodged, 82. A confed-
eracy of nobles formed to punish his murderers, 90.
Darvel Gatherin, a Welsh Romish idol, brought to London, and employed
to burn Friar Forest, iii. 243.
Daubeney, Lord, general of Henry VII.'s army against the Scots, ordered
to march against the Cornish rebels, iii. 52. Engages them at Black-
heath, 53. Takeu prisoner by them, bat rescued, 53. Defeats them, 53.
D'Aubigney, Count, his family and character, iv. 178. Is sent by the duke
of Guise, to detach James of Scotland from the English interest, 178.
Insinuates himself into favor with James, and is created earl of Lenox,
178. See Lenox.
David, king of Scotland, invades England in favor of the empress Matilda,
i. 276. Routed, 276. Confers knighthood on Henry, son of the empresii,
283.
, eldest son and heir of Lewellyn, prince of Wales, does homage to
Henry III., and delivers his brother Griffin into his hands, ii. 42. Is taken
prisoner by Edward I., and tried, and executed as a traitor, 78.
Davis's Straits discovered, iv. 365.
Davison, Secretary, is ordered by Queen Elizabeth to prepare a warrant f >r
the execution of Mary, queen of Scots, iv. 237. Is persuaded by the coun-
cil to send the warrant to be put into force, 238. Is punished in the star
chamber for so doing, 246. His account of Elizabeth's behavior, in justili
cation of himself, 247.
Dauphin, the occasion of the eldest sons of the kings of France obtaining
that appellation, ii. 239.
Desse commands a body of French troops sent to the assistance of the Scois,
iii. 342. Besieges Haddington, 342. Retires, 344.
D'Ewes, Sir Simon, his character of Queen Henrietta, consort of Charles
I., v. 312, n.
De Gray, John, bishop of Norwich, chosen to the see of Canterbury, in '.p-
position to the clandestine election of Reginald, i. 408.
De la Mare, Peter, the first speaker of the house of commons, chosen, ii.
280.
De Ruyter, the Dutch admiral, engages Sir George Ayscue, v. 430. Li
conjunction with De Witte, is defeated by Blake and others, 430. He
and Tromp defeat Blake, 431. Attacks the English settlements in the
next war with Charles II., vi. 38. He and Tromp engage the English
fleet for four days, 46. Is defeated at the mouth of the Thames, 48. Sails
up the Medway and Thames, and burns the English ships, during the
treaty of Breda, 54. Battle of Solebay, 102. Is twice engaged with
Prince Rupert, the English admiral, 118. Engages Prince Rupert again,
at the mouth of the Texel, 120. Is killed, 139.
De Thermes, the French governor of Calais, makes an irruption into Flan-
ders, but is defeated by Count Egmont, with the casual assistance of an
English fleet on the coast, iii. 444.
Oe Vienne, John, governor of Calais, his prudent precautions on that <ity
being besieged by Edward III., ii. 22.1. His manly parley with the Eng-
lish 232.
De Witte, Cornelius, goes on board D3 Ruyter's fleet as deputy from thu
states, vi. 102. Comes on shore fur his health, and is toitfeJ ou a»
INDEX. 42£
accasatiou of attempting to poison tbe prince of Orange, 110. Is, with
his brother, cruelly murdered by the populace, 111.
De Wit, John, tbe Dutch minister, his character, vi. 40. Takes the com
mand of the fleet himself, after the defeat and death of Obdam, 41. Pro
tracts the negotiations at Breda, 54. His negotiations with Sir William
Temple to oppose the French conquests in the Netherlands, G4. Concludes
the triple alliance with England and Sweden, Co. His friendly visit to
Temple, 85. Is opposed, in bis preparations for war, by the Orange fac-
tion. 100. Opposes the repeal of the perpetual edict, 109. Is, with his
brother, cruelly murdered by the populace, 111.
Deadly feud, among our Saxon ancestors, what and how compounded
i. 168.
Debt, when first contracted on parliamentary security, ii. 444.
Decretals of Pope Gregory IX., a character of, ii. 68.
Defender of tbe faith, this title bestowed by Pope Leo X. on Henry VIII.,
iii. 133.
Deists, a character of, under the commonwealth, v. 440.
Delinquents, this term when introduced, and how applied, by tbe house of
commons, v. 133.
Denham, Sir John, his character, as a poet, v. 531. His death, 531.
Denmark. See Danes. James VI. of Scotland goes over to, and marries a
princess of, iv. 270. King of, his treachery towards the Dutch East India
fleet, vi. 42. His treachery towards Charles II. of England, 43. Joiu3
the confederates against Louis XIV., 139. Prince George of, married to
the lady Anne, daughter of James, duke of York, 277. Prince George
joins the Prince of Orange, 345. See Anne, Lady.
Derby, Henry, earl of, son of the earl of Lancaster, is sent by Edward III.
to protect tbe province of Guienne, ii. 218. His military operations there,
218. Instance of his generous regard to his promise, 218, n. His furtlu r
successes, 230. Becomes earl of Lancaster, 238. See Lancaster.
, countess of, is the last person who submitted to the forces of the
commonwealth, v. 424. Letter from the earl of, in answer to Ireton's
summons, 554.
Dermot Macmorrogb, king of Leinster, his tyrannic conduct, i. 330. Solicita
the assistance of Henry II. of England, 330. Engages Strongbow, Fitz-
gerald, and Fitzstephens, to undertake expeditions in his favor, 331.
Desborow, brother-in-law to Oliver Cromwell, opposes his accepting thu
title cf king, v. 476. Engages in the cabal at Wallingford House, 492.
Obliges Richard Cromwell to dissolve his parliament, 493.
Despenser, Hugh le, the chief justiciary appointed by the council of bar-
ons, removed by Henry III., ii. 41. Is restored by the earl of Leicester,
44. Refuses to abide by the award of Lewis of France, 47. Is killed at
the battle of Evesham, 57.
, Hugh le, favorite of Edward II., his character, ii. 156. Char-
acter of his father, 156. The earl of Lancaster and tho barons combine
against him, 156. Is married to Edward's niece, co-heir of the earl of
Gloucester, 156. His lands ravaged by the barons, 157. The parliament
forced to pronounce a sentence of forfeiture and exile upon him and his
father, 158. Is recalled by tbe king, with his father, 158. His rapacious-
ness, after the forfeitures of the duke of Lancaster's party, 160. His father
murdered by the barons, 165. Is himself put to death, 165. Particulars
of his father's losses by the barons, 174. Remarks art these losses, and
conclusions drawn from them, 174.
Devonshire, an insurrection there to oppose the reformation, headed bv
Humphrey Arundel, iii. 356. Exeter besieged by iij insurgents, 357
They are defeated by Lord Russell, 357.
— — , Courtney, earl of, is proposed as a husband to Queen Mary, iii
395. Incurs her resentment on declining it, 396. L released from con-
finement by the mediation of Philip, and dies abroad «13.
Digby, Sir Et>erard, engages in the gunpowder plot, i . 402. Is execute*
for it. 405. Evidences of his C> r mer good character. ■ -5.
426 INDEX.
Directory for public worship, one established by the assembly of divines u\
Westminster, in the room of the liturgy, v. 291.
Dispensing power, the house of commons address James II. on his exercis-
ing it, vi. 303. His obstinate continuance of it, 306. The ancient claim,
and exercise of, by the crown, 300. Arguments against it, 309. Js abol-
ished by the bill of rights, 310, n.
D'Oisel, a Frenchman, attends the queen dowager to Scotland, to assist her
in the administration, iii. 441. Projects a tax to maintain a standing force
there, 441. This scheme opposed, 441. Is reproved by the council for his
hostile attacks on the English borders, 410.
Domesday Book, the nature of, explained, i. 212.
Dominicans and Franciscans, observations on the institutions of those new
orders of religious, ii. 68.
Donne, a character of his satires, iv. 524.
Doring, a Protestant minister, openly reproves Q.ueen Elizabeth for ob-
structing the reformation, iv. 118, n.
Dorislaus, his history, and murder, v. 399.
Dorset, marquis of, commauds the English forces at the expedition to Font-
arabia, iii. 87. Discovers the double-dealing of his auxiliary, Ferdinand
of Arragon, 88. Returns to England, 88.
Douay, a seminary founded there by Philip II. of Spain, for the education
of English Catholics, iv. 182.
Dover, a tumult there, occasioned by the retinue of Eustace, count of Bou
logne, i. 120. Burnt by Philip of France, ii. 95.
Douglas, Lord, appointed by Robert Bruce joint commander with the
earl of Murray, of the Scots army invading England, on the death of
Edward II., ii. 179. His bold attempt to seize Edward III. in his camp
181. Retires home, 181. Goes to Spain on a crusade against the Moors.
187.
, Sir Archibald, defeats Edward Baliol, and drives him to Eng
land, ii. 189. Is defeated and killed by Edward III. at Halidown Hill,
190.
, Earl, his irruption into England, and defeat, ii. 331. Assists
young Piercy at the battle of Shrewsbury, 333.
, George, assists with others in assassinating David Rizzio, iv. 75.
Downing, the English resident in Holland, seizes Berkstead, Cobbct, and
Okey, three of the king's judges, and sends them to England, vi. 24.
Presents a memorial of English complaints to the states, 37. Is again
sent over on the removal of Sir William Temple, 93.
Drake, Francis, his voyage round the world, and depredations on the
Spaniards, iv. 180. Is knighted by Elizabeth, 180. His expedition to
the Spanish West Indies, 210. Destroys a Spanish fleet at Cadiz, 250.
Takes a rich carrack at Tercera, 250. Commands against the Spanish
armada, under Lord Effingham, 256. Takes two large vessels belong-
ing to it, 262. Undertakes an expedition against Portugal, 266. De-
stroys a Spanish fleet at the Groine, 267. Makes an unsuccessful attack
on Lisbon, 268. Burns Vigo, and returns, 268. Makes an unsuccess-
ful attempt on Porto Rico, 289. Is repulsed at Darien, where he dies,
289.
Dreux, battle of, between the constable Montmorency and the prince of
Conde, iv. 55.
Druids, their office and power, i. 3. Excommunication by them, fatal con
sequences of incurring, 3. Their doctrines, 3. Their places o( worship,
3. Their rites, 4. Their treasures, how preserved, 4. Their rc/igion not
abolished without force, 4. Their chief seat at Anglesey destroye.1, aud
themselves burnt, by Suetonius Paulinus, 6.
Dryden, his character as a poet, vi. 375. Was suffered to remsur ; u pov-
erty, 377.
Du Guesclin, a gentleman of Brittany, his character, ii. 255. Is employ-
ed in the wars of Charles, king of France, 255. Is employed to enlist
the compares of banditti to serve against Castile, 257. His resolute
JTOEX. 127
demands of the pope at Avignon, 258. Chases Peter, king of Custile,
from his dominions, 258. Is defeated by Prince Edward, 259. is madt
constable of France, 263.
Dublin, a conspiracy formed for seizing the castle of, by Roger More, v
181. The plot discovered, 182. Receives the English fugitives from
the other provinces, 186. Its distress during the devastation of Ireland
264.
Dudley, a lawyer, the instrument employed by Henry VI f. in oppressing
his people, his character, iii. C2. His mode of practice, 62. Choser
speaker of the house of commons, 63. Summoned before the privv
council of Henry VIII., 80. Committed to the Tower, 81. Tried, 81.
Executed to gratify the people, 81 .
, the lord Guildford, married to the lady Jane Grey, iii. 381. Is ap-
prehended with the lady Jane, on the acknowledgment of Queen Mary,
390. Is sentenced together with his lady, 391. Is executed on occasion
of Suffolk's fresh conspiracy, 405.
•, Lord Robert, becomes the declared favorite of Queen Elizabeth, iv
40. Is created earl of Leicester, and proposed by Elizabeth as a husband
for Mary, queen of Scots, C3. See Leicester.
Duelling, when, and on what occasion the general practice of, first took
rise, iii. 161.
Dunbar, the castle of, surrendered to Edward I., ii. 108. Sir George Hume
created earl of, iv. 380. Battle of, between Oliver Cromwell and the
Scots general, Lesly, v. 412.
Duncan, natural son of Malcolm, king of Scotland, seizes the kingdom,
i. 225.
Dundee is taken by General Monk, and the inhabitants put to the sword,
v. 425.
Dunes, battle of, between the combined army of English and French, and
the Spaniards, v. 480.
Dunfermling, abbot of, is appointed one of the commissioners, on the part
of the king and kingdom of Scotland, to inquire into the conduct of
Mary, queen of Scots, iv. 103. Elizabeth's declaration to him, respect-
ing the treaty she had entered into with Mary, 131. Is appointed by
the Scots parliament a commissioner to treat with Elizabeth concerning
Mary, 131. Is dismissed by her, without concluding on any thing, 132.
Joins an association of the nobility, who seize James from the bauds of
Lenox and Arran, 190.
Dunkirk is taken from the Spaniards, and delivered to Oliver Cromwell, v.
481. Is sold to the French by Charles II., vi. 28.
Dunois, count of, raises the siege of Montargis, ii. 384. Defeated and
wounded in an action with Sir John Fastolffe, 387. Overrules Joan
d' Arc's instructions for conducting the convoy to Orleans, 391. Yields to
her in a second instance, 392. Prevails on her to alter her scheme of a
general attack of the English trenches, 393. Probably prompted all her
measures, 395. Persuades her to stay, on her wanting to return home,
398. His further successes against the English, 401. Besieges and takes
Mans, refused to be surrendered according to treaty by the governor, 413.
Assists at the final reduction of Normandy, 414. Recovers Guienne from
the English, 415. Commands the troops "of Brittany under his father, iii.
22. Gained over to the interests of France, 32.
J)unstan, St., abbot of Glastonbury, his ascendency over King Edrid, i. 81
His life and character, 86. Is placed at the head of the treasury, 87. His
insolent behavior to King Edwy, 89. Banished, 89. Returns, and heads
the rebellion against Edwy, 90. Promoted to the see of Canterbury, 90.
Enjoins Edgar penance for sacrilege, 94. Crowns King Edward tho
Martyr, 98. His motives for adhering to Edward in preference to his
brother, 98. Miracles in favor of, 98.
Durham, Hugh de Puzas, bishop of, purchases the office of chief justiciary,
and the earldom of Northumberland, of Richard I., i. 368 Is appointed
42S INDEX.
joint guardian of the realm with Longchamp, bisliop of Ely, during
Richard's absence on the crusade, 369. See Ely.
Badbald succeeds his father in the kingdom of Kent, i. 29. Why he re
nounced Christianity, 29. Receives it again, 30.
Eadburga, wife of Brithric, king of Mercia, her infamous character, i. 44.
Earl and Alderman, synonymous appellations among the Saxons, i. 155*
478. The original nature of this dignity explained, ii. 99.
Earpwold, king of East Anglia, apostatizes from Christianity, i. 36. History
of his successors, 36.
East Anglia. history of the Saxon kingdom of, i. 36.
East Iudia, the new passage to, round the Cape of Good Hope, first dis-
covered, iii. 75.
Company, the first patent granted to, by Queen Elizabeth, iv
365. A new patent granted to, by James I., 517. Differences between,
and the Dutch Company, 517. Cruelties practised by the Dutch at Am-
boyna, 517. Its charter revived and supported by Charles II., vi. 370.
Easter, disputes among the Saxon clergy concerning computing the time
of that feast, i. 49.
Ecclesiastical courts, a complaint preferred by the commons to Henry
VIII., against the oppressions of, iii. 188.
government of England, innovations made in. by William the
Conqueror, i. 196.
revenues, the taxation of, resigned to parliament, vi. 39.
and civil powers, advantages resulting from a onion between,
iii. 130.
Ecclesiastics, their homage to laymen for temporalities condemned by the
council of Bari, i. 235. Why unfit for being intrusted with the great
offices under the crown in the Papal times of England, ii. 207. Causes
which favored their promotion to them, 207. Their encouragement se-
cured by the attachment of mankind to their doctrines, iii. 129. The
political motives to fixing their salaries, and bribing them to indolence,
129. These motives the foundation of religious establishments, 129
How they became dangerous to the civil authority, 130. See Bishoj.j
Heresy, and Reformation.
Edgar, successor to Edwy, king of England, his wise administration, i. 90
Establishes a formidable navy, 91. His barge said to be rowed by eight
tributary princes, 91. His attachment to the monks, 91. li.veighs
against the secular clergy, 92. His address to Dunstan, 92. low ho
gained his good character, 93. Instances of his licentious conduct, 93
Treacherous conduct of Athelwold towards him, 95. Kills Athelwold, 96.
Espouses Elfrida, 96. Encourages foreigners to settle, 96. Clears the
country of wolves, 97.
Atheling, judged unfit for the succession by King Edward the Con-
fessor, i. 131, 133. Proclaimed by Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury,
179. Submits to William the Conqueror, 180. Kindly treated by him,
183. Attends William to Normandy, 184. Retires to Scotland with his
sisters, and marries one to King Malcolm, 191. Returns, and excites an
insurrection, 192. Received into favor, 201. Sent into Scotland to re-
store Edgar, the right heir to that kingdom, 237. Lives long, and dies in
peace, 251.
Edge-hill, battle of, between Charles I. and the earl of Essex, v. 236.
Edinburgh, taken by Edward 1., ii. 108. Is burnt by Richard II., 287.
Seized by Henry IV., 331. Pillaged and burnt by Henry VIII., iii. 292.
Riot of Protestants there, on the festival of St. Giles, iv. 19. Receives
the army of the Congregation of the Lord, 24. Treaty signed there by
the English plenipotentiaries and those of France, 28. A tumult thero
on introducing the liturgy, v. 99. The solemn league and covenant framed
there, 261. Is seized by Cromwell, after the victory of Dunbar, 412.
Editha, a nun, carried off and ravished by King Edgar v 93. Penance
onioinnd him by Dunstan on tl is occasion, 9*
INDEX. 429
Editha, daughter of Earl Godwin, is married Ik. Edward the Confessor, i.
12:5. Is hated by her husband on her father's account, 126.
Edmond, primate of England, procures the dismission of the bishop of
Winchester, by his menace to Henry III., ii. 16. His prudent conduct
in result, 16. How he obtained the ses of Canterbury, 20.
Ironside, son of Ethelred, kin? of England, state of the king
dom at his accession, i. 113. His battles with Canute, 114. Shares his
kingdo n with him, 114. Murdered, 114. Fate of his children, 115.
Edmund, successor to Athelstan, king of England, his short reign and
violent death, i. 83.
Edred, successor to Edmund, king of England, quells the Danes, and re
ceives homage of Malcolm, king of Scotland, i. 83, 84. Advantages taker,
of his superstition, 84.
Edric, son of Egbert, dispossessed, by his uncle Lothaire, of the kingdom
of Kent, i. 30. Defeats him, and obtains the succession, 30.
, Duke, his treacherous behavior, i. 110. Deserts to Canute, 113.
Returns to the service of Edmond Ironside, and betrays him, 114. Ex-
ecuted by Canute, 115.
Cdward the Elder, son of Alfred, his reign, i. 76. His title contested by
Ethelwald, his cousin-german, 77. The rebellion suppressed, 77. His
wars against the Northumbrians and Danes, 78. Repels the Scots, 78.
Account of his sister Ethelfleda, 79.
the Martyr, son to Edgar, king of England, crowned by Dunstan,
i. 98. His tragical death, 99.
the Confessor, the Saxon line restored by his accession to the
crown of England, i. 123. His partiality to the Normans, 125. Espouses
Editha, daughter of Earl Godwin, 126. His attempts to exclude Harold
from the succession, 131. His death and character, 137, 138. Compiled
a body oMaws, 138. The first who to ched for the evil, 138. Terrible
famine in the time of, 176. Some of hL laws restored, 200.
, Prince, eldest son of Henry IP shows early indications of a great
spirit, ii. 34. Is obliged to swear o u alienee to the council of twenty-four
barons, appointed by the Oxford parliament, 35. The knights of the
shires appeal to him against the delays aud proceedings of the council
of barons, 36. His conduct on this occasion, 36. Refusal to avail him-
self of the pope's absolution from his oath, to observe the provisions of
Oxford, 40. Is taken prisoner by Leicester, 45. Is restored by the king's
treaty and compliance with the barons, 45. Forms a party against the
barons, 45. His ardor at the battle of Lewes occasions his father to be
defeated and taken prisoner, 49. His treaty with Leicester, 50. His
treatment by Leicester, 55. Escapes from his custody, 56. Defeats Simon
de Mountfort, coming to join his father, 56. Defeats and kills the eail
of Leicester at Evesham, 57. Saves his father's life in this battle, 57
His gallant defeat of Adam de Gourdon, and generous treatment of him,
58. Is prevailed on by the king of Prance to engage in a crusade to
the Holy Land, 60. Takes the earl of Glocester with him, 60. Arrives
at Tunis, and liuds Lewis dead, 60. Escapes assassination, 61. Is re
called by his father, who dies quickly after, 61.
I. proclaimed, ii. 70. Guardians of the realm appointed, until his
return to England, 70. Influence of his known character in keeping the
kingdom quiet, 70. His different emotions at hearing of the deaths of
his father and of his infant son, how explained by him, 71. Spends a
year in France before his return to England, 71. Incenses the French
knights by his successes in a tournament at Chalons. 71. Does homage
to Philip, at Paris, for his French dominions, 71. Is crowned at West-
minster, 71. Applies himself tc rectifying the disorders of government.
72. Calls a parliament, with this intention, 72. Appoints itinerant
commissioners lor the punishment of criminals, 72. Annuls the commis-
sion, 73. His cruelty towards the Jews accused of adulterating the coin,
*3. Bauishss them, 74. His frugal management of his revenue, 74.
130 JNDEX.
Supplies granted to liim, 7 J. Summons Lewell}-n, prince of Wales, P
renew his homage, 75. Reduces him on his non compliance, 76. Take*
his brother and successor David prisoner, tries and executes him as a
traitor, 78. Puts all the Welsh bards to death. 78. Traditional account
of the annexation of the principality of Wales to the crown, and its liv-
ing title to the king's eldest son, 78. Goes abroad to mediate a peace
between Alphonso, king of Arragon. and Philip of Franco, 79. Nego-
tiates a treaty of marriage between Prince Edward and Margaret of Nor-
way, queen of Scotland, 81. This project frustrated by her death, 82.
The claims of the competitors for the crown of Scotland referred to his
decision, 83. His reflections and schemes on this appeal to him, 84.
Searches monastic records to establish a claim to the kingdom of Scot-
land, 81. Goes with an amiy to Norham, on the south of the Tweed, to
determine the right of the Scottish crown, 86. Declares to them his
right to dispose of the crown, as liege lord of Scotland, 86. Requires
of the competitors an acknowledgment of his superiority, 88. O b t ains
this concession from them, 88. Claims and obtains possession of the
Scots fortresses, 89. The Scots barons and prelates swear fealty to him,
89. Decides in favor of John Baliol, 90. Baliol swears fealt}- to him,
and is put in possession of the crown, 90. Provokes the Scots and their
new king by his acts of usurpation over them, 90. Mutual depredations
committed by the ships of France and England, occasioned by a private
quarrel, 91. His offers to accommodate the difference rejected, 93.
Loses the province of Guienne by the artifice of Philip of France, 93.
His attempts to recover it defeated by Philip, 94. The occasion of
changing the feudal military service into pecuniary supplies, 96. The
consequences of this alteration, 100. The first beginnings of popular
government to be dated from his reign, 101. Summons the representa-
tives of the people in parliament to obtain their consent to supplies for
government, 102. Summons deputies of the inferior clergy to parlia-
ment, 106. They scruple to assemble on his writ, 106. This o bj ec ti on
accommodated, and the two houses of convocation formed, 106. Sum
mons John Baliol to assist him against France, and makes other de
mands, which he refuses, 107. Assembles an army to chastise him, 107.
Takes Berwick by assault, and puts the garrison to the sword, 108. The
Scots defeated by Earl Warrenne, and the castle of Dunbar surrendered,
'08. Takes Edinburgh, and subdues all Scotland, 108. Baliol submits
to him, 108. Carries him prisoner to the Tower of London, 109. Car-
ries away the famous stone, destroys the Scots records, breaks their
great seal, and leaves Earl Warrenne governor of Scotland, 109. Makes
another unsuccessful attack upon Guienne, 109. Marries his daughter
to John, earl of Holland, and forms alliances against France, 110. Oh
tains grants from parliament, 110. Is opposed in his demands by the
clergy, 111. The occasion of this opposition, 111. Prohibits all rent to
the clergy, 111. Excludes them from the protection of the laws, 112.
Reduces them to compliance, 113. His oppressive extortions on trade,
113. Norfolk, Hereford, and other barons, refuse to serve in the expe-
dition to Gascony, 114. Violent altercation between Hereford and him,
114. Appoints a new constable and mareschal to act in their places for
the present service, 114. Reconciles himself with the clergy, and ap-
points the archbishop of Canterbury and Reginald de Grey tutors to
Prince Edward. 115. Apologizes to his nobility for the irregularity Dl
bis former conduct, 115, Promises a reformation of government at his
return, 115. A remonstrance presented to him at his departure, by tho
carls of Noribik and Hereford, 115. Seals the two charters in Flanders,
which are previously confirmed by parliament at home, 116. Is obliged
to confii.'ii ilu-m again on his return in the fullest manner, 117. Hia
reluctance to limiting the boundaries of forests, 117. Obtains from tlm
pope an absolution from Ids engagements to observe the charters, 116
Confirms them again with an exception to the late perambulation of tKc
XSVEX 432
forests, 118. Concludes a truce with Philip of France, and submits tn«
differences between them to Pope Boniface, 100. The pope's av.'anl
between them, 120. Marries Margaret, the sister of Philip, 120. Tim
Scots rise airainst him under William Wallace, 121, 122. His army
under Earl Warrenne defeated by Wallace, 123. Advances with a great
army to Scotland, 123. Overthrows the Scots at Falkirk, 12G. Is ap
plied to by Pope Boniface in behalf of Scotland, 128. His answer ta
the pope, 128. Appoints John de Segrave guardian of Scotland, 129
Returns to Scotland, ravages the whole country, and receives the sub
mission of the Scots, 130. Endeavors to fix his government over Scot-
land, 131. Wallace betrayed into his hands, 131. Executes Wallace as
a traitor, 131. His army under Aymer de Valence defeats Robert Bruce,
13C. Dies, 136. His character, 136. His legislative acts, 137. Allowed
his barons to entail their estates, 139. Was the first who passed a statute
of mortmain, 139. His probable motives in this law, 139. A summary
view of the supplies granted him by the parliament and clergy, 140. His
children, 142.
Edward, Prince, second son of Edward I., the traditional account of his
being made prince of Wales, ii. 78. A treaty of marriage negotiated
between him and Margaret of Norway, queen of Scotland, 81. This
project frustrated by her death, 82. The archbishop of Canterbury and
Reginald de Grey appointed tutors to him, 115. Is made guardian of
the realm during his father's expedition to Flanders, 115. Assents to
the charters of liberties during his father's absence, 116. Is contracted to
Isabella, daughter of Philip of France, 120.
It., his accession, ii. 143. Indications of his weakness of mind,
143. His feeble attempt against Scotland, 144. His attachment to
Piers Gavaston, 144. Appoints him guardian of the realm, on his jour-
ney to France, 145. Marries Isabella of France, 145. Is obliged to
banish Gavaston, 146. Sends him lord lieutenant of Ireland, 146. Ob-
tains of the pope a dispensation for Gavaston's oath never to return, 147.
The authority of government vested in a council of twelve, who again
banish Gavaston, 147, 148. Makes a secret protestation airainst their
ordinances, 148. Invites Gavaston back from his second banishment,
119. Thomas, earl of Lancaster, raises an army against him, 149. His
narrow escape from Lancaster, 149. His rage at Gavaston's murder, 130.
Is reconciled to bis barons, 150. Makes a fruitless expedition to Scot-
land, 152. Assembles a great army against the Scots, 152. Is defeated
by Robert Bruce at BannocUburn, 153. The dependency of Scotland
lost by this defeat, 154. The barons obtain a renewal of the ordinances
from him, 155. Reflections on his incapacity for government, 155, 156
Character of Hugh le Despenser and his father, his favorites, 156. En-
rages the barons, who combine airainst the Despensers, 156. Seizes tlio
barony of Gower from John de Mowbray, and gives it to Hugh le De
spenser, 157. The barons peremptorily insist on his dismissing Despenser,
157. His queen insulted by Lord Badlesmere, 158. Punishes this lord,
158. Recalls the Despensers, banished by parliament, 158. Overpowers
his barons, 159. Lancaster declares his alliance with Scotland, and
raises an army against him, 159. Lancaster defeated and executed, 160.
Makes another fruitless attempt against Scotland, 160. Concludes a
truce with Robert Bruce for thirteen years, 161. His disputes with
Fiance, 161. His queen, Isabella, goes to Paris to mediate between her
husband and brother, 161. Resigns Guienne to his son Prince Ed
ward, 162. Intimacy between his queen and Roger Mortimer, 162. Het
reply when he sent for her back again, 163. Isabella forms a conspiracy
against him, 163. Isabella invades Suffolk, and is joined ly the barons,
1C4. He leaves London, and retires to the west, 164. Retreats to
Wales, 1C5. Is seized by the earl of Leicester, and confined in Kenil-
worth Castle. 165. Is deposed by parliament, 166. A resignation ex-
Viiteil from I im, 166. Is pitied by the people, 166. Is taken from tin
ft 32 INDEX
custody of Leicester, raid delivered to Lord Berkeley, 167 His >:ruel
usage, 1G7. Is murdered by Mautravers and Gournay, 168. His ihar-
acter, 1G3. Comparison between his reisru and that of his lather, 16J
Prices of commodities in his reign, 172. His children, 177.
Edward, Prince, son to Edward II., is iuvested by his father with the duchy
of Guienne, ii. 162 Goes to Paris to do homage for it, 162. Is affianced
by his mother, Isabella, to Philippa, daughter of the count of Holland
and Hainault, 1C4.
Ill, his accession, ii. 178. The earl of Lancaster appointed guar-
dian to him, 178. Marches with an army to oppose the Scots, 179. His
difficulty in coming up with them, 180. His defiance to the Scots gen
erals, how answered, 180. His narrow escape from the bold attempt of
Earl Douglas, 181. Enters into a scheme to seize Mortimer, 184. As
sumes' the exercise of government, 185. His strict regard to the sup
pression of robbery, 185. Encourages secretly the pretensions of Edward
Baliol to the crown of Scotland, 187. Undertakes to restore Edward
Baliol, when driven out of Scotland, 189. Defeats the Scots at Hali-
down Hill, 190. The foundation of his claim to the crown of France, 192.
The weakness of his pretensions shown, 193. Is summoned to do hom-
age for Guienne, 194. Is obliged to perform it, 194. Prepares for a w;tr
with France, 196. Engages the Flemings to assist him, through the
means of James d'Arteville, 197. Raises a force, and passes over to
Flanders, 197. Is created vicar of the German empire, 198. Assumes
the title of king of France, 198. Contracts his son Edward to the
daughter of the duke of Brabant, 199. Invades France, but retires into
Flanders, and disbands his army, 200. Is greatly impoverished by his
fruitless expedition, 200. Remarks on his present situation with his
parliament, 200, 201. Obtains conditional grants from them, 201. The
resolutions of parliament on his assumed title as king of France, 202.
Obtains a great victory over the French fleet, 202. Besieges Tournay,
203, 204. Philip's reply to his defiance, 204. Concludes a trace with
Philip, by the mediation of Jane, countess of Hainault, 205. Is deserted
by his allies, 206. His ill humor towards his ministers on his return, 207.
Archbishop Stratford enters into a combination against him, 208. Strat-
ford's letter to him, 208. Is reconciled to him, 209. Review of his
present situation, 209. Is obliged to pass an act for redress of griev-
ances before he obtains any grants, 210. Makes a secret protest against
it, 211. Issues an edict against the validity of this act, 211. Patronizes
the pretensions of the count de Mountfort to the duchy of Brittany, 213
Relieves the countess besieged at Hennebone, 215. Sends another
fleet to her assistance under Robert d'Artois, 215. Goes over to Brittany
in person, 216. His treaty with the French, 217. How induced to break
this trace, 217. Sends the earl of Derby ta defend Guienne, 218. In-
vades Normandy, 220. His successes there, 221. Seizes and plunders
Caen, 221. Penetrates as far as Paris, 222. Disposition of his army at
Crecy, 224. His address to his army, 224. Defeats the French at Crecy,
227. His moderate expectations from this victory, 229. Besieges Calais,
229. His terms to the besieged, 232. Q.ueen Philippa intercedes for the
deputies ordered by him to execution, 233. Turns out the inhabitants,
and peoples it with Englishmen, 233. Concludes a truce with France,
234. Discovers the treachery of his governor at Calais, and engages him
to deceive the French, 234. Engages the French army which was to
have seized Calais, and routs it, 234. His affability to his prisoners, 235.
Institutes the order of the garter, 236. Traditional accounts of the oc-
casion of this institution, 236. Concerts two invasions of Fiance, 239
Invades France from Calais, while his son invades it from Guienne, 239,
240. Battle of Poictiers, 241. John, kins of France, brought prisoner
to London, 246. Restores King David Bruce on a ransom, 247. Con-
clude? a treaty with John, which is rejected by the dauphin and states
of Frwce, 250. Invades France with a vast face, 250. Progress of his
INDEX. 433
arms, 250. [s induced to conclude a more moderate treaty, by the dak*
of Lancaster, 252. Peace of Bretigni, 253. His succors to Prince Edward^
under the earl of Pembroke, seized at sea by Henry, king of Castile, 203.
Loses most of his territories in France, 263. Attaches himself to Alice
Pierce, but is forced to remove her from court, 204. Dies, 264. His
character, 205. Retrospect of his reign, 265. His children, 266. His
regard to parliaments, 267. Cases of high treason limited in his reign,
267. His frequent confirmations of the Great Charter, 268. Windsor
Castle built by him, and by what means, 269. His great exertion of the
prerogatives of the crown, 269. His frequent levies of taxes without
authority of parliament, 270. His open avowal of this power, 270. Passes
the statute of provisors, 271. State of the internal police in this reign,
272. State of commerce and industry, 273. His reign, an interesting
period of our history, 277.
Edward, prince of Wales, son to Edward III., is contracted to the daughter
of the duke of Brabant, ii. 199. Is appointed guardian of the realm during
his father's absence in Flanders, 200. Calls a parliament, but is unable
to procure his father any supplies, 201. Attends his father in an expedi-
tion to France, 220. His gallant behavior at the battle of Crecy, 226
His father's behavior to him that day, 227. Invades and ravages Lan
guedocand other parts of France, 240. Endeavors to march into Normandy,
241. Defeats King John at Poictiers, and takes him prisoner, 244. Hia
noble behavior to his prisoner, 245. Concludes a truce, 246. Is iuvested
with the principality of Aquitaine, 2-"8. Recalls his soldiers from the
service of Henry, count of Transtamare, 259. Defeats Transtamare, and
restores Peter, king of Castile, 259. Peter's ingratitude to him, 259. Is
involved in debt by this expedition, and taxes his principality of Wales
to repay it, 260. His reply to the French king's summons, 262. Goes to
France to oppose the French hostilities, where his health declines, 262
Loses most of his French possessions, and concludes a peace, 263. Hia
death and character, 264. How he obtained the appellation of the Black
Prince, 266.
, Prince, son to Henry VI., born, ii. 432. Extraordinary adventure of
with his mother, Margaret, in a forest, 451. Married to Lady Anne, daughter
to the earl of Warwick, 462. Killed, 471.
IV. proclaimed, ii. 442. Reflections on this event, 442. His
character, 445. Instance of his cruelty, 445. The parties of York and
Lancaster, how distinguished, 445. Routs the Lancastrians at Touton,
446. His title recognized by parliament, 449. Executes divers by mar-
tial law, 450. Gets possession of Henry VI., and imprisons him in the
Tower, 452. His behavior during this interval of peace, 452. Becomes
enamored with the Lady Elizabeth Grey, 453. Marries her, 454. Dis-
gusts the earl of Warwick, 454 ; who makes a party against him, 455.
Makes an alliance with Charles, duke of Burgundy, 456 ; and bestows his
sister on him, 457. Leagues also with the duke of Brittany, 457. In-
surrection in Yorkshire, 457. Confusion in this period of the English
history, 458. Quells an insurrection in Lincolnshire, 400. Secretly gains
over Clarence from Warwick's interest, 463. Marches against War-
wick's army, 464. Chased from his own camp by the treachery of the
marquis of Montague, 464 Flies to Holland, 464. Assisted by the duke
of Burgundy, he lands in Yorkshire, 468. Enters London, and gets pos-
session of Henry VI., 469. Defeats Warwick at Barnet, 470. Defeats
ftueen Margaret's army at Tewkesbury, 471. Resigns himself to gayety
on the return of peace, 472. Projects an invasion of France, 473. Invades
France, 474. Lewis agrees to buy peace by a tribute, 475. Interview
with Lewis, 475. Obstructs the duke of Clarence's marriage with the
heiress of Burgundy, 473. Procures his trial and execution, 480. Con-
tracts a marriage for all his children, without effect, 482. His death,
character, and family, 483. Reflections on the state of the court at this
period, 484. Leaves his brother the duke of Gloucester, regent, daring
vol. vr. — T
<4.'»4 IKDlxX.
inp minority ot his son, 485. His legitimacy denied by the dufce of Giro
cester. 492.
Fdward V., state of parties at his accession, ii. 484. The duke of Glouces-
ter left regent during his minority, 485. His person intrusted to the earl
of Rivers, 485. His guardian arrested by the duke of Gloucester, 487.
Is ^ordered in the Tower, with his brother the duke of York, by ordef
of Richard III., 494. Their bodies found in the reign of Charles II.,
495.
, Prince, son of Henry VIII., born, iii. 239. His mother, Queen Jana
Seymour, dies, 239. Is contracted to Mary, the infant queen of Scotland,
283. His father, Henry VIII., dies, 307.
- VI., his accession, iii. 320. Names of the regency during his
minority, 320. The earl of Hertford chosen protector, and made duke
of Somerset, 321. Grants Somerset a confirmation of his authority by
patent, 324. Discovers a propensity to literature, 325. His reluctance
at signing the warrant for the execution of Joan Bocher, 353. Is
removed to "Windsor Castle by the protector, 362. Is addressed by the
council to dismiss Somerset, which he complies with, 363. A new
council of regency formed, 364. His grief at. his sister the lady Mary's
obstinacy in the Catholic faith, 37C. Is induced by Northumberland to
write circular letters to the sheriffs for choosing a new parliament, 378.
Subsidies granted him by parliament, 379. Amount of the crown debts
at this time, 379. His health declines, 381. Orders the judges to pre-
pare a deed of settlement for the succession of Lady Jane Gra}', 382.
Signs the patent for her succession, 383. His physicians dismissed, and
his cure intrusted to an ignorant woman, 383. Dies, 383. His character.
383.
Edwin, successor to Adelfrid, king of Northumberland, his wise government,
i. 33. His singular escape from assassination, 33. Converted to Christian-
it}', 34. Slain in battle by Penda, king of Mercia, 34. His kingdom divided,
and his family extinguished, 34.
and Morcar, See Morcar.
Edwy, successor to Edred, king of England, his personal character, i. 88.
His subjects revolt at the instigation of the clergy, 88.
Efhngham, Lord, is sent with a squadron to Spain, to convoy Philip to Eng-
land, but is afraid of his seamen, iii. 409. Is one of Queen Elizabeth's
ambassadors at the treaty of Chateau Cambresis, iv. 13.
, Lord Howard of. commands the English navy, destined to oppose
the Spanish Invincible Armada, iv. 256. Encounters the armada, under
the duke of Medina Sidonia, 262. Attacks and disconcerts the armada at
Calais, 262. Takes command of the fleet sent against Cadiz, 290. Cadiz
taken and plundered, 291. Is created earl of Nottingham, 291. See
Nottingham.
Egbert, son of Ercombert, king of Kent, his cruel scheme to secure the suc-
cession to his son, i. 30.
, king of Wessex, his descent, i. 44, 45. Takes refuge, and improves
himself in the court of Charlemagne, 44. Recalled to enjoy the succession,
44. State of Wessex at his accession, 45. Defeats the Mercians, 45.
Conquers Kent and Essex, 45. The East Angles put themselves under
his protection, 46. Conquers Mercia, 46. Northumberland, 46. Unites
the Heptarchy under his government, 46, 51.
Egmont, Count, the Spanish general, defeats de Thermes, the French gov-
ernor of Calais, in Flanders, by the accidental assistance of an English
squadron, then on the coast, iii. 444. Is put to death by the duke of Alva,
iv. 149.
Eland, Sir William, governor of Nottingham Castle, betrays Roger Mortime*
into the hands of Edward III., ii. 184.
Rlheuf, marquis of, accompanies Queen Mary in her return to Scotland, iv.
31. Is concerned in a riot at the house of Alison Craig, which the church
takes cognizance of, 39.
JNDKX. 4'.?6
Eleanoi, daughter of William, duke of Guienne, why divorced from Levi h
VII. of France, i. 284. Married to Prince Henry, son of Matilda, 284.
Instigates her sons to revolt against their father, 337. Attempts to escape
to France, and is confined by her husband, 337. Obtains her hereditary
dominions from her husband, 352. Is released and made regent by her
son Richard I., until his arrival in England, 365. Carries Berengaria, he'
son's intended bride, to hiin at Messina, and returns, 373. Writes to the
pope on Richard's being imprisoued in Germany, 3S2. Arrives in Ger-
many with the stipulated ransom, and releases liira. 336. Her aversion
to Constantia, mother of Arthur, duke of Brittany, 393.
, daughter of the count of Provence, married to Henry III. of Eng
land, ii. 16. The bounties bestowed on her relations, 17. The populace
of London insult her, 44. Prepares a force abroad, to deliver her husband
from the tyranny of Leicester, which is dispersed by adverse winds, 52.
Dies, 89.
Elections to parliament, review of the laws relating to, during the reisjn of
Henry VI., ii. 442. How regulated under the protectorate of Olivei
Cromwell, v. 449.
Elfleda, a waiting maid, how she became mistress to King Edgar, i. 94.
Elfrida, the daughter of Olgar, earl of Devonshire, treacherously obtained
in marriage by Athelwold, favorite to King Edgar, i. 95. Espoused by
Edgar, 96. Causes her son-iu-law, King Edward the Martyr, to ba
killed, 99.
Elgiva, wife to Edwy, king of England, shockingly murdered by the clergy,
i. 90. Other representations of this story, 476.
Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn, born, iii. 192. Is
created princess of Wales, 192. Treaty entered into by her father for
marrying her to the duke of Angouleme, 213. Her mother beheaded,
228. Is declared illegitimate by parliament, 230. Is restored to her
right of succession by parliament, 290. Is addressed by the lord Sey-
mour, 346. Raises a body of horse to support her sister Mary against
the lady Jane Gray, 390. Cause of her sister's first declared animosity to
her, 396. Is confined by her sister under color of Wiat's insurrection,
404. Is released by the mediation of Philip, 413. Owes this protection
to his policy, 413. Retires into the country, and devotes herself to
study, 443. Her prudence on the proposal of marriage made by the
king of Sweden, 443. Her caution with regard to religion, 443. Her
sister Mary dies, 445. Great joy manifested both by parliament and
people at her accession, iv. 1. Her behavior on arriving at the Tower,
2. Receives all the bishops kindly, excepting Bonner, 2. Notifies her
accession to foreign courts, 2. Her motives for declining Philip's offers
of marriage, 3. Notifies her accession to the pope, and his expression?
on the occasion, 3. Recalls her ambassador from Rome, 4. Forms her
council, 4. Makes Cecil secretary of state, 4. Is advised by Cecil to
restore the Protestant religion, 4. Her caution in this matter, 5. Pro-
hibits all preaching without license, to suppress the violent attacks of
Catholics and reformers on each other, 6. Prohibits the elevation of the
host, 6. The bishops disgusted, 6. Is crowned, 6. Her popular ba
havior, 6. Her title recognized by the new parliament, 7. Is declared
governess of the church by parliament, 8. The powers conferred under
this title, 8. All Edward's statutes concerning religion confirmed, 9
The mass abolished, and liturgy restored, 10. Subsidy voted to her by
the commons, 10. Her answer to the address of the commons to fix on
the choice of a husband, 10. Her address in conciliating the Catholics
to the reformed religion, 12. Rejects the proposal of Philip, for her
adhering to the Spanish alliance against France, 13. Her treaty with
Henry respecting the restitution of Calais, 13. Henry solicits her ex-
communication at the court of Rome, 15. Mary, queen of Scotland,
and her husband, the dauphin, assume the arms and title of England,
15. The rise of her violent jealousy against Mary. 15 Receives »
43b INDEX.
deputation from tlie Protestant maiecontents in Scotltnd for assistance,
and is persuaded by Coed to grant it, 25. Sends a fleet and army t*
Scotland, 27. Concludes a treaty with the association called the Con
gregation of the Lord, 27. Treaty of Edinburgh, 28. Review of bet
conduct in this affair, 28. Receives a second deputation from the Scots
reformers, with thanks, and desire of further aid, 30. Applies to Mary,
queen of Scots, for a ratification of the treaty of Edinburgh, and a
renunciation of her pretensions to the English crown, which she refuses,
32. Denies Mary a passage through England, on her return to Scot-
land, 33. Mary's spirited reply on the occasion, 33. Equips a fleet,
with a supposed design of intercepting Mary, who escapes it, 34. Her
reply to Mary's request of being declared successor to the English
crown, 43. Is apparently reconciled to her, 45. Her prudent adminis-
tration, 45. Divers proposals of marriage made to her, 45. Gives a
gentle refusal to them all, 46. Her aversion to the idea of a successor,
46. Cruelly persecutes the earl of Hertford and his lady from this mo-
tive, 47. Pardons Arthur Pole and others, convicted of a conspiracy,
47. Philip of Spain begins to manifest his enmity to her, 51. Enters
into a treaty with the prince of Conde, and has Havre de Grace put
into her hands, 54. Assists the French Protestants, after the battle of
Dreux, 55. Falls dangerously ill of the small-pox, 55. Is addressed by
the commons to marry, 56. Her reflections on this subject, 56. Her
replies, 57. Supplies granted her by parliament and convocation, 53.
Her manifesto on taking possession of Havre de Grace, 59. Is neglected
in the treaty between Coude and the French court, and resolves to retain
Havre, 60. Havre taken, and the plague brought into England by the
garrison, 61. Makes a resignation of her claim to Calais, 61. Maintains
an amicable correspondence with Mary, but declines an interview, 62
Her address in preventing Mary from contracting a foreign alliance by
marriage, 63. Proposes the earl of Leicester to her, 63. Her duplicity
in this proposal, 64. Exposes her weakness and rivalship in her conver-
sation with Melvil, the Scots ambassador, 64. Favors the marriage of
Mary with Lord Darnley, 66. Her duplicity again manifested in this
instance, 66. Encourages the Scots malecoutents to rise against Mary,
66. Disavows any connection with them on the failure of the enter-
prise, 70. Her behavior on receiving news of the birth of Prince James
of Scotland, 77. Declares to the commons her intention to marry, and
gives her reasons against naming a successor, 78. Prohibits their de-
bates on this subject, 78. Revokes her prohibition, 73. Her speech at
dissolving the parliament, 79. Remonstrates with Mary against her
marriage with Bothwell, 88. Sends Throgmorton ambassador to Scot-
land, on the captivity of Mary, 92. The tenor of his commission, 92.
Sends Mary offers of assistance on her escape from Lochleven Castle, 97.
Mary, after being defeated by Murray, takes refuge in England, and
desires her protection, 93. Cecil's advice to her on this occasion, 98
Requires Mary to clear herself from the murder of her husband, 100
Requires Murray to justify his conduct towards Mary, 101. Appoints
commissioners for hearing the cause at York, 103. Queries proposed to
her by Murray, 106. Transfers the conferences to Hampton Court, and
appoints additional commissioners, 107. Her answers to Murray's que-
ries, 107. Lays the result of the conference before her privy council, 110.
Her reply to the Scots commissioners, 110. Dismisses Murray with a
present for his expenses, 111. Detains the duke of Chatelrault till
Murray's departure, 111. Still refuses to acknowledge the young king,
111. Resolves to detain Mary in England, 112. Renews her demand
for the restitution of Calais, 113. The chancellor L'H^spital's pleas to
elude the demand, 113. Enters into a fruitless negotiation for marriage
with the archduke Charles, 114. Instances of her reluctance in tho
work of church reformation, 118. Favors the doctrine of the real pres-
ence, 113, n Endeavors to depress the Puritans, 119, Her great regard
INDEX 4 37
and attachment to Cecil, 122. Gives the duke o:' Norfolk hints A lie?
knowledge of his negotiations in order to a marriage with Mary, queen
cf Scots, 123. Norfolk committed to the Tower, 124. Mary rem 3 fed l„
Coventry, and more strictly guarded, 125. The earls of Northun. berland
and Westmoreland raise an insurrection in the north, 125. Releases Nor
folk on promise of relinquishing thoughts of Mary, 127. Amuses Mary
with negotiations, 127. Her proposals to Murray in her hehalf, 128.
Sends Sussex with forces to Scotland, to check the progress of Mary's
party, 129. Desires the Scots, on Murray's death, not to elect another
regent, 12!). Her ambiguous conduct to balance the factions in Scotland,
130. Sends terms of a treaty to Mary, who agrees to them, 130. Her
measures to frustrate this treaty, 131. Commissioners sent by the Scots
parliament to treat with her, 131. Is disgusted with their republicar
principles, 132. Dismisses them without concluding any thing, 132
Is excommunicated by Pope Pious V., 132. Summons a parliament
after five years' interval, 133. Prohibits them from meddling with
affairs of state, 133. Summons Stricland, a commoner, before the coun
oil, for introducing a bill for amending the liturgy, 135. Prohibits him
from attending the house, 135. Yelverton's speech in the house on that
occasion, 135. Restores Stricland to his seat, 13G. Employs the house
of lords to check the commons in debating of religious reformation, 136.
Bell, a commoner, severely reprimanded by the council, for a motion
against an exclusive patent granted to a trading company at Bristol,
138. Orders the lord keeper Bacon to reprove the commons, at the
close of the session, for their freedom, 139. Remarks on her notion of
the proper objects of parliamentary concern, 139. Her frugality, and
schemes to avoid asking supplies of parliament, 142. Assists the queen
of Navarre with money, and allows men to be raised for the assistance
of the French Protestants, 144. Receives proposals of marriage with
the duke of Anjou, 145. Protects the Flemish refugees, 149. Seizes
some money intended for the duke of Alva, 149. Discovers Norfolk's
conspiracy, who is tried and executed, 153. Remonstrates with Mary
concerning her conduct, 154. Reduces Mary's party in Scotland, 156.
Concludes a defensive alliance with France, 157. Her reception of Fen-
elon, the French ambassador, ordered to excuse the massacre of Paris
to her, 158. Her prudent reflection and conduct on this occasion, 159.
Assists the German levies for the service of the Hugonots, 16'*. Is
obliged to deny giving further countenance to the Flemish exiles, 164.
Receives an embassy from the revolted Hollanders to implore assist-
ance, 167. Sends Sir Henry Cobham to intercede with Philip in their
behalf, 168. Concludes a treaty with the Hollanders, and agrees to
assist them against the Spaniards, 169. Her representations to Philip
on the occasion, 169. A view of her situation at this time, 170. Ren-
ders the confinement of Mary stricter, 171. Her lenity in religious mat-
ters, 171. Her watchful jealousy of the Puritans, 171. Her frugality,
and punctuality in paying loans, 172. Is petitioned by parliament for
church reformation, 175. Interposes with the Scots administration in
favor of the earl of Morton, 179. Ireland invaded by the Spaniards, 179.
Her displeasure at the cruelty exercised in reducing them, 180. Coun-
tenances the depredations of Francis Drake, and knights him, ISO.
Obtains supplies from parliament, 181. Reprimands the commons for
appointing a fast, 181. Her great attachment to Simier, the duke of
Anjou's agent, 184. Is informed by him of Leicester's marriage, 184.
Receives a private visit from the duke of Anjou, 185. Orders a contract
of marriage to be prepared between her and Anjou, 185. Receives a
splendid embassy from France on the occasion, 185. Sends Wolsingl am
ambassador to Paris, 18C. The strange fluctuations of her conduct on
this affair, 186. The duke of Anjou comes over to England, 187. Gives
him a ring from her own finger, 187. Is dissuaded from this marrisge,
particularly by Sir Philip Sidney, 188. Rejects the duke of Anjou. 1 V*
k'6S INDEX.
Sends an embassy to Scotland, on James being taken from tbe power of
Lenox and Arran, 191. Receives a pathetic letter from Mary, 192. Her
reflections on this letter, 194. Opens a negotiation in Scotland fo!
Mary's liberty, 195. Reproaches James with inconstancy, 196. Send*
Waisingham to Scotland to discover the character of James, 196. Pro-
cures a change in the Scots ministry, 197. Artitices practised by her
ministry to detect conspiracies, 197. An association formed to protecl
her against all violence, 198. Calls a parliament, 199. Receives sup-
plies from it, 200. Establishes the court of ecclesiastical commission,
SOI. Her speech to parliament, on the applications made for further
reformation, 203. Enlarges the powers cf the ecclesiastical court, 2o:i.
Conspiracies formed against her life, 203. Concludes another league
with the states, and takes possession of the towns assigned her for secu-
rity, 208. Sends Sir Francis Drake against the Spanish West Indies,
210. Her motives in sending Dr. Wotton ambassador to Scotland, 21:5.
Concludes a league with James for their mutual defence, 214. Appoints
a commission for the trial of Mary, queen of Scots, 223. Calls a parlia-
ment on Mary's condemnation, 229. Appears unwilling to carry Mary's
sentence into execution, 231. Mary's last letter to her, 231. The du-
plicity of her conduct in regard to Mary, 237. Her behavior on the
execution of Mary, 245. Her letter to James, 245. Recalls Leicester
from Holland, 250. Prepares for defence against the Spanish Invincible
Armada, 255. Her vigilance and prudence, 257. Her lenity towards
aer Catholic subjects at this time, 258. Visits the camp at Tilbury, 259.
Receives supplies from parliament, on the destruction of the armada,
264. Prohibits the commons from meddling with ecclesiastical affairs,
264. Checks their intended regulations of purveyance, 265. Retains
great jealousy of James of Scotland, 269. Endeavors to prevent James
from marrying, 269. Assists Henry of Navarre against the king of
France, 272. Sends him men and money on his accession to the crown
of France, 273. Sends him further assistance by treaty, 274, 276. Calls
a parliament, 277. Her haughty reply to the usual requests of the
speaker of the commons, 278. Sends several members to prison, foi
reviving the question about the succession, 278. Her injunctions to the
speaker, on Morris's motion against ecclesiastical abuses of power, 279.
Her speech to parliament, 281. Her advice and conduct to James of
Scotland, on the discovery of a conspiracy against him, 284. Her phy-
sician receives a bribe from the Spanish ministers to poison her, and is
executed for it, 285. Concludes a new treaty with the United Prov-
inces, 287. Fits out an armament, which takes and plunders Cadiz,
289. Makes Essex earl marshal of England, 294. Calls a parliament,
294. Her pleas for a supply, 294. Obtains a grant, 295. Gives Essex a
box on the ear, 298. Concludes a new treaty with the states, 300. Sends
Essex lord lieutenant to Ireland, 308. Orders Essex to displace the earl
of Southampton, 310. Is displeased with his conduct, 312. Her beha-
vior to him on his unexpected journey to court, 313. Her sorrow on his
illness, 314. Sends Lord Mountjoy to Ireland in the room of Essex, 315.
Causes Essex to be examined before tha privy council, 316. Refuses to
renew his patent for the monopoly of sweet wines, 319. Is informed
that Essex ridiculed her person and age, 321. Is informed of Essex's
rebellious schemes, 324. Her irresolution with regard to the execution
of Essex, 328. Consents to his death, 328. Meditates a new system of
policy for Eui'ope, in conjunction with Henry IV. of France, 331. Is
induced to pay her soldiers in Ireland with base money, 332. Her enor-
uous grants of monopolies, 335. Is induced to restrain them, 337. The
abject acknowledgments of the house of commons, on her promise to
cancel the most oppressive of the patents, 337. Falls into a profound
melancholy, 340. Inquiry into the cause, 340. The countess of Not-
tingham confesses her treachery to ir.ssex, 341. Her unconquerable
grief on this occasion, 34? Dies. 342. Her character, 342. Review of
ZNDEX. 43^
ner administration, 3 -i 1 . Her arbitrary exertion of hur prerogatives, 345.
Star chamber, 345. Court ol high commission, 316. Martial law, 34f\
Orders vagabonds to be punished by martial law, 347. Her indignation
against Hay ward, an author, averted by the pleasantry of Bacon, 349
Her method of oppressing turbulent subjects, 350. Her arbitrary exac
tion of loans, 350. Victualled her navy by means of her prerogative of
purveyance, 352. Her arbitrary use ot embargoes, 353. Disallowed the
legislative power of parliament, 353. Her tyrannical proclamations, 353.
Oppressive and cruel acts of power by her and her ministry, 354. Bad
state of morals, and remiss execution of justice during her reign, 358.
Her revenues, 36J. Her curious letter to the bishop of Ely, threatening
to deprive him of his see for not fulfilling an engagement concerning the_
exchange of some land, 360, n. The true reason of her parsimony, 361.
Debts owing to her by foreign princes, 3GI. Her extraordinary charges,
and presents to Essex, 362. Amount of the supplies she received from
parliament, 363. Her credit established in the city of London, 364. Her
commercial regulations, 365. Her improvement of the navy, 367. Her
ostentation in dress, 373. Her extraordinary learning, 375. Reports
to her prejudice, which were communicated to her by Mary, queen of
Scots, 538. Her speech in the camp at Tilbury, 545. Remarks on her
partiality to the earl of Leicester, 545. The gallant style in which her
courtiers used to address her and speak of her, 551. Harrison's account
of her navy, 556.
Elizabeth, Princess, daughter of James I., is married to Frederic, elector
palatine, iv. 426.
■ , Princess, daughter of Charles I., his charge to her before his
execution, v. 376. Dies of grief, 383.
Elliot, Sir John, reads a remonstrance framed by him, in the house of com-
mons, against tonnage and poundage, v. 59. His sentence by the court
of king's bench, 50. Dies, 60.
Elston, Friar, interrupts Dr. Corren, preaching before Henry VIII., and
justifies Friar Peyto's abuse of the king, iii. 208. Is censured by the
council for it, 208.
Ely, Longchamp, bishop of, appointed joint guardian of the realm, with the
bishop of Durham, by Richard I., during his absence on the crusade, i.
369. His character and preferments, 369. Arrests his coadjutor, tlio
bishop of Durham, and extorts a resignation of the earldom of Northum-
berland from him, 376. His ostentatious assumption of the sole adminis-
tration of government, 376. Forced to fly beyond sea by Prince John,
377. Intrigues with Philip of France, 377.
Embargoes, the arbitrary sinister use of, by Q,ueen Elizabeth, iv. 353.
Emma, sister of Richard, duke of Normandy, married to Ethelred, king of
England, i. 105. Ethelred dies, 113. Marries Canute, his successor, 116.
Flies to Flanders, 120. Confined to the monastery of Winchester by
Edward the Confessor, 124.
Empson, a lawyer, and the instrument of the oppressions exercised by
Henry VII., his character, iii. 62. His mode of practice, 62. Extract
from his private memorandums, 68, n. Summoned before the privy
council of Henry VIII., 80. His shrewd apology for his conduct, 80.
Committed to the Tower, 81. Tried, 81. Executed to please the peo-
ple, 81.
England. See Britain, and the several kingdoms which composed the
Saxon Heptarchy. See also its princes under their respective names.
When united into one kingdom, i. 46, 51. Divided into shires, etc., 71
Pays tribute to the Danes, 103. Conquered by the Normans, 150. Re-
view of the Saxon government in, 152. Brief state of, at the accession
of Henry II., 288. Review of, at his death, 360. The operation of the
interdict it was laid under on account of King John s opposition to
Pope I inocent III., 412. The executive and judicial powers, where
'odg > d inder the Ausl i Norman government, 457. A general view of
440 1NV'£X.
its situation in tbe time of Henry III, ii. 40 Tie bad interna polite
at that time, 66. Intentions even then formed for shaking off the papa
yoke, 67. The first beginnings of popular government i n > lt/0. Tha
source of the long antipathy between the natives of, and those of France
398. A great plague in, 237. The popular sentiments of papal power
over, in the reign of Edward III., 272. State of its exports and imports
in the year 1354, 274. An inquiry into the nature of the homage paid to
the kings of, by those of Scotland, 515. Why generally successful in
its contests with France, 355. Reflections on the ancient historians of,
507. Extension of the regal authority by Henry VII., iii. 69. An in-
quiry how far the disposition of the people cooperated with the designs
of Henry VIII. in renouncing all subjection to the church of Rome,
201. The lesser monasteries suppressed, 220. The authority of the
bishop of Rome totally renounced by parliament, 231. Articles of
faith framed by the convocation, 232. The reformation promoted by
the accession of Edward VI., 325. Battle of Pinkey, 336. Grievances
of the people at the infancy of the reformation, 355. Insurrections, 356.
Articles of marriage between Queen Mary and Philip of Spain, 400.
Reflections of the people on this match, 401. Cruel persecution of re-
formers, 419. Is engaged by Philip in his war with France, 435. Calais
taken by the duke of Guise, 438. Death of Queen Mary, 445. State of
the navy during her reign. 446. Laws respecting trade, 447. An em-
bassy sent by the czar of Muscovy, 447. The mean, nasty manner of
living among the English at this time, 448. Great alteration afterwards
in this respect, 464. Accession of Queen Elizabeth, iv. 2. The Protes
tant religion restored, 8. Peace of Chateau Cambresis, 13. The plague
brought over from Havre de Grace by the earl of Warwick, 61. Useful
manufactures introduced by the Flemish refugees, 149. A treaty con-
cluded by Elizabeth with the revolted Hollanders, 169. A voyage round
the world performed by Sir Francis Drake, 180. Seminaries founded
abroad for the education of English Catholics, 182. Establishment of tbe
court of ecclesiastical commission, 201. Preparations for resisting the
Spanish Invincible Armada, 255. The armada destroyed, 263. Enor
mous grants of monopolies by Elizabeth, 335. Death of Queen Eliza-
beth, 342. Review of the state of, during her reign, 344. Compared with
the Turkish government, 350. Bad state of morals, and remiss execution
of justice during her reign, 358. First establishment of the East India
Company, 365. An exclusive patent granted by John Basilides, czar of
Muscovy, of the whole trade with that country to the English, 365. This
privilege taken away by the czar Theodore, 365. Commencement of the
trade with Turkey, *366. State of the navy in this reign, 367. Number
of the people, 368. The first law for the relief of the poor, when passed,
:i70. The current specie in, at the end of Queen Elizabeth's reign, 371.
Review of manners at this time, 371. State of literature, 375. Acces-
sion of James VI. of Scotland to the crown, 378. Great alteration ob-
servable in, at this time, by the progress of letters, and improvement
in arts, 393. Almost all the foreign trade of, monopolized by exclusive
companies, 394. Peace concluded with Spain, 398. The hostile laws
respecting Scotland abolished, 408. Crown and people, how affected by
the discovery of the West Indies, 413. Death of James I., 493. Mis-
cellaneous remarks on this period of history, 496. Colonies established
in America, 518. Characters of its early writers, on the revival of learn-
ing, 522. Peace concluded with France and Spain, v. 62. The present
happy state of its foreign affairs, 62. The long parliament summoned,
128. B.eflections on the commencement of the civil war, 220. State of
parries when the king erected his standard at Nottingham, 227. Battle
of Edge Hill, 236. Bristol taken by Prince Rupert, 248. Battle of
Newbury, 255. Battle of Marston Moor, 275. Second battle of New-
bury, 280. Meeting of the Assembly of Divines at Westminster, 29?
Battle of Naseby, 310. Bristol taken". a*»d Prince Rupert dismissed. 312
INDEX. 441
The Presbyterian discipline established by Parliament, 31&. Trial of tb«
king, 372. Execution of Charles I., 377. Confused state of tbe natior
after this event, 38C Battle of Worcester, 417. Confused state of re
ligion, 422. Its foreign exertions at this time, 422. See Commonwealth
of England. Engagement between Blake and Tromp, the Dutch admi-
ral, 428. War commenced with the states, 429. See Blake, Ayseue,
Pen, etc. The advantages now gained at sea owing to the ship money
levied by Charles, 431. The long parliament terminated by Cromwell,
434. State of parties at this time, 439. A new parliament summoned
by Cromwell, 440. Cromwell chosen protector, 444. See Protectorate.
Peace with the Dutch, 447. Is divided into twelve military jurisdictions,
under so many major-generals, 453. Tunis bombarded by Blake, 461.
Jamaica taken by Pen and Venables, 462. The foreign and domestic
administration of Cromwell, 4C4. Death of Oliver Cromwell, 486. Ac-
cession of Richard Cromwell, 491. He resigns, 493. The long parlia-
ment restored, 495. The parliament expelled by the army, and a com
mittee of safety appointed, 498. State of foreign affairs, 499. The long
parliament again restored, 506. The long parliament dissolved, 511.
Charles II. proclaimed, 517. A review of internal circumstances at this
period, 518. Dunkirk sold to the French, vi. 28- Motives which pro-
duced the Dutch war, 36. New York taken, 38. Alteration in the meth-
od of taxing the clergy, 39. War declared against the states, 40. Great
plague of London, 44. Fire of London, 50. Peace of Breda, 53. Triple
alliance, 65. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapclle, 66. Charles contracts a private
league with Lewis XIV., 86. War with Holland, 98. Peace with Hol-
land, 123. The princess Mary married to the prince of Orange. 150
The Popish plot, 171. A quo warranto issued against the city of Lon-
don, 258. Conditions on which the charter was restored, 260. Most uf
the corporations surrender their charters, 260. Death of Charles II.,
and accession of his brother, James II., 281. The duke of Monmouth
defeated at Sedgemoor, 295. The court of high commission revived by
James, 314. Declaration of indulgence published, 315. A solemn em-
bassy to Rome, 319. Case of Magdalen College, 322. The English make
applications to the prince of Orange, 335. The prince of Orange's prep-
arations, 337. His declaration published, 342. Lands at Torbay, 344.
The king deserts his kingdom, and embarks for France, 352. The cor-
vention parliament called, 354. State of parties at this critical timq
356. The crown settled on the prince and princess of Orange, 362. Re-
flections on this revolution, 363. Remarks on the administration of
the Stuart family, while they enjoyed the government, 363. State of
finances since the restoration, 366. State of the navy, between the res-
toration and revolution, 369. State of commerce, 369. Great increase,
of wealth, 370. State of manners, 371. Royal society instituted, 373
Account of learned men at this period, 373.
Entails, a statute passed by Edward I. to allow, ii. 149. A law of Henry
VII. to empower the owners of estates to break them, iii. 72. Important
effects of this statute, 72.
Episcopacy is abolished in Scotland, v. 105. Is abjured in England, 291.
Is restored in England, vi. 10. Is tacitly restored in Scotland, 14.
Erasmus, his account of the mean, nasty manner of living among the Eng
lish, iii. 448.
Ercombert, son of Eadbald, king of Kent, his piety celebrated by Bede,
i. 30.
Ermenfroy, bishop of Sion, sent by Pope Alexander as his legate to William
the Conqueror, i. 197. Summons a council at Winchester, 197. Degrades
Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury, 198.
Erne, two engagements on the banks of, between Edward Baliol and th<
earl of Marre, ii. 188.
Erudition of a Christian man, a treatise so called, published by Henry VIIL,
iii. 276. Subscription to this work enjoined by parliament, 287.
442 index.
Escheats, the zrtat advantages made of them by the Aiil:1o Norman king*
i. 462.
GSscus, t ho son of Hengist, king ol Kent, his character, i. 22.
Essex, history of the Saxon kingdom of, i. 40.
, Cromwell, earl of. See Cromwell.
, the young earl of, attends his father-in-law, the earl of Leicester
in his expedition to the United Provinces, iv. 209. Joins Sir Francis
Drake secretly, in his expedition against Portugal, 267. Commands a
body of forces sent to the assistance of Henry IV. of France, 275. Coin-
mands the forces sent against Cadiz, 290. Takes Cadiz by assault, and
plunders it, 291. His eagerness to prosecute further advantages, 291.
Is appointed to command a second armament against Spain, 292. Is by
a storm forced to alter his destination to the intercepting the Indian fleer.
292. Misses all but three ships, 294. Is made earl marshal of England,
294. Instances of his lofty spirit and rash conduct, 293. His resent-
ment on receiving a blow from Elizabeth, 299. Solicits the government
of Ireland, 308. Is sent to Ireland under the title of lord lieutenant,
308. Hi3 formidable army and extensive powers, 309. Disobeys the
queen in promoting the earl of Southampton, 310. Is misled in his first
movements by the Irish council, 310. His unsuccessful expedition into
Munster, 311. His treaty with Tyrone, 312. Ki3 sudden journey to
London, and conference with the queen, 313. Is committed to custody,
and falls ill, 313. Is examined before the privy council, 316. His de-
fence, 317. The sentence pronounced against him by the lord keeper,
!17. His patent for the monopoly of sweet wines refused to be renewed
by the queen, 319. His intrigues against the queen, 320. Indulges his
ill humor in satirical reflections against her, 320. Concerts a plan for
obliging the queen to declare James of Scotland her successor, 322.
Maiutains a correspondence with James, 322. Enters into a conspiracy
at Drury House, 323. Is summoned to the council, 324. Sallies out with
his friends into the city, 325. Meeting with no countenance, he returns
and surrenders, 326. Is tried and condemned, 326. Makes a full con-
fession to the council, 327. Is executed, 328. His character, 329. The
countess of Nottingham's treachery towards him discovered, 341. Amount
of the queen's gifts to him, 362. His letter on receiving the blow from
Elizabeth, 550.
-, Devereux, the young earl of, marries the lady Frances Howard, iv
428. Her obstinate aversion to him, 429. The secret motive of his dis-
gust, 429. Is divorced from his lady, 431. Encourages the opposition
of the Commons to Charles I., v. 202. Is made general of the parlia
ment's army, 223. The separate bodies of forces all assemble under hiuj
at Northampton, 233. A body of his forces defeated by Prime Rupert,
235. Marches from Worcester to meet the king, 236. Battle of Edge-
hill, 236. Arrives at London, 238. Is joined by the city trained bands.
238. Takes Reading, 240. Is joined by Sir William Waller, 242. His,
army surprised by Prince Rupert, and Hambden killed, 246. Retires to-
wards London, 248. Exhorts the parliament to peace, 253. Marches to
the relief of Gloucester, 255. Obliges tho king to raise the siege, 255.
Battle of Newbury, 255. Returns to London, 256. Is applied to by the
royal party, but declines all personal treaty with them, 271. His forces
in Cornwall reduced by the king, 279. Collects his army again, and, iD
conjunction with Manchester and Cromwell, defeats the king at New-
bury, 280. Resigns his command in consequence of the self-denying ordi-
nance, 288. Dies, 329.
-— — , earl of, is made treasurer on the removal of the earl of Danby, vi
200. Resigns, 216. Enters into the duke of Monmouth's conspiracy, 261
Is apprehended, 265. His extraordinary death, 273.
Biiates, the entailment of, allowed, ii. 139. Are admitted to be broke, iii
72. Important consequences of this latter law, 72.
Etching, the art of, by whe n invented, vi 37.
INDEX. in,.
Ethelbert, associated wild his father, Hermturic, in the kingdom if Kent;
i. 22. His wars, by which ho acquired a superiority in the Heptarchy, 23
Espouses a Christian princess, daughter of Caribert, king of Paris, 24.
His speech to Augustine, the monk, on his arrival, 27. Is converted to
Christianity, 27. Publishes a body of written laws, 20. Dies, 29.
Ethelburga, wife of Edwin, king of Northumberland, converts her husband
to Christianity, i. 34.
Ethelfleda, sister of King Edward the Elder, some account of, with her
character, i. 79.
Ethehed, brother to Wolfhere, king of Mercia, his history, i. 37.
■ , brother and successor of Kin s Edward the Martyr, harassed b)
the Danes, i. 102, 110. Revenges the treachery of Alfric, duke of Mer-
cia, by putting out his son's eyes, 102. Becomes tributary to the Danes,
103. Marries Emma, sister of Richard II., duke of Normandy, 105.
Causes a massacre of the Danes, 109. His fleet destroyed by the
Danes, 111. Consequent distress and confusion, 111. Retreats to Nor
mandy, 112. Returns, 112. His death, and an account of his children,
113.
Ethelwald, cousin-german to King Edward the Elder, rebels against hin.
i. 77. Joins the East Anglian Danes, 77. Killed in battle, 78.
Ethelwolf, sen of Egbert, king of England, harassed by the Danish inva
sions, i. 53. Gains a victory over them at Okeley, 54. Undertakes a
pilgrimage to Rome, 55. Marries the daughter of the emperor Charles
the Bald, 55. Shares his kingdom with his son, 55. Grants to the clergy
their claim of tithes, 56. Leaves his kingdom between his two elder
sons, 57.
Ethered, son of Ethelwolf, succeeds his brothers Ethelbald and Ethelbert
in the kingdom of England, i. 57.
Evers, Lord, conducts au inroad into Scotland, and boasts of his progress,
iii. 295. Is killed at the battle of Ancram, 296.
Evesham, battle of, betweeu Prince Edward and Simon de Mountfort, earl
of Leicester, ii. 57.
Evidence, the state of, under the old Anglo-Saxon law, i. 172.
Evil, Edward the Confessor the first who touched for it, i. 138.
Europe, influence of the free constitutions of the Germans in new-model-
ling the governments of, i. 152. State of, at the commencement of the
crusades, 228. State of, at the accession of Henry II., 286. The balance
of power in, well secured at the commencement of the reign of Henry
VIII., iii. 83. The great revolution made in, at the commencement of
the seventeenth century, by the diffusion of letters and progress of arts,
iv. 393. The liberties of the people in, how abridged, 454. Account of
the revival of letters in, 522. A review of the state of, at the time of the
English protectorate, under Oliver Cromwell, v. 454.
fiustace, count of Bologne, fray between his retinue and the townsmen of
Dover, i. 126. Endeavors, in conjunction with the Kentish men, to seize
the castle of Dover from the Normans, 186.
, son of King Stephen, is refused to be anointed, as his father'*
successor, by the archbishop of Canterbury, i. 284.
Exchange, Royal, by whom first built, iv. 369.
Exchequer, court of, or Curia Regis, the primitive institut'on of, i. 457.
Causes in, often heard by the king personally, 458. The fiist of the four
courts of record, among which its ancient jurisdiction is now divided,
458. Appeals to, in what cases anciently allowed, 459. Extraordinary
instances produced from the records, of bribery, and the sale of justice,
464. Black-book of, its origin, ii. 97, n. Divided into four distinct courts,
138. Shut up by Charles II., vi. 95.
Excise, the first introduction of, in England, by the long parliament, v
269.
Exclusion bill, against James, duke of York, passed by the house of com
mons, vi. 203- Is resumed by the new parliament, 225 The argument!
441 INDEl.
urged for and against it, 225. Is passed by tne commons, and rejevte*
by the lords, 228.
Excommunication, by the ecclesiastical courts in Scotland, the nature of.
explained, iv. 444.
Execution of criminals, the extraordinary number of in the reign of Henn
VIII., and great decrease of since, iv. 555.
Exeter, besieged by Perkin Warbec, iii. 56. He raises the siege, 56.
, Courtney, marquis of, enters into a conspiracy with Cardinal Pole,
iii. 248. Is executed for it, 248.
Fag, a member of the house of commons, is protected by the bouse against
an appeal in a lawsuit to the hoase of lords, vi. 135.
f urfax, a character of his translation of Tasso, iv. 524.
■ , Lord, commands for the parliament in the north of England, v. 241
Is defeated at Atherton Moor, 257. Raises forces and secures York, 506
His death and character, vi. 94, n. His daughter married to the duke of
Buckingham, 94.
• , Sir Thomas, defeats the royalists at "Wakefield, v. 257. Distin-
guishes himself in the battle of Horncastle, 258. Reduces the Irish
forces under Lord Biron, 272. Defeats Colonel Bellasis at Selby, 273. Is
joined by the Scots under the earl of Leven, 273. Is joined by the ear';
of Manchester, and lays siege to York, 275. Defeats Prince Rupert at
Marston Moor, 276. Takes possession of York, 277. Is appointed gen
eral in the room of Essex, 288. His scheme to retain Cromwell in com-
mand, notwithstanding the self-denying ordinance, 288. His character,
289. Defeats the king at Naseby, 311. Retakes Leicester, 312. Re
duces Bridgewater, Bath, and Sherborne, 3'" . Takes Bristol, 313. Re-
duces the west of England, 311. His moderation on the finishing the
war, 325. The wmy grows discontented, and petitions him, 332. A par-
liament of agitators formed by his army, 334. The king is seized and
brought to the army without his knowledge, 335. Cromwell is chosen
general, 336. Is appointed by the parliament general-in-chief of all the
forces, 344. Takes Colchester, 365. The army under his nominal com-
mand, but under Cromwell's influence, marches to London to purge the
parliament, 367. His lady interrupts the trial of the king. 372. How
detained from rescuing the king from execution, 378. Resigns, 411.
Fairy Queen of Spenser, n character of that poem, iv. 376.
Falcon berg, Lord, successf.d stratagem of, at the battle of Touton, ii. 446.
Falkirk, battle of, between Edward I. and the Scots, ii. 126.
Falkland, Lord, secretary to Charles I., assists the king in drawing up hi 1 )
memorials against the commons, v. 221. Is killed at the battle of New-
bury, 256. A short summary of his life and character, 256. Is the first
who affords any regular definition of the English constitution, 543.
Famines in England! i. 110, 176, 279, 462. ii. 154, 172.
Farm-houses, remarks on the statute of Henry VII. for upholding, iii. 74.
Fastolffe, Sir John, defeats the count of Dimois, who attacked his convoy
at the siege of Orleans, ii. 387. Retreats from the French at Patay, and
is degraded from the order of the garter, 394.
Fauconberg, Lord, marries a daughter of Oliver Cromwell, v. 478. Is sent
to Lewis XIV. at Dunkirk, where he is honorably received, 481.
Fawkes de Breaute seizes and imprisons a judge for finding verdict!
against his unjust practices, in the reign of Henry III., ii. 9. His puc-
ishment, 9.
, Guy, an officer in the Spanish service, is brought over to execute
the gunpowder plot, iv. 401. Is apprehended, 401. Discovers the con
spiracy, 404.
Fayal is t iWmi by Sir Walter Raleigh, iv. 293.
Fee farm ivuts of the crown, Charles II. empowered by parliament to sell
them, vi. 80.
Felonies. See Criminals, and Vagrants.
Felton. John, is executed for fixing the pope's bull of excommunication
INDEX. 4 V
against duccii Elizabeth on the gate of the b shop of London's palace, n
133.
Felton, an account of his motives for attempting the life of Villiers, duke of
Buckingham, v. 47. Stabs the duke at Portsmouth, 48. Is seized and
examined, 49.
Fenelon, the French ambassador, declares his detestation of the massacre
at Paris, iv. 158. His reception by Queen Elizabeth, when ordered tu
apologize for it to her, 158.
Ferdinand, king of Arragon, loses his wife -sabella, queen of Castile, iii. 64.
His dacghter Joan married to Philip, archduke of Austria, 64. Obtains
possessicn of Castile by the death of Philip, 67. Agrees with Lewis XII.
of France, on a seizure and partition of the kingdom of Naples, 82. Seizes
it for himself, 83. Acquires the epithet of Catholic, 85. Glories in out-
witting his neighbors, 86. Deludes Henry VIII. into an expedition to
Quienne, to facilitate his conquest of Navarre. 86. Disavows the alliance
signed by his ambassador with Henry and Maximilian against France.
92. Engages in a treaty with Lewis, 103. Dies, and is succeeded by
his grandson Charles, 115.
, brother to the emperor Charles V., is elected king of the Romans,
iii. 431.
-, II., emperor of Germany, engages in an alliance to subdue the
Bohemians, iv. 454. Puts the elector palatine under the ban of the em-
pire, 462.
Feudal system, its introduction into England, i. 195. Extended to the church,
196. State of, in England, at the accession of King Stephen, 270. Review
of the disorders occasioned by, 360. Its operation in England, 423. Its
origin, 441. The nature of it explained, 443. The preference of posses-
sions held under it, to allodial ones, in the early ages, shown, 414. Its
union with civil jurisdiction, 445. The civil services implied under it, 446.
State of the common people under it, 448. Comparative view of its opera-
tion on hereditary and elective monarchies, 449. The declension of, at the
time of Richard II., ii. 324. The advantage of, in the early ages, 509
The decay of, to be dated from the revival of the arts, 511 Instance of the
barons being sensible of this, 511, n.
Feversham, earl of, is sent by Charles II. with the terms of pacification tn
Paris, vi. 152. Defeats the duke of Monmouth at Sedgcmoor, 295. His
cruelty after the battle, 297.
Fictions in law, when first invented, and their use, ii. 138.
Fiefs, how they came to descend hereditarily in families, i. 443.
Fifteenths and tenths, the nature, amount, and method of levying these
taxes, iv. 509. Are changed into a land tax, 510.
Finances. See Revenue.
Finch, Sir John, speaker of the house of commons, is forcibly held in the
chair, until a remonstrance is passed against tonnage and poundage, v. 59.
Is impeached by the long parliament, and flie3 to Holland, 132.
Fines, amerciaments, and oblatas, the great and scandalous advantages
made of, bv the Anglo-Norman kings, i. 464. Arbitrarily exacted by
Henry VIL, iii. 44, 62.
, and recoveries, for breaking the entailments of estates, when first in-
troduced, iii. 72.
First-fruits, when first levied on ecclesiastical benefices, ii. 140.
Fisher, bishop of Rochester, reflects on the commons, and offends the duke
of Norfolk, iii. 179. Refuses to take the oath regulating the succession
of the crown, 197. Is attainted by parliament, 138. Is imposed on by the
stories of the holy maid of Kent, 209. Is imprisoned on this account, 210.
His cruel treatment, 211. Is created a cardinal by the pope, 211. Is
condemned and beheaded for denying the king's supremacy, 211. Extract
from a speech of his, on the proposal for suppressing the lesser monasteries;
460.
Fitton chancellor of Ireland, his character and conduct, v : 118.
1<4 6 INEWX.
Fitz-A.'an, archbishop of Canterbury, excommunicates all wh j should opposa
the proceedings of the duke of Gloucester, and Ids party against Rijhard
ll.'s ministry, ii. 296. Is removed from his office of chancellor by the king.
296. Impeached by the commons, banished, and his temporalities sequea
tered, 302.
Fitz-Arnulf, a citizen, hanged for a rebellious commotion in London, i. 10.
Fitz-Gerald. See Fitz-Stephens.
Fitzharris, his case, vi. 237. Is impeached by the commons, 239. Is tried
by common law, and executed, 241.
Fitz Osbert, a popular lawyer in the reign of Richard 1., his oppressive
practices, i. 392. Is executed, 393.
ITitz-Richard, mayor of London, joins the barons and Leicester, against Henrj
III., and encourages tumults in the city, ii. 43. Violently prAlongs his
authority, and aids Leicester by exciting seditions, 46. His bloody schemes
disconcerted by the battle of Evesham, 58. Is punished by fine and im-
prisonment, 59.
Fitz-Stephens, and Fitz-Gerald, engaged by Dermot, king of Leinster, to
undertake an expedition to Ireland in his favor, i. 331. Their successes,
331. See Strongbow.
Fitz-Walter, Robert, chosen general of the barons* army, on King John's
refusal to confirm their liberties, i. 428.
Five-mile act passed, vi. 45.
Flambard, Ralph, bishop of Durham, dispossessed and imprisoned by Henry
I., i. 245.
PMammoc, Thomas, a lawyer, heads an insurrection in Cornwall, against
Henry VII., iii. 51. Encourages them with hopes of assistance in Kent,
52. Defeated and executed, 53.
Flanders, a summary view of the state of that territory at the time of Edward
III. forming his pretensions to the crown of France, ii. 196. Licentious
popularity of James d'Arteville, the brewer, 196, 197. The Flemings as-
sist Edward in his sea-fight with the French, 202. Their forces under
Robert d'Artois, routed at St. Omers, 203. Siege of Tournay by Edward,
204. All commerce with prohibited by Henry VII., iii. 42. Commissioners
sent to London to treat of an accommodation, 55. The iatercursus niagnus,
or great treaty of commerce, concluded, 55. All English rebels excluded
from, by this treaty, 55. A neutrality stipulated with, by Henry VIU., 180.
See Netherlands, and United Provinces.
Fleetwood, his speech in the house of commons on the regal prerogative in
granting patents, iv. 137.
— , Colonel, marries Ireton's widow, and obtains the government of
L-eland, v. 471. Opposes his father-in-law's accepting the title of king, 476.
Estranges himself from the protector, 483. Cabals against Richard, 492.
Is appointed lieutenant-general by the long parliament, now restored, 495
His commission vacated, 498. Instances of his fanaticism, 505.
Flesh-meat, the statute prices of, in the reign of King Henry VIII., iii
317.
Florence revolts from the authority of the family of Medicis, iii. 169. Is again
subdued to their sovereignty, 180.
Flodden, battle of, between the earl of Surrey and James IV. of Scotland, iii
101.
Folkland, in the Saxon tenures, explained, i. 177.
Fontarabia, fruitless expedition to, by Henry VIII., iii. 86. Is taken by the
emperor Charles V., 145.
Fontrailles, a French officer, his gallant expedition for the relief of Tcrrouane,
besieged by Henry VIII., iii. 97.
Ford, Lady, taken prisoner by James IV. of Scotland, whose affections she
gains, iii. 100.
foreigners, their superiority to the English in arts, in the time of Henry
VIII., iii. 314. An insurrection against them in London, 314. Edict of the
Btar chamb?r against, 315.
INDEX. 44?
Forests, soveic laws renewed against offenders in, b}' Richard J , i. 39S.
The oppressive nature of these laws, 469. A charter of, granted by Hen
ry III., ii. 4. Confirmed by Edward I 110". The perambulations o£
made, and the boundaries of, fixed, 117.
Forma pauperis, suits in, first granted to the poor, iii. 70.
Forrest, Friar, burnt for heresy *ri Scotland, iii. 269.
Fortescue, Sir Faithful, deserts from the earl of Essex to the king, at thu
battle of Edge-hill, v. 236.
Fotheringay Castle, Mary, queen of Scots, tried there, iv. 225. Is executed
there, 244.
Fourmigni, battle of, the only action fought in defence of Normandy b^
the English, ii. 415.
Fox, Richard, his character, iii. 10. Becomes confidant to Henry VII., 11.
Called to the privy council, and made bishop of Exeter, 11. His trans-
lation to Winchester, and made privy seal, 11. Admonishes Henry VIII.
against his pleasures aud extravagances, 79. Introduces Wolsey to him,
93 Supplanted in Henry's confidence by him, 93. His advice to Henry,
on his retiring, 109.
, bishop of Hereford, is sent by Henry VIII. to treat with the German
Protestants, iii. 213. Is zealous for a thorough reformation, but dies, 249.
, George, his enthusiastic disposition, v. 520. Founds a new sect, who
are denominated Quakers, 521.
France is invaded by the Normans, i. 52, 106. Rollo the Dane obtains the
province of Neustria, and marries the daughter of Charles the Simple,
107. Character of the Normans, 140, 244. See Normandy, and William.
State of, at the accession of Henry II. of England, 287. The barons of
England offer the crown to the dauphin Lewis, 438. Lewis goes over
to England with an army, 437. Returns, ii. 7. The province of Nor
mandy ceded to Lewis IX., by Henry III. of England, 38. Mutual
depredations committed by the ships of, and those of England, occa
sioned by a private quarrel, 91. The province of Guienne, how recovered
by, 93. Guienne restored, 120. New disputes with England concern-
ing, 161. Cruel treatment of the knights templars there, 170. An in-
quiry into the foundation of the salic law, 192. Edward III. of England
assumes the title of king of, 198. Edward's victory over the flee"t of, 202.
Normandy invaded and overrun by Edward, 220. Philip defeated at
Crecy, by Edward, 227. State of Frauce at the death of Philip, 237. Is
invaded by Edward and his son, the black prince, in two parts, 239. John
taken prisoner at Poictiers, by Prince Edward, 244. Confused state of,
on the king's captivity, 247. The populace renounce all government,
and commit cruel outrages against the nobles, 248. Is invaded by Ed-
ward with a great army, 250. Peace of Bret!!?ni, 253. John released,
253. He returns to Loudon, and dies, 254. State of the kingdom at
this period, 255. Is infested with bands of robbers, the remains of Ed-
ward's army, 256. The regency of Charles VI. send assistance to tho
Scots, to invade England, 287. The French return home disgusted, 287.
Prepare to invade England, but hindered by a storm, 288. Motives to
this invasion, 288. State of, at the commencement of Henry V.'s war
with that kingdom, 350. Comparison between the situation of Charles
VI. and Richard II. of England, 350. Distracted by the contentions of
the Burgundians and Armagnacs, 352. The share the university of
Paris, the fraternities of butchers and carpenters, bore in these broils.
352. Continuation of the distractions in, 359. General confusion re
newed by the assassination of tne duke of Burgundy, 363. Treaty ol
Troye, 364. Reflections on this treaty, 365. Duke of Bedford appointed
regent, 369. Charles VI. dies, and Charles VII. crowned, 370. State of
France at the accession of Henry VI. of England, 375. Amazing trans-
actions of Joan d'Arc, 388. Charles VII. crowned again at Rheims, 396.
Reflections on the management of the war, 406. A truce concluded
with. 409. State of France at this juncture, 414. Renewal of the war
14* INDEX.
414. Xormandy :ccovered, 415. Guienne also, 115. Accession of Lewn
XI., 450. Sends forces to the assistance of Henry VJ., 45G. State of
at the time of Henry VII. of England, iii. 21, 35. The government
intrusted to the princess Anne of Beaujeu, during the minority of Charles
VII., 22. The administration disputed by Lewis, duke of Orleans, 22.
Brittany annexed to, by the marriage of Charles with the duchess of, 33
War w T ith. by Henry VII., 36. Peace concluded, 36. Invaded by Henry.
VIII., 97. Peace concluded with England, 104. Lewis XII. marries
Henry's sister, 105. Dies, 105. Accession of Francis, 105. See Francis
I. Interview between Francis I., and Henry VI [I. of England, 122. War
declared against, by England, 136. The powers of Italy join the alliance
of the emperor against, 143. Battle of Pavia, and captivity of Francis,
149. Treaty of Madrid, and restoration of Francis, 155. War declared
against the emperor, 161. The emperor challenges Francis to single
combat, 161. Peace of Cambray, 180. James V. of Scotland married to
Mary of Guise, 259. Accession of Henry II., 330. Mary, the young
queen of Scotland sent there, and betrothed to the dauphin, 343. Eng-
land engages in the Spanish war with, 435. Montmorency defeated by
the Spaniards at St. Q.uintin, 437. The genera! consternation at this
event, 437. The duke of Guise recalled from Italy, 437. Calais taken
from the English, 439. The dauphin Francis married to Mary, the young
queen of Scotland, 4 12. Peace of Chateau Cambresis, iv. 12. The Guises
engross all the authority of government, 30. Rigorous persecution of
the reformers, 31. Summary view of the civil wars in that kingdom, 52.
Battle of Dreux, 55. A massacre of the Hugonots concerted, 71. See
Medicis, Catharine de ; Lorraine, cardinal of, etc. Battle of St. Denis,
and siege of Chatres, 143. The court agrees to an accommodation with
the Protestants, 143. Battle of Montcontour, 144. Massacre of the
Hugonots at Pans, 157. Death of Charles IX., 161. Accession of Henry
III., 162. Battle of Coutras, 272. Assassination of the duke of Guise
and his brother, 272. The king assassinated, 273. Accession of Henry
IV., 273. Henry renounces the Protestant faith, 283. Henry IV. assas-
sinated by Ravaillac, 420. Character of the early writers in, 522. Re-
duction of Rochelle, v. 50. Conduct of, towards England during its
troubles, 455. Improvement of, under Lewis XIV. and Cardinal Maza-
rine, 456. The ships of, seized by the English, 457. An alliance con-
cluded with Oliver Cromwell, 480. Treaty of the Pyrenees with Spain,
499. Joins the Dutch in the war with England, vi. 46. Treaty of Breda,
55. War with Spain, 61. War with Holland, 98. How it became for-
midable by sea, 140. Peace of Nimeguen, 160. Ambitious schemes aud
haughty behavior of Lewis XIV., 278. Revocation of the edict of
Nantz, and its consequences, 305. A league formed against, by the
prince of Orange, 331.
Francis I., duke of Angouleme, succeeds to the crown of France, on the
death of Lewis XII., iii. 105. His character, 105. Defeats the Swiss at
Marignan, 113. Sends Boimivet, his ambassador to England, 159. His
flatteries to Wolsey, 117. Is unsuccessful in his pretensions to the im-
perial crown, 120. His character contrasted with that of the emperor
Charles V., his competitor, 120. Is visited by Henry in a plain near
Ardres, 122. The ceremony of their meeting regulated by Cardinal Wol-
sey, 122. His frank disregard of the formality observed between him
and Henry, 123. Which is returned by Henry, 124. Grand tournament
held by them, 124. Is attacked by the emperor, 125. An ineffectual
congress with the emperor, under the mediation of Wolsey, at Calais, 125.
The pope, emperor, and Henry, conclude an alliance against him, 186
War declared against, by Henry, 136. Repulses the earl of Surrey's mva
sion, 137. Is worsted in Italy, 137. The powers of Italy unite with tha
emperor against him, 143. The duke of Bourbon revolts against him,
mini enters the emperor's service, 143. The duke of Suffolk invades
Picardy, 141 . Sends the admiral Bonnivet to invade Milan. 1 16. Bonuivet
INDEX 44V
defeated, 146. Passes the Alps in parson to invade the Milanese, 148
Besieges Pavia, 148. Is defeated and taken prisoner by the imperialists.
149. His letter to his mother, 150. His proposals to Charles for h;s
liberty, 155. Is carried to Madrid, and falls sick, 155. Is visited bv
Charles, 155. Recovers his liberty by the treaty of Madrid, 156. Evades
the execution of the treaty, 157. Meets Wolsey, and concludes fresh
treaties with Henry, 160. Declares war against the emperor, 16i. Is
challenged by Charles to single combat, 161. Peace concluded with
Charles at Cambray, 180. His interview with Henry at Boulogne, 190.
Leagues with the pope, 193. Endeavors an accommodation between
the pope and Henry, 193. Renews his friendship with Henry, 213.
Marries his daughter Magdalen to James V. of Scotland, 216. Apolo-
gizes to Henry for this match, who refuses to see his ambassador, 217.
Concludes a truce with Charles for ten years, 240. Refuses Henry's
proposals towards marriage with Mary of Guise, 258. Ser.ds her to Scot-
land, 259. Other proposals of marriage fruitless, 259. Allows the em-
peror an honorable passage through France to the Netherlands, 260
Overruns Luxembourg, and takes Landrecy, 288. Forces Charles tc
abandon the siege of Landrecy, 288. Is invaded by Charles and Henry
293. Concludes a separate peace with Charles, 294. Equips an arma
ment for a descent on England, 296. Makes peace with Hewy at
Campe. 399.
Francis, dauphin of France, is married to the young queen of Scotland, iii
442. Assumes the title and arms of England, in right of his queen iv.
15. Becomes king by the death of his father, 15. See the next article.
■ , II. of France excites the enmity of Elizabeth by assuming the
title of king of England, iv. 15. Is wholly governed by the Guises, 30.
Dies, and is succeeded by his brother Charles IX., 32.
-, Father, is recommended by James II. to Cambridge for a degree
but is refused, vi. 321.
Franciscans and Dominicans, reflections on the institution of those twn
religious orders, ii. 68.
Frankalmoigne, the nature of this tenure of lands explained, ii. 96.
Franks, females excluded from the succession to the sovereign authority
by the ancient usages of that people, ii. 192.
Frederic I., emperor of Germany, engages in a crusade, i. 354, 369. Dies
369.
II., emperor, the pope's sentence of excommunication published
against him, by Henry III. of England, his brother-in-law, ii. 17.
, king of Naples, his kingdom conquered jointly by France and
Spain, and seized by the latter, iii. 82.
-, elector palatine, is married to the prineess Elizabeth, daughter
of James I. of England, iv. 426. Is offered the crown of Bohemia, by the
states of that kingdom, 455. Is defeated at Prague, and takes refuge in
Holland, 456. Is put under the ban of the empire, 462. His electoral
dignity transferred to the duke of Bavaria, 471. Is persuaded to sub-
mission by James, 471. Is totally dispossessed of his patrimonial do-
minions, 492. His nephew restored in part by the treaty of Westphalia,
v. 455.
French language, its prevalence in England after the Norman invasion, i.
200. The use of that language in law proceedings abolished, ii. 276.
Fretteval, Philip of France routed there, and his records taken by Richard
I., i. 388.
Fridwit, in the German law, what, i. 167.
Frobisher, Sir Martin, undertakes a cruise against the Spaniards, iv. 277.
Perished before Brest, 286. Three trials made by him for the discovery
of a north-west passage, 365.
Froissard, the historian, his character and representation of the duke of
Gloucester's schemes against Richard II., ii. 300. Numberless mistake*
of, invalidate his testimonv, 500.
450 iNDfcX.
Full;, count of A njtiu, protects William, son of Robert, duke of Normaftdj
i. 2.19. Contracts his daughter to William, eldest son of King Henry 1
of England, 25J. Marries her afterwards to William, son of Duke Robert,
263. Marries Ins son Geoffrey to the daughter of Henry 1., 263.
, curate of Neuilly, his bold counsel to Richard I., i. 369. Richard'i
reply to him, 369.
Gainsborough, battle of, between Oliver Cromwell and Cavendish, v. 257.
Galiliso, a comparison between, and Lord Bacon, iv. 525.
Garaa, Vasquez de, his lirst passage to the East Indies round the Cape ot
Good Hope, iii. 75.
Gardening, and gai-den stuff, when first introduced into England, iii. 314.
Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, joins the duke of Norfolk in opposing tha
reformation, iii. 204. Acts covertly against the religious innovations,
249. Foments a cruel persecution of heretics, 267. Proposes certain
Latin terms to be retained in the English version of the Scriptures, 876.
Is sent ambassador to the emperor, 299. Dissuades Henry from further
alterations in religion, 299. Endeavors to procure an impeachment of
Ciueen Catharine Par for heresy, 303. Opposes the steps towards refor-
mation, taken by the protector and regency during the minority of Ed-
ward VI., 326. Writes an apology lor holy water, 327. His remon
strances against religious innovations, 328. Is committed to the Fleet,
and harshly used, 323. His objections to the homilies, 329. Is commit-
ted to the Tower for denying the supremacy of the regency during a
minority, 352. Refuses to subscribe articles propounded to him, 367. Is
deprived and closely confined, 363. Is released by Q.ueen Mary, 391.
His generous assistance to Peter Martyr, 394. Is made chancellor, and
promotes the Spanish match, 39S. His moderate counsel on the occasion,
398. His speech at the opening of a new parliament, 407. Debates with
Cardinal Pole about the expediency of punishing heretics, 415. Procures
Rogers, prebendary of St. Paul's, to be burnt for heresy, 419. Engages
Bouner and others to persecute the reformers, 421. Dies, 427.
Garnet, a Jesuit, engages in the famous gunpowder plot, iv. 402. Is ex
ecuted, 405. Is regarded in Spain as a martyr, 405.
Garter, institution of that order of knighthood, ii. 236. Traditional account
of the occasion of it, 236.
Gascoigne, Judge, imprisons Prince Henry, afterwards Henry V., for insult-
ing him in his office, ii. 346. His kind reception by Henry, when king,
346.
Gascony, a descent made on that province by invitation of some factions
lords, without effect, ii. 431.
Gaston deFoix, nephew to Lewis XII. of France, his character, iii. 89. Is
killed in a victory he gained over the Spanish and papal armies, 89.
Gavaston, Piers, his character, ii. 144. His ascendency over Prince Ed-
ward, 144. Is banished by Edward I., 144. Is recalled by Edward II.,
144. His preferments, 144. His vanity, 145; and contempt of the Eng-
lish, 145. Is left guardian of tire realm on the king's journey to France,
145. A confederacy formed against him by Thomas, earl of Lancaster,
146. His banishment demanded by Lancaster in parliament, 146. Re-
turns, 147. Banished again by the council of ordaiuers, 148. Is recalled
by the king, 149. Is taken prisoner by Pembroke at Scarborough, 150.
Is seized by the earl of Warwick, and beheaded in Warwick Castle, 150.
Gaucour, Lord, is governor of Orleans, when besieged by the earl of Salis-
bury, ii. 385.
Gavelkind, origin of, i. 177. In the Irish customs, how regulated, iv 422
Is abolished there, 423.
Gr.uls, their ancient manners described, i. 2. See France.
Gaunt, John of. See Lancaster.
, Mrs. her cruel fate, vi. 298.
Genoa is bombarded by Lewis XIV., and forced to submit to terms p»»
■cribed by him, vi. 278.
irjDEX. 45 1
Geoffrey, son of Fulk, count of Anjou, married to the daugnter of Henry I
i. 263.
, brother of King Henry II., invades Anjou and Maine, i. 291. Ac
cepta a pension in lieu, 291. Dies, 292.
, third son of King Henry II., invested by his father with the duchy
of Brittany, i. 335. Instigated by his mother, Eleanor, to revolt against
him, 337. Is reconciled to him, 346. Rebels again, 352. Is slain in a
tournament, 352. His son Arthur invested in the duchy of Brittany, 353.
See Arthur.
i , natural son of Henry II., is the only child who retained his duty
to him, i. 358. When archbishop of York, swears fidelity to his brother
Richard I. on his departure on the crusade, 369. Is imprisoned by Long-
champ, 377.
-, archdeacon of Norwich, his behavior in the court of exchequer on
hearing of the excommunication of King John, i. 415. How killed by
John, 415.
Geography, strange instance of the ignorance of the English in, at the time
of Edward III., ii. 277.
Gerard, and his heretical followers, cruel treatment of, in the reign of
Henry II., i. 326.
, Baltazar, assassinates the prince of Orange, iv. 205.
and Vowel, two royalists, executed for a conspiracy against the pro
tector, v. 448.
Germans, ancient, a character of, i. 12. Their government, 12, 152. Their
manners, 13. Flock over into Britain, 17. Nature of their religion, 23
Are the first founders of the feudal law, and on what principles, 441
The nature of their establishments explained, 442.
Germany, how divided under the feuda". system, i. 141. Henry IV., em-
peror, permits his vassals to assist the Norman invasion. 143. The free
nature of the several states in, 152. The Anglo-Saxon criminal law
traced from, 166. The commencement of the relbrmation in, by Martin
Luther, iii. 132. Progress of the reformation among the princes of, 132.
A peace favorable to the Protestants, procured from the emperor, by
Maurice, elector of Saxony, 397. See Charles V., and Maurice. The
crown of Bohemia offered to the elector palatine, iv. 455. See Frederic.
Battle of Prague, 456. The elector palatine put under the ban of the
empire, 462. His electoral dignity transferred to the duke of Bavaria,
471. Successes of Gustavus, king of Sweden, there, v. 63. The long
wars in, terminated by the treaty of Westphalia, 454. A league formed
at Augsbourg, under the influence of the prince of Orange, against Lewis
XIV., vi. 332.
Ghent, the treaty called the pacification of, iv. 1G8. Is taken by Lewis
XIV., vi. 154.
Gibson, a Scots preacher, curses James VI. in his pulpit, iv. 215.
Gifford, a priest, is employed by Walsingham to forward the correspond-
ence between Mary, queen of Scots, and Babington, iv. 219. Carries the
letters to Walsingham, 220.
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, his speech in the house of commons in defence of
the legal prerogative, iv. 137.
Githa, mother of Harold, excites an insurrection at Exeter against William
the Conqueror, i. 188. Retreats to Flanders, 188.
Glamorgan, earl of, his commission from Charles I. with regard to Ireland,
v. 318. Concludes a secret treaty with the council of Kilkenny, 318. Is
committed to prison by the lord lieutenant, 319. Vindication of the king
from the charge of authorizing this secret treaty, 547.
Glass, the manufacture of, when first brought into England, vi. 370.
Glendour, Owen, his insurrection in Wales, ii. 330. Takes the earl of
Marche and his uncle prisoners, 331.
Gloucester, when first erected into a bishopric, iii. 245.
, Robert, earl of, natural son of Henry I., swears a conditiona
4S2 INDEX.
fealty to King Stephen, i. 274. Consequences of this example, 275. He
tires abroad, and defies the king, 27G. Returns with the empress Ma
tilda, 278. Defeats Stephen, and takes hiaj prisoner, 279.
Gloucester, earl of, confederates with the earl of Leicester against Henrj
III., ii. 31. Joins tlie royal party, 38. Dies, 41.
, Gilbert, carl of, son to the former, joins the earl of Leicester
ii. 42. Refuses with Leicester to abide by the arbitration of Lewis of
France, 47. Commands a body of troops at the battle of Lewes, 48.
Takes Henry prisoner, 49. Is ill treated by Leicester, 51. Retires from
Leicester's parliament, 54. Assists Prince Edward in escaping from the
custody of Leicester, 56. Rebels again, 60. Henry's lenity towards him,
60. Attends Prince Edward on a crusade, 60. Marries the daughter of
Edward I., 89. Is fined for violences committed on Bohun, earl of Here
ford, 89. His son killed at the battle of Bauuockburn, 153.
, duke of, uncle to Richard II., his character, ii. 279. Supplant-
ed in his influence over the king by Robert de Vere. earl of Oxford, 288
Prevails on the house of commons to impeach Michael de la Pole, earl of
Suffolk, 289. Deprives Richard of his regal power, by the appointment
of a council of fourteen to continue for a year, 291. Raises forces against
the king, 293. Defeats Robert de Vere, duke of Ireland, 293. His ar-
bitrary proceedings against the ministry, 294. Rejects the queen's
humble solicitation in favor of Sir Simon Burley. 296. Is removed from
the council board, 296. His cabals against the king, 299. Sent over to
Calais by the king, 301. Appealed against in the house of peers, 302.
Proceedings against his part}-, 302. Murdered, 303. His revenue, 373.
-, Humphrey, duke of, brother to Henry V., left by him regent of
England, during the minority of Henry VI., ii. 369. Constituted by
parliament guardian of the kingdom only during the duke of Bedford's
absence, 374. Enters into a precipitate marriage with the countess of
Hainault, 381. Fatal consequences of that measure, 382. Reconciled
to the bishop of Winchester by the duke of Bedford, 382. Fresh dis
putes with him, which throws the English affairs into confusion, 404
His duchess tried for witchcraft, 410. Murdered, 411. His character,
412.
— , Richard, duke of, brother to Edward IV., reported to have
stabbed Prince Edward, son of Henry VI., ii. 471. Commands in an in
vasion of Scotland, and takes Berwick, which is yielded by treaty, 482
Left regent of the kingdom by his brother Edward IV., during the mi-
nority of his son, 485. His character and views, 485. Arrests the earl
of Rivers, the young king's guardian, 487. Made protector of the realm,
488. Orders the death of the earl of Rivers, 488. Marks out Lord
Hastings for destruction, 490. His extraordinary behavior in council,
490. Concerts the immediate murder of Lord Hastings, 490. Declares
his brother's marriage invalid, 492. Declares his brother illegitimate,
492. Procures Dr. Shaw to establish these points in a sermon at St
Paul's, 492. Ill success of this scheme, 493. Accepts the crown offered
by the duke of Buckingham as a popular tender, 494. Orders the mur-
der of Edward V. and the duke of York in the Tower, 494. See Rich-
ard III.
• . , duke of, youngest son of Charles I., his father's discourse to
him before his execution, v. 376. Is sent abroad by Cromwell, 383. A
present voted to him by parliament on his brother's restoration, 517
His death and character, vi. 7.
Godfrey of Bouillon, created king of Jerusalem, i. 211.
, Sir Edmundsbury, murdered, vi. 179. The general confusion on
this event, 179. His extraordinary funeral, 180. His death not to ba
accounted for, J81. Green, Berry, and Hill, tried and executed for thii
murder, 193.
Godwin, Earl, his bravery under Canute, in Denmark, i. 117, Rewarded
by obtaining his daughter in marriage, 117. Murders Alfred, sou if King
index. 453
Ethelred, 120. His method of appeasing Hardicanute for this act. 122.
Marries his daughter to King Edward the Confessor, 123. His exorfr
tant power, 123. R,aises an army against Edward, 127. Flies to Flau
ders, 123. Makes descents on the English coast, 128. Received to favor.
129.
Qondomar, the Spanish ambassador, remonstrates against Sir Walter Ra
leigh's expedition to Guiana, iv. 449. Offers the second daughter of
Spain to Prince Charles, 433.
Goodwin, Sir Francis, his seat in parliament vacated on account of out
lawry, by the chancellor, iv. 391. Is restored to his seat by the house,
391. Disputes on this occasion, 391. How compromised, 392.
Gordon, Lady Catharine, a Scots lady, married to Perkin Warbec, iii. 43.
Taken prisoner by Henry VII., and generously treated, 57.
Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, returns from Dieppe, with his ship, contrary ta
orders, v. 8.
Goring enters into an association, with other officers, to petition king and
parliament against popular innovations, v. 162. Betrays the secret ta
the commons, 163. Is made governor of Portsmouth by the commons, 215
Declares for the king, and is reduced by the parliament's forces, 232. His
letter to the king intercepted by Fairfax, 312.
Gossipping, among women, a proclamation against, iii. 314.
Government, the feudal frame of, introduced by the Norman conquest, i. 195.
The first beginnings of the popular frame of, in England, ii. 101. Amidst
all its fluctuations, the will of the monarch never absolute and uncontroll-
able, 513. That of England, in the time of Queen Elizabeth, compared
with that of Turkey, iv. 350 Remarks on, with reference to the case of
King Charles I., v. 380. /
, ecclesiastical, a review of, during the reign of James I., iv.
400.
Gourdon, a Norman archer, wounds Richard I. with an arrow, which occa-
sions his death, i. 390. His. noble reply to Richard, 390. His cruel fate,
390.
, Adam de, his troops vanquished, and himself taken prisoner by
Prince Edward, sou of Hej«ry III., ii. 58. Is taken into favor by that
prince, 58.
Gournay and Mautravers, the keepers of the deposed King Edward II.,
cruelly murder him, ii. 168 Their fates, 168.
Gower, barony of, commotions excited among the barons, by the seizure of
from John de Mowbray, ii. 157.
Gowry, earl of, enters into an association for seizing the young King James
from the power of Lenox and Arran, iv. 190. Is tried and executed, 197.
f rraham, Captain, is repulsed in an attack on a conventicle at Loudon Hill,
vi. 210.
Granville, Cardinal, his arbitrary conduct in the Low Countries occasions a
revolt of the Flemish Protestants, iv. 149.
, Sir John, sends Dr. Monk to negotiate for the king, with his
brother, the general, v. 504. Comes over to Monk himself, and prevails
with him to declare his intentions, 512. Presents the king's letter to the
house of commons, 516.
Gratian and Vivian, nuncios to Pope Alexander III., attempt in vain to
reconcile Henry II. and Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, i. 317.
Gravelines, battle there between Count Egmont, the Spanish general, and
De Thermes, the French governor of Calais, iii. 444. Interview there
between the emperor Charles V. aod Henry VIII., 124.
1r»y, Lord, is sent by Clueen Elizabeth with lo'rces to the assistance of the
Protessant malecor\f?nts in Scotland, iv. £7. Besieges and takes Leith
from the French party, 27. Assists the earl of Ormond in reducing the
Spanish general, tjiut Jjse^ho, in Ireland, 179. His cruelty in this affair.
170
, the 'a./y ^);?<»U«tli, l»e~ '-./st-ory, ii. 453. Captivates Edward rV., 453
4<)4 INDEX.
Man ied to him, 4.34. Honors conferred on her family, 454. Her father and
one of her brothers murdered by the Yorkshire insurgents, 458. Orders
the earl of Rivers to levy an army to escort the young- Kinsr Edward V. tc
London, 486. Persuaded to the contrary by the duke of Glouccs;
Retires with her children into the sanctuary of Westminster, on the duke
of Gloucester's arresting the earl of Rivers, 487. Forced to deliver op
the duke of York, 488. Her marriage declared invalid by Gloucester, 492.
Consents to a marriage between the princess Elizabeth and Henry, earl
of Richmond, 501. Consents, after, to her marriage with Richard III., 50:).
The princess married to Henry VII., iii. 11. Supposed to be privy to tho
insurrection of Lambert Simuel, 14. Seized and confined, 15. Dies in
confinement, 16.
Gray, Lady Jane, Dudley, duke of Northumberland, proposes to Edward VI
to alter the succession in her favor, iii. 380. Is married to Lord Guild
ford Dudley, 381. Is appointed to the succession by a deed of settlement,
383. Her amiable character, 387. Is unwilling to accept the offer of tho
crown, 337. Is proclaimed, 387. Is deserted by the council and the peo-
ple, 389. Returns to private life, 383. Is taken into custody with all the
heads of her party, 390. Sentence passed upon her, 391. Is executed on
account of a new conspiracy of her father's, 405. Her noble behavior and
dying declarations, 405. ,
Gray, Lady Catharine, is married to Lord Herbert, son of the earl of Pern
broke, iii. 381. Is divorced from him, and privately married to the earl ol
Hertford, iv. 47. Is committed to the Tower by Queen Elizabeth on this
account, where she dies, 47.
Great Harry, the first ship properly of the royal navy, built by Henry VII.
iii. 76.
Greek language, how imported and cultivated in Europe, iii. 76.
Greenland, when discovered, iv. 516.
Greenville, Sir Richard, vice-admiral of the Englishfleet under Lord Thomas
Howard, his ship, the first English ship of war taken by the Spaniards,
iv. 276. Circumstances of his death, 558.
Gregory the Great, Pope, specimens of his talent; iu punning, i. 25. His
intemperate zeal against paganism, 26. Sends Augustine, the monk, into
Britain, 26. Writes to Ethelbert, king of Kent, 27. His solution of the
cases of conscience propounded by Augustine, 28. His injunctions tc
him, 28.
VII. Pope, his ambitious characrer, i. 205. His disputes with the
emperor Henry IV., 206. His usurpations over other princes. 207. Pro-
hibits the marriage of priests, 209. Projects a confederacy against the
Mahometans, 227. See Crusades.
VIII., Pope, engages the emperor, and kings of England anl
Prance, in a new crusade, i. 354.
IX., Pope, a character of his decretals, ii. 68.
XL, Pope, issues a bull for taking Wickliffe into custody, ii. 320
The seat of the papacy fixed at Rome after bis death, 322.
Gresham, Sir Thomas, procures Queen Elizabeth a loan from the company
of merchant adventurers in London, iv. 364. Builds the royal exchange,
369.
Grey, Lord Leonard, executed for treason, iii. 268.
Griffin, second son to Lewellen, prince of Wales, rebels against his father
and drives him to obtain the protection of Henry III. against him, ii. 42
Is taken prisoner by his elder brother, David, given up to Henry, and
committed to the Tower, 42. Loses his life in attempting an escape, 4i".
Grimstone, Sir Harbottle, is chosen speaker of the parliament which i estonxJ
Charier, II., v. 516.
Grindal, Archbishop, is prosecuted in the star chamber, for favoring th«
Puritans, iv. 201.
Groine, the ships and troops there, defeated by Sir Francis Drake, iv. 267.
Goalo, the pope's legato, assists at the .'cironation of Henry III., ant
INDEX. 455
receives his homage to the see of Rome, ii. 3. Excommunicates thcso
barons who adhere »o Lewis, 5. Punishes the clergy who had coante
nanced the invasion of Lewis, 8. Pandolf reinstated in the office of
legate in his stead, 9.
Guelf and Ghibbelin, the rise of these factions in Italy, i. 207.
Guiana, Sir Walter Raleigh's first expedition to, iv. 288. Is taken posses-
sion of by Sir Walter Raleigh, for the English crown, 419. Is afterwards
taken possession of by the Spaniards. 449. Raleigh's second expeditioa
to, 449. St. Thomas plundered by Raleigh, 450. Sen Raleigh.
Guido, legate from Rome, is ordered to excommunicate the earl of Leices-
ter, and the barons, in rebellion against Henry III., ii. 52. Dares not
come himself, but sends the bull, which is torn and flung into the sea, 53.
Becomes pope, 53.
Guienue, province of, is, with Pictou, mortgaged to William Rufus, i. 236.
Edward I. deprived of that province by the artifice of Philip of France,
ii. 93. Ineffectual attempts of the English to recover, 94. Again unsuc-
cessfully attacked, 109. Restored to Edward 1. by treaty with Philip,
120. Homage done for it by Edward II., 145
, William, duke of, his preparations to engage in the crusade, i. 236
Marries his daughter to the empress Matildas son Henry, 284.
Guinegate, battle of, iii. 98.
Guise, duke of, repulses the emperor Charles V. in his attack upon Metz,
iii. 397. Is recalled from Italy, on the defeat of St. Quintin, 437. Takes
Calais from the English, 439. Instigates the claim of his niece Maiy of
Scotland to the crown of England, iv. 15. He and his family engross all
the authority of the French government, 30. His influence lessened by
the death of Francis II., 32. Strengthens himself against the Protestants
by an alliance with Philip II. of Spain, 53. Commands under Montmo-
rency at the battle of Dreux, 55. Besieges Orleans, 59. Is assassinated
by Poltrot, 59.
, duke of, son of the former, defends Poictiers, besieged by the admi-
ral Coligny, iv. 143. His character, 144. Becomes discontented with tho
conduct of Henry III., 163. Forms the famous Catholic league against
the Hugonots, 163. Sends the count d'Aubigney, of the house of Lennox,
to detach James of Scotland from the English interest, 178. Revives the
league, 206. Defeats the German auxiliaries of the Hugonots, 272. Is,
with his brother, assassinated by the king's order, 272.
•, Maiy of, widow of the duke de Longueville, marries James V. of
Scotland, iii. 259. Death of her husband, 281. Is brought to bed of the
princess Maiy, 281. Attaches herself to Cardinal Beaton, to oppose the
pretensions of the earl of Arrau, 282. Goes to France to solicit assist-
ance against the earl of Arran, 439. Her conversation with Edward
VI. in her return through England, about his marriage with her daughter
440. Obtains from Arran a resignation of his office as regent of Scot-
land, 440. Is attended by D'Oisel, a Frenchman, to assist her in the ad-
ministration, 441. Gains the good will of the Scots by her prudent con
duct, 441. Endeavors to engage the Scots to take part in the quarrel
with France against England, 441. Her daughter, the young Ciueen
Mary, married to the dauphin of France, 442. Protects the English
reformers, who fled from the persecutions of Queen Mary, iv. 16. Is
petitioned by the association of reformers, called the Congregation of the
Lord, 19. Her motives for temporizing between the religious parties;
19. Is induced to a more rigorous conduct, by orders from France, 19
Assembles an army to suppress the Protestant riots, 20. Enters into at
Accommodation with the Congregation, 22. Is received into Perth, 22.
Improbable violence of expression charged upon 1 er, 22. Is forced to
retire, and fortify herself in Dunbar, 23. Remonstrates with the Con-
gregation, 21. Grants them a toleratiou, 24. Receives reenforcementt
(rem France, 24. Is deprived of the regency by ',he congregation, 2a.
Her death and character, 27.
id6 INDEX.
Gunilda, a Dai.ish princess, her death and prophecy, i. 101 .
Gunpowder, when invented, iii. 76.
plot, a history of, iv. 400. The conspiracy discovered, *i0
The conspirators punished, 405.
Gurth, brother to King Harold, his advice to him on the Norman invasion,
i. 147. Killed at the battle of Hastings, ISO.
Gustavus, king of Sweden, his character, and exploits in Germany, v. 63.
Is killed at the battle of Lutzen, 64.
Guthrum, the Danish chief, and his army, baptized, i. 64.
Habeas corpus act passed, vi. 204. The personal securities afforded by tbn
statute, 204.
Haddington, taken by the duke of Somerset, and fortified, iii. 342. Is be-
sieged by the Scots and French, 342. Is dismantled, 359.
Haiuault, Jane, countess of, procures a truce between Edward III. of Eng
land aud Philip de Valois of France, ii. 205.
, Jaqueline, countess of, her character, and that of her husband, the
duke of Brabant, ii. 381. Leaves her husband, and puts herself under the
protection of the duke of Gloucester, 381. Enters into a precipitate mar-
riage with him, 382. Fatal consequences of this measure, 382. Her con-
tract with Gloucester, annulled by the pope, 383.
Hales, Sir James, refuses to sign the patent for the succession of Lady Jana
Gray, iii. 383. Is imprisoned for opposing Queen Mary's schemes, aud
kills himself, 392. _
, Sir Edward, is prosecuted on the test act with a view to establishing
the dispensing power in the king, vi. 306.
Halidown Hill, battle of, e^cween Edward III. aud Sir Archibald Douglas,
ii. 190.
Halifax, marquis of, his character, vi. 255. His motive for endeavoring a
reconciliation between the duke of Monmouth and the king, 275. His
reception by King James on his accession, 287. The privy seal taken
from him, 311. Is chosen speaker of the house of peers, on the king's
flight, 350.
Hambden, John, attempts to go over to America, but is prevented, v. 85.
Is tried by all the judges in Eugland for refusing to pay ship money, 89.
The consequences of this trial, 91. His sentence cancelled, 139. Is ap-
pointed one of the committee to attend the king to Scotland, 172. Is
impeached by the king, 206. Is killed in a skirmish with the royalists,
247. His character, 247.
, John, grandson of the former, enters into the duke of Monmouth's
conspiracy, vi. 26.3. Is tried and fined for misdemeanor only, 272. Joins
in the invitation to the prince of Orange, 336.
Hamilton, Patrick, controverts the Popish doctrines in a conference at St.
Andrews, iii. 268. Is burnt, 269.
, primate of Scotland, tries and condemns Walter Mill, the re-
former, to the flames for heresy, iv. 18. Extraordinary zeal of the people
of St. Andrews against this act of cruelty, 18.
, marquis of, is sent by Charles I. to treat with the Scots Covenant-
ers, v. 101. His fruitless attempts at a compromise, 102. Is sent with a
fleet and army against the Covenanters, 108. Is created a duke, 300.
His conduct with regard to Montrose, 300. His sincerity in the king's
cause, how rendered problematical, 301. Is imprisoned by the king, 302.
Recovers his liberty, and raises a Scots army in the king's favor, 356.
Enters England, 364. Is defeated and taken prisoner by Cromwell, 364.
Is tried as earl of Cambridge, aud executed, 383.
-, Duke, becomes head of a party formed against the duko of
Lauderdale, and applies to the king, vi. 164. Again represents the op
pressions exercised by Lauderdale, to the king, 169.
Hammond, governor of the Isle of Wight, receives Charles I. into Cans-
broke Castle, v. 349. Is ordered to confine the king closely, 354.
Hampton Court Palace, built bv Cardinal Wdliwy, and presented by him
INDEX. 457
to Henry VIII., iii. 154. The conferences concerning Mary, queen of
Scots, adjourned thither from York, iv. 107. A conference of divines
summoned there by James I., to debate on points of faith and religious
discipline, 385. The subjects disputed, 386. The issue of this confer-
ence, 387.
Hanse towns, the privileges of the inhabitants of, annulled, iii. 371. Dis-
putes between the merchants of, and Queen Elizabeth, iv. 366.
Harcla, Sir Andrew, defeats Thomas, earl of Lancaster, at Borough bridge,
ii. 159. Is made earl of Carlisle, 160. Is executed for a treasonable cor
respondence with the Scots, 160.
Harcourt, Geoffrey d', his history, ii. 220. Persuades Edward III. of Eng
land to invade Normandy, 220. Is made mareschal of the English army
221.
Hardicanute, son of Canute, king of England, put in possession of Denmark,
i. 110. Obtains by treaty with his brother, Harold Harefoot, a part of
England, 120. Succeeds to the whole, 121. Loses the affections of his
subjects, 122. Dies of intemperance, 122.
Harfleur, besieged and taken by Henry V. of England, ii. 355.
Harlem, its vigorous defence against the Spaniards, and its inhabitants
massacred in revenge, iv. 166.
Harold, son of Earl Godwin, succeeds to Ms father's possessions, i. 129.
His contests with Algar, governor of East Anglia, 130. Obtains tno
dukedom of Northumberland for his brother Tosti, 131. Shipwrecked
on the coast of France, 134. Swears to William, duke of Normandy,
to renounce his own pretensions to the English crown, and forward
those of William, 135. Evades his oath, 135. Checks the depredations
of the Welsh, 136. Deserts his brother Tosti, recommends Morcar to
supersede him as duke of Northumberland, and marries Morcar's sister,
137. Makes open pretensions to the crown, 137. Succeeds quietly at
the death of Edward the Confessor, 138. Justifies himself to Duke
William's ambassadors, 139. Defeats Tosti with his Danish armament,
145. Disadvantages of this victory, 147. Disposition of his army the
morning of battle, 149. Battle of Hastings, 149. Killed by an arrow,
150. His body carried to Duke William, but restored, 151.
Harefoot, son of Canute, succeeds to the crown of England, i. 119.
Shares it by treaty with his younger brother Hardicanute, 120. His
body dug up and thrown into the Thames by Hardicanute, 121.
Harrington, a character of his Oceana, v. 531. His death, 532.
Harrison, Colonel, conducts Charles I., to London, in order to his tidal, v
370. Is appointed one of the king's judges, 371. Detains Fairfax in
prayer till the king is executed, 378. Becomes an enemy to Cromwell
on his usurping the supreme authority, and is deprived of his commission,
465. Is tried and executed, vi. 6.
Harvey, Dr., discovers the circulation of the blood, v. 532. Is exposed to
reproach for this signal discovery, and his practice diminished greatly on
that account, 532. His death, 532.
Hastings, battle of, between William, duke of Normandy, and Harold, king
of Hngland, i. 149.
, the Danish chief, ravages Kent, i. 66. B,outed by Alfred, and
departs, 68.
, Lord, not joining in the duke of Gloucester's schemes, is marked
by him for destruction, ii. 489. Extraordinary murder of, 491.
, Sir Edward, raises men for the lady Jane Gray, and carries them
t< the assistance of Queen Mary, iii. 388.
, Lady Anne, refuses to become empress of Muscovy, iv. 365.
Hatfield, a synod called there by Theodore, archbishop of Canterbury,
against the Monothelitcs, i. 50.
Hatton, Sir Christopher, his exhortation to Mary, queen of Scots, to sub-
mit to trial, iv. 224. Is made chancellor, trough no lawyer, 252.
liaukes, Thomas, burnt for heresy, iii. 422.
VOL. VI —IT
ms ij* i ex.
Havre de Grace is delivered up to Uueen Eli^als-Ui, by treaty with ll d
prince of Conde, iv. 53. The earl of Warwick takes the command of it,
55. Is besieged by the French, 60. The garrison infected by the plague,
61. Is surrendered by capitulation, 61.
Haxey, a member of parliament in the reign of Richard II., anecdote of, ii
523.
Haywaide, an author, incurs the resentment of Q.ueen Elizabeth, iv. 343
Is saved by the pleasantry of Sir Francis Bacon, 349.
Hazelrig, Sir Arthur, is prevented from transporting himself, with other
Puritans, to America, v. 85. Is impeached by the king, 206. Is named
one of the council of state after the king's execution, 388, n. Is created
a peer by the protector, but chooses to take his scat with the communH,
479. His character, 506.
Heath, archbishop of York, appointed chancellor on the death of Bishop
Gardiner, iii. 427. Notifies the death of Q,ueen Mary to the parliament,
iv. 1.
Hclie, lord of La Fleche, disturbs William Rufus in his Norman peseessiems
i. 235. Is besieged by William without success, 236.
de St. Saen, why made tutor to William, son of Robert, duke of
Normandy, i. 259. Carries his pupil to the court of the count of Anjoa
259.
Hengist and Horsa, Saxons and brothers, popular account of their de
scent, i. 14. Land with a body of Saxons in Britain, 15. Horsa killed,
16. Hengist subdues the Britons, 16. Calls over his brother Octa, and
founds the kingdom of Kent, 17. Is succeeded by his son Escus, 22.
See Kent.
Henrietta, princess of France, comas over to England, and is married to
Charles I., v. 1. Her French attendants dismissed by the instigation of
Buckingham, 28. Her character, 65. Obtains contributions from the
Catholics, to assist the king against the Scots Covenanters, 108. Is threat
ened by the commons with an impeachment, and prepares to fly, 2)4
Goes over to Holland, 216. Sends military stores over to the king, 224
Brings over a reinforcement to the king at Oxford, 247. Is impeached by
the commons, and retires to Exeter, 274. Flies to France, 315. Her dis
tressed situation there, 456. Visits her son en his restoration, vi. 8.
Henry, youngest son of William the conqueror, his future greatness pre-
dicted by his father, i. 216. Raises an insurrection in Normandy, 221.
Reduced by his brothers, 224. Seizes England on the death of William
Rufus, his brother, 242.
I., grants a charter of liberties, i. 240. Lodges a copy in every
county, 243. Disregards his promises, 244. Review of the charter, 24 4
Weds Matilda, daughter of Malcolm III., king of Scotland, 246. In-
vaded by his brother Robert. 247. Treaty between them, 24S. Severe
treatment of his barons, 249. Attacks Normandy, 250. His dispute
with the pope concerning investitures, 251. Sends three bishops to him,
253. The pope's insolent answer to, 254. Compromise between, 257.
Goes over to defend his Norman dominions, 259. His admonitions to
the English bishops sent by him to the council at Rheims, 260. Defeats
Lewis, king of France, 261. Loses his eldest son, William, 261. Marries
Adelais, daughter of Godfrey, duke of Lovaine, 263. Betroths his dan-li-
ter Matilda to Henry V., emperor of Germany, 262. Marries her aftej
wards to Geoffrey, son of Fulk, count of Anjou, 263. Review of his gov-
ernment, 263. Goes to Normandy to visit his daughter Matilda, 2Gfi.
Causes the nobility to swear fealty to her, 2G6. His death and character,
266. 267. Particulars of a charter given by him, granting to London the
privileges of a corporation, 268.
, , son nf the empress Matilda, and grandson of King Henry I., born.
i. 266. Brought over to England to assist his mother, 282. Is knighted
oy David, king of Scotland, 283. Invested with the duchy of Normandy,
884. Marries Eleanor, daughter of William, duke of Guienue, 284, His
INDEX. 459
succession to tlie crown of England confirmed by Stephen, 285. His con
tinental possessions at his accession, 288.
Henry II., the first acts of his government, i. 290. Goes over to qniet his
brother Geoffrey. 291. Punishes the incursions of the Welsh, 29tl.
Visits the king of France, and contracts his infant son Henry to Mar-
garet, daughter of France, 292. His acquisitions on the continent, 292
Compounds the personal service of his Norman vassals for money, 393
His wars in France, 294. Accommodates his differences with Lewis by
the pope's mediation, 295. Opposes the encroachments of the clergy,
295. His grateful remembrance of Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury,
296. Creates Thomas a Becket chancellor, 29(5. Instance of his familiar-
ity with him, 298. Makes him archbishop of Canterbury, 298. Provoked
by his arbitrary conduct, 300. Calls an assembly of the clergy, to ac-
knowledge a submission to the civil laws, 202. Determines to check tha
clerical usurpations, 303. Constitutions of Clarendon, 303. Applies to
the pope for a legatine commission, which is rendered abortive by tha
pope, 306. Procures Becket to be sued for some lands, 306. Calls a
council at Northampton, at which Becket is condemned for contempt,
307. Sequesters the revenues of Canterbury on Becket's flight, 312.
Inhibits all appeals to the pope, 312. Suspends the payment of Peter's
pence, 314. Endeavors at an alliance with the emperor Frederic Bar
barossa, 314. An accommodation prevented by the inflexibility of
Becket, 315. Obtains a dispensation for the marriage of his third son,
Geoffrey, with the heiress of Brittany, 315. Detaches Lewis from
Becket by his fair conduct, 317. Is reconciled to Becket, 317. Associates
his son Henry with him in the regal dignity, 318. His exclamations, on
hearing the continuance of Becket's arbitrary behavior, and the conse
quences, 321. His perplexity on the murder of Becket, 323. His sub
missions to the pope on the occasion, 324. Imposes a tax for the holy
war, 326. Goes on an expedition to Ireland, 327. Solicits a grant of thai
island from Rome, 329. How prevented from the immediate execution
of it, 330. Goes over to Ireland, and finds it already subdued by Strong
bow and his associates, 332. This conquest improperly secured, 333
Recalled from Ireland, by the menaces of the legates Albert and Theodin,
to answer at the inquiry into Becket's murder, 333. His concessions to
them on that occasion, 334. Receives absolution, 335. Review of his
present flourishing situation, 335. Assigns portions to his sons, 335.
His eldest son, Henry, revolts against him, 337 ; as do Geoffrey and
Richard, at the instigation of Queen Eleanor, 337. Confines his queen,
337. Appeals in vain to the pope against his sons, 337. Employs a
body of Brabancons, 333. Deceived by King Lewis of France, before
Verneuil, 340. Quells the disturbances in Brittany, 340. An ineffectual
conference with Lewis, 341. Kis conduct in this critical situation, 342.
Returns to quell the commotions in England, and does penance at
Becket's tomb, 343. Raises the siege of Rouen, 345. Makes peace with
his sons, 346. Exacts homage of William, king of Scotland, taken
prisoner by his forces, and of all the Scots nobles, for his crown, 346
Reforms the administration of justice in his dominions, 347. Demolishes
the new-erected castles of his nobility, 348. Provides for the defence of
the kingdom, 348. Punishes the murderers of Thomas a. Becket, 349.
Mediates a peace between Philip, king of France, and his family, 351.
His son Henry revolts again, but submits, 351. His grief for his sou
Henry's death, 352. His son Geoffrey rebels again, 352. Is guardian tc
Geoffrey's posthumous son, 353. Engages in a crusade, 354. Raises a
tenth of movables to carry it on, 354. War between him and Philip of
France, occasioned by another revolt of his son Richard, 355. Disad
vantageous peace, 357 His grief at finding John a party in Richard'
revolt, 357. Dies, 358. His character, 358. Miscellaneous transactions
in his reign, 359. Manners of his court, 359. His vigilance in correct-
ing disorders, 3G0. Instances of his reputation fir justice, 361 Com
IOC INDEX.
mutes personal service in war, 362. Remits Dan igelt, 3C2. His issue
363
Henry, eldest son of Henry II., contracted in his infancy to Margaret,
daughter of Prance, i. 2L>2. Associated with his father in the kingdom,
318. His repartee to las father at his coronation, 336. Is crowneo
again, together with his queen, Margaret, 336. Expense of their corona-
tion robes, 336, n. Revolts against his father, 337. Leagues with Lewis,
king of France, 339. Besieges Verneuil in conjunction with him, 340
Is reconciled to his father, 346. Revolts again, but submits, 331. Dies,
352.
— — III., his accession, ii. 2. Is crowned at Gloucester, 2. Swears
fealty, and does homage to the pope, 3. The earl of Pembroke chosen
protector during his minority, 3. Grants a new charter of liberties at
the instance of Pembroke, 3. Grants a renewal of the Great Charter,
in a parliament at Oxford, 10. Is declared by the pope of age for gov-
ernment, 12. Rochelle- taken from him by Lewis VIII. of France, 12
His contests with his brother Richard, earl of Cornwall, concerning the
restitution of a manor in that county, 12. His character, 13. Removes
Hubert de Burgh from offices, 14. Makes Peter, bishop of Winchester,
his chief minister, 1 5. His imprudent encouragement of the Poictevins, 15.
Combinations among the barons on this occasion, 15. His plea for not
observing the Great Charter, 16. Dismisses the bishop of Winchester
and his foreigners, at the menace of Edmond, the primate, 16. Marries
Eleanor, daughter of the count of P v ovence, 16. His bounties to her
relations, 17. Publishes the pope's sentence of excommunication against
the emperor Frederic, his brother-in-law, 17. His maternal half-brothers
come over to England to visit him, 18. Bestows riches and honors
upon them, 18. Disgusts among the people on these grants to foreigners,
18. Denied by parliament, he procures loans from the Londoners, 18.
Declares war against Lewis IX., and makes an unsuccessful expedition
to Guieune, 19. His remark on the wealth of the Londoners, 20. His
contests relating to the election of the archbishop of Canterbury, 20.
Complains to the council of Lyons of the possessions of Italian clergy
in England, 22. Is threatened with excommunication for opposing the
pope's claims, 22. Accepts the offer made by the pope of the kingdom
of Sicily, for his second son, Edmond, 23. The heavy debts he was
.nvolved in on this occasion, 25. Is refused aids to discharge them
by parliament, 24. The commotions among the clergy on account of the
levies for the crusade against Sicily, 25. Is threatened with excom-
munication for non-payment of the pope's demands, 25. His incapacity
for quieting the discontents of his barons, 26. The bold remonstrances of
his parliament to him, 27. Endeavors to prevail on them, under the vow
of a crusade, 28. His sarcastical reply to a deputation of prelates, 29.
Obtains a supply on a solemn confirmation of the Great Charter, 29.
His sister married to Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, 30. His dis-
putes with that nobleman, 30. His barons assemble in parliament,
dressed in armor, 32. How addressed by Roger Bigod, earl of Norfolk,
32. The sovereign authority vested in a council of twenty-four barons by
the parliament at Oxford, to redress grievances, 32. Is forced to banish
his maternal half-brothers, 34. Makes a treaty with Lewis IX. of France,
and cedes Normandy to him, 38. Applies to the pope, and obtains
absolution from his oath to observe the provisions of Oxford, 39. Hia
proceedings against the council in consequence of this absolution, 41.
Calls a parliament, which authorizes him to resume the epvernrnont, 41.
Refers the differences between him and Leicester to tin- determination
of Margaret of France, 41. Is applied to for protection by Lewellyu,
prince of Wales, against his rebellious son, Griffin, 42. Griffin delivered
up to I: j in by 1 lis elder brother, David, who does homage to him, 42.
Griffin's son Lewellyn succeeds, who renews the homage, 42. Lowellyn
invades the borders, 13. la reduced to comply agaii with the provisions of
INDEX. </0!
Oxford, 44. Is influenced by the barons' tailing Prince Edward prisoner,
45. His disputes with the barons referred to the arbitration of Lewis (it
France, 45. Lewis decides in his favor, 46. The barons refuse to abidd
by the decision, and take arms, 45. He raises an army against them.
47. Mutual hostilities, 47. Is defeated and taken prisoner in the battlu
of Lewes, 49. Stipulations between him and Leicester, 5-5. His narrow
escape from death at the battle of Eveshar.i, 57. Consequences of this
battle, £8. His lenity towai'ds the rebel barons* 59. His son Edward
engages in a crusade, GO. He calls him home again, 61. Dies, f 1. Ilia
character, 61. His piety, 62. His children, 62. Laws enacted during
his reign, 62. State of commerce in his reign, 64. The high interest of
money, 65. Extortions practised upon the Jews by him, 65. Bad inter-
nal police of the country in his reign, 66. Excuse made by the officers of
his household for their robberies, 67.
Henry IV. See Hereford and Lancaster. Remarks on his title to the
crown, ii. 326. Tumultuous behavior in the parliament, 327. Quells an
insurrection of the degraded lords, 323. Attaches himself to the church,
and passes a law condemning heretics to the flames, 329. The first exe-
cution of this kind in England, 329. Truce with France renewed, 330.
Insurrection in Wales, 330. Marches against the Scots, and seizes Ed-
inburgh, 331. Defeats and kills young Piercy at Shrewsbury, 334. Exe-
cutes the rebellious archbishop of York, 336. Takes Prince James of
Scotland prisoner, and educates him in England, 337. Fomeuts divisions
in France, 337. Parliamentary transactions of this reign, 338. Conces-
sions made to the house of commons, 339. His difficulties in establishing
the succession of his family, 340. Attempts to adopt the salic law, but is
opposed by the commons, 340. Advised by the commons to seize on the
temporalities of the church, 341. His death, 342. His character, 342.
His marriages and children, 343. Cutting out any person's tongue, or
putting out his eyes, made felony by an act of the fifth of his reign, 343
State of commerce during his reign, 343. Annual expense of his house-
hold, 344.
* V., eldest son and successor to Henry IV., the cause of his youth-
ful extravagances pointed out, ii. 345. His sudden reformation on his
accession, 346. His regard to the friends and memory of Richard II.,
347. Averse to the prosecution of Lord Cobham, 348. Confers with him,
348. Cobham plots against him, is seized and executed, 349. His largo
demands on France, 353. Detects the conspiracy of the earl of Cam-
bridge, Lord Scrope, and Sir Thomas Grey, 354. The conspirators
executed, 354. Invades France, and seizes Harfleur, 355. Battle of
Aziucour, 356. Compared with those of Cressy and Poicticrs, 357, 358
Invades France again, 361. Treaty with the queen and Burgundy, 362.
His progress in Normandy, 364. Treaty with the young duke of Bur-
gundy, 364. Articles of, 364. Reflections on this treaty, 365. Marries
the princess Catharine, 366. Returns to England for supplies, 366.
Carries the young Scots king to France with him, 367. His forces under
the duke of Clarence defeated by the Scots auxiliaries at Bauge, 367.
Takes Meaux, and other places, 368. His son, afterwards Henry VI.,
born, 368. Falls sick, and prepares for death, 368. The trusts he left
during the minority of his infant son, 369. Dies, 369. His character,
369. Miscellaneous transactions in 1 is reign, 371. His scanty revenues,
371.
■■ VI. comes to the crown an infant, the administration regulated by
parliament, ii. 374. His education committed by parliament to Henry
Beaufort, bishop of Winchester, 374. Crowned at Paris, 397. His char
acter on arriving at manhood, 409. Married to Margaret of Anjou, 410.
Normandy recovered by the French, 415. Guienne lost, 415. Preton
sions of the duke of York to the crown, 417. Dissipation of the royal
revenues during the minority, 420. His title to the crown, how defend-
ed. 426. How answered by the partisans of York, 427. List cf nobility
4t)2 INDEX.
who adhered to the Lancaster prince in possession, 429. Marches a«
army to oppose the duke of York, 430. The duke retires after a parley,
431. Unsuccessful attempt on the province of Gascony, 431. Princa
Edward bom, 432. His imbecility of mind increases, 432. Taken pris-
oner by the duke of York at the battle of St. Albans, 433. Reiustatec 1
in his regal authority, 434. A formal reconciliation between the partisans
of York and Lancaster, 435. Taken prisoner at Northampton, 437. The
duke of York's right of succession determined by the lords, 433. Is retaken
by Queen Margaret at the battle of St. Albans, 441. Deposed by the elec-
tion of Edward IV., 442. Reflections on this event, 442. Miscellaneous
transactions of his reign, 442. Retires to Scotland after the defeat at
Touton, 447. Act of forfeiture and attainder passed against him, 449.
Receives assistance from Lewis XI. of France, 450. Imprisoned in the
Tower, 452. Restored by the earl of Warwick, 465. Again in the power
of Edward, 469. His death, 471.
Henry VII., his accession, iii. 1. Accepts Richard III.'s crown, fonnd in
Bosworth field, 1. His title to the crown of England, 1. His impolitic
prejudices against the house of York, 4. Commits the young earl of
Warwick to the Tower, 5. His joyful reception in his journey to Lon-
don, 5. Renews his promise of marriage with the princess Elizabeth, 6.
Defers it till after his coronation, 6. His coronation, 7. Creation of
f>eers, 7. Institution of yeomen of the guard, 7. His prior attainder,
low qualified, 8. His cautious entail of the crown, 8. Procures a papal
sanction of his right to the crown, 9. Attainders of the York party, 9.
Reflections on, 9. The duties of tonnage and poundage granted him
for life, 10. Proclaims a pardon to those who took arms against him, on
surrender, 10. Titles of nobility conferred by him, 10. His choice of
ministers, 10. Married to the princess Elizabeth, daughter of Edward
IV., 11. Makes a progress into the north, 12. Disperses an insurrec-
tion at Worcester, 12. Birth of Prince Arthur, 12. His government
unpopular, 13. Revolt of Ireland under Lambert Simnel, 15. Musters
troops against him, 18. Defeats the earl of Lincoln, Simnel's general,
at Stoke, 18. Entertains Simnel as a scullion, 18. His rigorous prose-
cution of Simnel's partisans, 19. Crowns his queen, 19. State of Ibreign
affairs at this period, 20. Makes a truce for seven years with the Scots,
20. His politic motives for Dot assisting die French in their designs od
Brittany, 25. His offers of mediation, how answered by the duke of
Brittany, 26. Obtains a supply from parliament to assist Brittany, 23.
Insurrection in the north on levying it, 28. Suppressed, 29. Send3
Lord Willoughby de Broke to Brittany, 30. His vexation on the mar-
riage of Charles of France with the duchess of Brittany, 33. Levies a
benevolence on his people, 33. Promises his parliament to claim the
crown of France, 34. Carries over an army to France, 35. Makes peace
with France, 36. Causes the murder of Edward V. and the duke oi
York to be ascertained, on account of Perkin Warbec's imposture, 41
His policy in searching into the conspiracy, 41. Gains over Sir Robert
Clifford, to betray Perkin's secrets, 41. Publishes Parkin's secret his-
tory, 42. Remonstrates to the archduke on the occasion, and prohibits
all commerce with the Low Countries, 42. Executes some of Perkin
Warbec's secret adherents, 42. Detects and executes Sir William Stan-
ley, 43. Oppresses his people by arbitrary fines, 44. Caresses law-
yers, and curbs his nobility, 45. Passes a law to indemnify all who act
under the authority of the king for the time being, 46. Sends Sir
Edward Poyninea over to reduce the malccoutents in Ireland, 46. Poy-
nings' memorable statute, 46. Leagues with the Italian states against
France, 47. Obtains a subsidy from parliament, 50. Insurrection in
Cornwall on occasion of levying it, 51. His prudent disposition to
oppose the Cornish insurgents, 52. Defeats them at Blackheath, 53.
Employs Hialas, Ferdinand's ambassador, to negotiate a truce witb
Scotland, 54. Concludes a treaty of commerce with tho Flemings, 55
indkx. 40^
Perkin Warbec iands In Cornwall, aud besieges Exeter, 56. Tho siegt
raised, and Pei kin's followers disperse, 56. His generous treatment of
Pei kin's wife, 57. Conducts Perkin in mock triumph to London, 57
Publishes Perkin's confession, 57. Executes the young earl of Warwick
for concerting an escape with Perkin Warbec, 59. Reflections on this
execution, 59. His excuse for it, 59. His interview with the archduke
Philip at Calais, 59. The pope sends a nuncio to engage him in a cru-
sade against the Turks, 60. Makes a conditional promise to attend
him, 6u. Is chosen protector of the knights of Rhodes, 60. Marries
Arthur, prince of Wales, to Catharine of Arragon, 60. The prince dies,
60. Marries her to his second son, Henry, 61. Marries his eldest
daughter, Margaret, to James IV. of Scotland, 61. His remark on this
connection, 61. Death of his queen, 61. His present situation, 61.
His avarice, and oppression of his people by bis two ministers, Empson
and Dudley, 62. Their modes of extortion, 62. His great wealth
acquired by these means, 63. His political attention to the state of
Europe, 6-1. Is visited by Philip, king of Castile, forced by a storm on
the coast of England, 65. The advantage he took of this occurrence to
i.btain possession of the earl of Suffolk, whom Philip protected, 66.
Commits Suffolk to the Tower, 66. Alliances his daughter Mary to
Charles, archduke of Austria, 67. His remorse for hia oppressions, and
his deeds of atonement, 67. Yet continues his extortions, 67. His
death and character, 67. More absolute in his conduct than any former
king, 68. The people's submission accounted for, 69. His laws calcu-
lated for the good of the nation, 69. Star chamber, the authority ofj
established in this reign, 69. Suits in forma pauperis first given, 70.
Benefit of clergy abridged, 70. Passed frequent laws against retainers.
70. Anecdote of his behavior to the earl of Oxford on account of, 71
Empowers his nobility and gentry to break the ancient entails of estates,
72. Depresses old families, and caresses new ones, 72. Commerce
rather hurt than advanced by some of his laws, 72. Instances, 72. Re-
marks on the comparative prices of commodities and labor at that time,
73. Review of other commercial regulations, 74. America, and the
new passage to the East Indies, discovered in this reign, 75. Great
alterations in the European nations in consequence of these extraordi-
nary events, 75. How he lost the honor of the first discovery of Amer-
ica, 76. Sebastian Cabot sent out by him on discoveries in America, 76.
Newfoundland discovered by Cabot, 76. The first ship of the royal
navy, called the Great Harry, built by Henry, 76. Circumstances which
tended to the promotion of literature about this time, 76. The nation
rejoiced at his death, 78. His dying injunction to his son, to protest
against his marriage with Catharine of Arragon, 163.
'lenry, second son of Henry VII., created Prince of Wales on the death
of his brother Arthur, iii., 61. Forced by his father into a marriage with
Catharine of Arragon, Arthur's widow, 61.
• VIII., the general satisfaction of the people at his accession, iii. 78
His personal qualifications, 78; How he acquired a literary education,
78. His choice of ministers, 79. His taste for gayety and pleasure
encouraged by the earl of Surrey, 79. Dissipates his father's treasures,
80. Music and literature his favorite pursuits, 80. Thomas Aquinas
his favorite author, 80. Punishes the instruments of his father's
oppressions, 80. Motives to the consummation of his marriage with
.Vthariue of Arragon, 82. Takes part with Pope Julius II. against
France, 86. Supplies granted by parliament for a war with France, 86.
Deluded by Ferdinand of Spain into a fruitless expedition to Guiei nc,
to facilitate his conquest of Navarre, 87. A naval engagement betw ;en
Sir Thomas Knevet and the French, 89. A poll-tax to carry on the var
against France, the proportions how rated, 90. Receives a vessel of
provisions, a present from the pope, 90. Disputes with Scotland, 91
Concludes an alliance with Maximilicn and Ferdinand against Franca
504 INEEX
J2. Wolsey introduced to him by Fox, bishop o Winchester, 'J.I Th«
maxims inculcated by Wolsey, 93. Admits him to his privy council, 9-S
liaises an army and fleet against France, 94. Invades France in person,
96. The emperor Maximilian serves under him, and receives pay, 97
Besieges Terouane, 97. Defeats the French at the battle of Spurs, 9S
Terouane capitulates, 98. Takes Tournay, 99. Makes Wolsey bishop
of Tournay, 99. Returns to England, 99. Defeats the Scots at Flod-
den, 101. Makes peace with Scotland, 102. Enraged at Ferdinand's
alliance with France, 103. Peace with France negotiated by the duke
of Longueville, 104. Terms of the treaty, 104. The princess Mary,
Henry's sister, married to Lewis, who dies quickly after, 105. His dis
gusts against Francis I. of France, 113. Is persuaded by Wolsey to
deliver up Tournay, 116. Forms pretensions to the empire, but is too late,
119. His political advantages lessened by the defects of his temper, 221,
Is visited by the emperor Charles V., 122. Goes over to Ardres to visit
Francis, by Wolsey's persuasion, who regulates the ceremonial of their
meeting, 122. Instance of his delicacy towards Francis, 123. His return
of Francis's familiarity and confidence, 123. Grand tournament held
by them, 124. Visits the emperor, and Margaret of Savoy, at Grave-
lines, 124. His endeavors to mediate a peace between the emperor and
Francis, frustrated, 125. An alliance concluded by Wolsey between him
and the emperor, with the pope, against Francis, 126. Trial and execu-
tion of the duke of Buckingham, 126. Writes against the opinions of
Luther, the reformer, 133. Receives the title of Defender of the Faith
from the pope, 133. Is sharply answered by Luther, 133. Is again vis-
ited by the emperor Charles, whom he installs a knight of the garter, 136.
Declares war against France, 136. Operations against Scotland, 138.
His father's treasure being dissipated, imposes arbitrary taxes, 140.
Summons a parliament, 141. Levies the grants before the stipulated
time, 142. His arbitrary behavior to Edward Montague, a member of
the house of commons, 456. Sends a force under the duke of Suffolk
to invade Picardy, 144. A new treaty between him and the emperor
for the invasion of France, 147. Resolves to assist Louise, the regent
of France, on the captivity of Francis, 150. Sends Tonstal, bishop of
London, ambassador to the emperor, 151. Levies taxes, by Wolsey's
advice, without his parliament, 152. Discontents of the people on this
exertion of the prerogative, 152. Wolsey makes him a present of
Hampton Court Palace, 154. Joins the holy league against the empe
ror, 158. His treaties with Francis, 159. Declares, with France, war
against the emperor, 161. Account of his scruples with regard to his
marriage with Catharine of Arragon, 163. Consults his prelates, who
confirm his scruples concerning his marriage, 165. Becomes enamored
with the lady Anne Boleyn, 165. Applies to the pope for a divorce, 166.
The motives of the pope's hesitation in that affair, 167. Lays the pope's
conduct before his ministers, and their advice thereupon, 168. The
cardinals Wolsey and Campeggio appointed by the pope to try his
marriage, 170. The trial opened, 172. The court abruptly prorogued
by Campeggio, 174. Deprives Wolsey of the great seal, 176. Orders
Wolsey to depart from York Place, and confiscates his movables there,
176. Orders him to be prosecuted in the star chamber, 177. Pardons
him, 178. The commons grant him 'a discharge of his debts, 179. Sends
Francis I. of France a generous acquittal of a debt owing to him, 180.
A view of his inducements to break off all connections with the court of
Rome, 181. The first introduction of Dr. Cranmer to him, 182. En-
gages Cranmer to write in favor of his divorce, 182. An examination
into the general question of marriage within allinity, with reference to
this case, 133. He obtains the decision of many universities in favor of
his divorce, 184. Engages his nobility to write to the ptpe i Q tue samo
cause, 184. Refuses the pope's summons to appear at Rome, 184. Ii
noncerued at Wolsey'3 death, 136. Persecutes his clergy or the statute
INDEX. 488
of f/roviaors, which s compounded with him by the convocation, ISfi
The convocation acknowledges his supremacy, with an artful reserva
tion, 187. Issues a pardon to the laity from the statute of pro visors, 167,
Passes an act against levying annates, 187. The commons reject a bill to
secure his right of wardships, etc., and his conduct thereupon, 188. Ex-
plains his scruples about his marriage, to Sir Thomas Audley, speaker of
the house of commons, 189. His interview with Francis at Boulogne, 1%
Celebrates his marriage with Anne Boleyn, 190. Passes an act against
all appeals to Home, on suits cognizable in ecclesiastical courts, 191.
Publishes his marriage with Anne Boleyn, 191. His marriage with
Catharine declared invalid by Archbishop Cranmer, 192. Birth of the
princess Elizabeth, 192. Creates her princess of Wales, 192. Degrades
Catharine to the quality of princess dowager of Wales, 192. Accident
which produced his final breach with the pope, 191. The papal authority
excluded from the regulation of monasteries, and election of bishops, by
parliament, 195. The succession to the crown regulated by parliament,
196. Is declared supreme head of the church, by parliament, 197. Was
the most absolute prince in Europe, 202. His hatred towards the reform-
ers accounted for, 203. His courtiers, how disposed with regard to the
reformation, '203. His passions made use of by both parties, 204. Is
abused personally by Friar Peyto from the pulpit, 207. Orders Dr. Cor-
ren to preach before him, who justifies him, 208. Detects and punishes
the holy maid of Kent, and her associates, 209. Fisher, bishop of Roch
ester, executed for denying his supremacy, 211. Trial and execution of
Sir Thomas More, 211. The court of Rome enraged against him on
account of these executions, 212. Is desirous of a reconciliation with
Pope Paul III, 213. Is excommunicated by the pope, 213. Renews his
friendship with Francis, and proposes marrying the princess Elizabeth
to the duke of Angouleme, 213. Remits money to the German Protest-
ants, 213. Invites over the principal German divines, 214. Death of
Catharine of Arragon, and her dying letter to him, 214. His reply to
the emperor's advances towards an accommodation, 215. Is disgusted
with Francis for marrying his daughter to James V. of Scotland, 217.
Appoints Cromwell his vicar-general, 218. A visitation of the monas-
teries, 218. Many monasteries surrender their revenues, 219. Their
doors opened, 219. The lesser monasteries suppressed by parliament,
220. Becomes jealous of dueen Anne, 223. His jealousy strengthened
by the calumnies of the viscountess of Rocheford, 224. Becomes enan>
ored with the lady Jane Seymour, 224. Orders the queen, and some ol
her attendants, to be confined, 225. The queen's letter to him, 226
Trial of the queen, 226. Marries the lady Jane Seymour the next day
after Anne Boleyn's execution, 229. Receives the princess Mary into
favor on her compliance with the acknowledgment of his supremacy, 229.
The princesses Mary and Elizabeth illegitimated by parliament, 230.
Articles of faith framed by convocation, and corrected by him, 232.
Remarks on his skill in conducting the alterations in religion, 233.
Discontents excited among the people by the dispersed monks, 234. An
insurrection against him, headed by Dr. Mackrel, 235. Prevails on the
insurgents to desert their chief, who is executed, 236. An insurrection,
termed the Pilgrimage of Grace, raised in the north, by Mr. Aske, 236.
His manifesto against them, 238. The insurrection suppressed by thti
duke of Norfolk, 239. Prince Edward born, and the death of the queen,
239. Negotiates with the German Protestants, but without effect, 240.
Allows only single copies of the Bible to be chained in some churches,
with restrictions as to the reading of it, 240. Suppresses the greater
monasteries, 211. Pillages the shrine of Thomas u. Becket, and burns
Ms bones, 244. Makes liberal grants of the revenues of the religious
houses, 245. Erects six new bishoprics, Westminster, Oxford, Peter-
borough, Bristol, Chester, and Gl'n'icest.ei - , 245. The rage expressed
Pytunst hiui by lbs court of Rome, oz, his suppression of the reiig'ous
41 00 INDEX,
houses, 24(3. Procures Cardinal Pole to be dismissed from his (esratina
charge in .Flanders, 248. Executes some noblemen who had entered
into a conspiracy with Pole, 248. Declares against the authority of the
council of Mantua, 249. Is obstinately attached to the doctrine of the
real presence, 250. Enters into a formal disputation with Lambert
concerning the eucharist, 251. Sentences Lambert to the stake, 252.
Passes the law of six articles, for abolishing diversity of opinions ia
religion, 253. The parliament grants the force of laws to his proclama-
tions, 255. Propounds a question to the judges respecting the power
of parliament in attainders, 256. The abbey lands confirmed to him by
parliament, 257. Grants a general possession of the Bible, 258. Solicits
the duchess dowager of Longueville in marriage, 258. Is refused by
Francis, on account of her previous contract to the king of Scotland,
258. Demands Anne of Cleves of her father, 260. Sees her privately,
and dislikes her, 260. Marries her, nevertheless, from political motives,
261. His disgust increases, 261. Complains to parliament of the diver-
sity of religions, 262. Creates Cromwell earl of Essex, and knight of
the garter, 262. Obtains of parliament a dissolution of the order of St
John of Jerusalem, or kuights of Malta, 262. Requires, and with diffi-
culty obtains, grants from parliament and convocation, 262. Fixes his
affections on the lady ' Catharine Howard, 263. Is influenced by the
duke of Norfolk to commit Cromwell to the Tower, 263. Cromwell's
moving letter to him, 264. Is divorced from Anne of Cleves, 265. Con-
cludes an alliance with the emperor, 266. Marries Catharine Howard,
266. Persecutes the reformers, 267. Makes a progress into the north,
268. Exhorts the king of Scotland to seize the church revenues, 270.
James evades a promised interview with him, 271. Is informed by
Cranmer of the queen's dissolute conduct, 272. The queen attainted,
with her associates, 273; and executed, 274. Dissolves divers colleges,
hospitals, and other foundations, and seizes their revenues, 274. Extorts
a surrender of chapter lands from divers bishops, 274. Ireland erected
into a kingdom, and added to his titles, 462. Mitigates the penalties
of the six articles, so far as regards the marriage of priests, 275. Ap-
points a commission to establish a religion for the nation, 275. Writes
and publishes his Institution of a Christian Man, 275. Publishes the
Erudition of a Christian Man, 276. Prohibits the lower classes of people
to read the Scriptures, 276. Reviews and alters the mass book, 277.
Suppresses the interludes in ridicule of the former superstitions, 27.7.
Publishes a manifesto, previous to his war with Scotland, 279. Sir Rob-
ert Bowes defeated by the Scots, 280. Battle of Solway, 280. Death of
James, 281. Proposes a marriage to the Scots nobles, between Prince
Edward and the infant queen of Scotland, 282. This marriage con-
tracted by treaty with the earl of Arran, 283. Is disgusted with Francis,
285. Leagues with the emperor against Francis, 286. Obedience to his
Erudition of a Christian Man enforced by parliament, 287. Marries
Catharine Par, 288. Influences parliament to restore the princesses
Mary and Elizabeth to their right of succession, dependent on his will,
290. His regal style settled, 290. Is released by parliament from his
debts, contracted by a general loan, 290. Requires new loans from his
people, and raises the value of specie, 291. Extorts a benevolence from
his people, 291. Invades Scotland and burns Edinburgh, 292. Conceits
«.n invasion of France with the emperor, 293. Passes over to France,
and leaves the queen regent, 293. Takes Boulogne, 294. Cbarlet
wakes a separate war with Francis, 294. Retains to England, 29 1.
Subsidies granted him by parliament and convocation, 297. Obtains a
jarliamentiiry grant of university revenues, which he declines, 297.
The jrross flattery of parliament to him, 297. His speech on proroguing
it, 298. Sends the earl of Hertford with forces over to Calais, 298.
Makes pei.co with France and Scotlond, 299. His high encomium on
to» duke of Suffolk ttt his death, 300 Piotects Cranmer against the
INDEX. 4b/
cabals of his Catholic courtiers, 300. The queen's tender care of him
in his illness, 302. Orilers her to be impeached for heresy, 30.1. Hot
prudent caution in evading this danger, 303. Abuses Wriothesely, on
his coming to take the queen to the Tower, 304. Commits the duke of
Norfolk and earl of Surrey to the Tower, 306. Trial and execution of
Surrey, 30G. Expedites the proceedings against Norfolk, 307. Orders
him for execution, 307. Dies, 307. His behavior at his death, 307. Tiie
succession, how settled by his will, 307. Kis character, 308. The
number of parliaments summoned by him, 310. His rigorous and con-
tradictory statutes against heresy and treason, 310. A recapitulation
of his statutes, 311. His military laws. 311. Tonnage and poundage
arbitrarily levied by him, 312. State of commerce in this reign, 313.
His laws to restrain the decay of tillage, and throwing lands into pas-
turage, 317. His attention to the advancement of literature, 318. List
of the regency appointed by his will, during the minority of Edward VI..
320.
Henry, prince of Wales, eldest son of James I., his death and character, iv
425.
, bishop of Winchester. See Winchester.
II. cf France, his character, iii. 330. His conduct towards the Protes-
tant league in Germany, 330. Makes an ineffectual attempt on Boulogne,
359. His treaty with England for the surrender of Boulogne, 366.
Agrees to a marriage between his daughter Elizabeth and Edward VI.,
366. Invades Germany in favor of Maurice, elector of Saxony, 397.
The emperor repulsed from Metz, 397. Montmorency defeated at St
Quintin, 437. Calais taken, 439. Enquires the queen dowager of Scot
land to take part in his quarrel against England, 441. Concludes the
marriage between the dauphin and the young Queen Mary of Scotland,
442. Peace of Chateau Cambresis with Spain and England, iv. 12. So-
licits the excommunication of Queen Elizabeth, 15. Orders the dauphin
and his queen to assume the title and arms of England, 15. Is killed at
a tournament, 15.
III. of France, state of the kingdom on his accession, iv. 162.
Grants a peace to the Hugonots, 162. Declares himself as head of tho
Catholic league, but is suspected by both parties, 163. Loses the good
will of his subjects, 163. Sends a splendid embassy to Elizabeth, on the
intended marriage between her and his brother the duke of Anjou, 185.
Declares war against the Hugonots, 206. Is defeated by Henry of Na-
varre, 272. Is driven from Paris, 272. Orders the duke of Guise and his
brother to be assassinated, 272. Is assassinated himself, 273.
IV. of France, his accession, iv. 273. Receives aid from Queen
Elizabeth of England, to oppose the Catholic league, 273. Possesses
himself of the suburbs of Paris, 273. Battle of Yvree, 274. Is discon-
certed by the duke of Parma, 274. Receives fresh assistance from Eliz-
abeth, 274, 276. Motives of his changing his religion, 282. Renounces
the Protestant faith, 283. Declares war against Spain, 286. His repre-
sentations to his allies respecting peace with Spain, 296. Concludes a
separate peace, 297. He and Queen Elizabetr, unknown to each other,
entertain the same thoughts of establishing p new system of policy in
Europe, 331. His passionate admiration of the picture of Queen Eliza-
beth, 552. Concludes a treaty with James for the support of the United
Provinces, 382. Is assassinated by Ravaillac, 420.
IV., emperor of Germany, his dispntes with Tope Gregory VII
about the right of investitures, i. 206.
VI., emperor of Germany, obtains possession of Richard I. of Eng
land, arrested by the archduke Leopold, i. 382. His ignominious treat-
ment of him, 382. Produces and accuses him before the diet at Worms,
384. Richard's spirited answer, 384. Is threatened by the pope witli an
exi'ommunication for dstaining him, '155- Consents to release Richard on
a ransom, 385. Richard's narrow escape out of his hands, 386.
468 INDEX.
Heptarchy, Saxon, in Britain, establishment of, i. CO. See Kent, Northunj
berlaud, East Anglia, Mercia, Essex, Sussex, Wessex.
Herbert, attorney-general, impeaches, by the king's order, Lord Kimbol
ton, and the live commoners, v. 206. Is impeached by the commons foi
it, 214.
Hereford, Humphrey de Bohun, earl of, confederates with Leicester and
other barons against Edward I., ii. 31. Is a party in forming the pro-
visions of Oxford, 32. Is gained over by Prince Edward to the royal
cause, 45. Refuses to serve in the expedition against Gascony, and his
quarrel with the king on the occasion, 11-1. Refuses to attend the king
to Flanders, 114. A new constable appointed in his room for that ser-
vice, 114. He and the earl of Norfolk present a remonstrance to him at
his departure, 115. They obtain from parliament a confirmation of the
charters, and indemnity for themselves, which are confirmed by the king
abroad, 116. Joins in the confederacy of Thomas, earl of Lancaster,
against Piers Gavaston, 149.
, Henry, duke of, accuses the duke of Norfolk in parliament, in
Richard II. 's time, ii. 305. Duel between them stopped by the king, 306.
Banished for ten years, 306. Succeeds his father in the dukedom of Lan-
caster, 307. See Lancaster, and Henry IV.
Heresy, an act passed in the reign of Richard II., enjoining sheriffs tc
apprehend the preachers of, ii. 320. Repealed, 321. The repeal sup-
pressed by the clergy, 321. The law of the six articles for abolishing,
passed, iii. 253. See Articles.
, persons burnt for: William Saatrce, ii. 329 A Lollard, 342. James
Bainham, iii. 206. Thomas Bilney, 207. Lambert, 252. Four Dutch
Anabaptists, 252. Dr. Barnes, Jerome, and Gerard, 267. Abel, Fetker-
stone, and Powel, 267. Patrick Hamilton, in Scotland, 269. Anne
Ascue, Nicholas Iielenian, John Lasscls, and John Adams, 302. Wish-
art, the Scots reformer, 332. Joan Bochcr and Van Paris, 353. Rogers,
prebendary of St. Paul's, 419. Hooper, bishop of Gloucester, 420. San-
ders, 420. Taylor, parson of Hadley, 420. PhQpot, archdeacon of Win-
chester, 421. Ferrur, bishop of St. Davids, 421. Ridley, bishop of Lon»
don, and Laiimer of Worcester, 422. Hunter, an apprentice, 422.
Thomas Haukes, 422. A woman at Guernsey and her infant, 422. An
express commission issued more effectually to extirpate it, 424. A proc-
lamation rendering the possession of heretical books capital, 425. An
estimate of the number of poisons burnt, 425. Archbishop Cranmer
burnt, 434. Walter Mill in Scotland, iv. 18. Two Arians, by James L.
500. A madman, 501.
Heretics, old law for burning, repealed, vi. 372.
Hereward, an East Anglian nobleman, assembles his followers, and shel-
ters himself in the Isle of Ely, i. 192. Reduced by William the Con-
queror, and received into favor, 201.
Heriot, in the Anglo Saxon law, what, i. 173, n.
Herries, Lord, is sent by Mary, queen of Scots, then in England, to Eliza-
beth, to express her readiness to justify herself as to her husband's mur-
dor, iv. 101. His fluctuating conduct in this negotiation, 101. Is ap-
pointed by Mary one of the commissioners in this cause, 103. Refuses
to answer Murray's allegations against Mary, at Hampton Court, 107. Ha
and his associates break up the conference, 109. Elizabeth's reply to
them, 110.
Herrings, battle of, between Sir John Fastolffe and the count of Dunois,
ii. 387.
Hertford, earl of, son of the protector Somerset, is privately married to the
lady Cntharine Gray, iv. 47. Is with his lady committed to the Tower,
47. Is prosecuted in the star chamber, 47. Is released on his wife's
death, 47.
. , marquis of, anecdotes of his life, v. f,32. Is made governor ta
the prince, 233. Raises forces for the king, and is named general of
indea. 46
tne western counties, 233. Is sent witL Prince Maurice into the wes
245.
Hexham, battle of, between Moutacute, brother of the earl of Warwick, am
the Lancastrians, ii. 451.
Heyle, Sergeant, his extraordinary assertion of the legal prerogative in the
house of commons, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, iv. 555.
Hialas, Peter, sent ambassador from Ferdinand, king of Arragon, to Henry
VII., to negotiate a marriage between Prince Arthur and the infants.
Catharine, iii. 54. Negotiates a truce between Henry and James IV. of
Scotland, 54.
Hickes, Dr., his account of a Saxon sodalitiurn, or compact, i. 159.
High commission, or ecclesiastical commission, origin of that court, iv. 201.
Its great power, and arbitrary exertion of it, 202. Its powers extended
by the queen, 203, 346. The commons remonstrate against this court, 418.
One established in Scotland, 445. A review of the offences cognizable by
this court, 49G. Its authority moderated by James I., 497. Is abolished
in Scotland by the general assembly, v. 105. Is abolished in England by-
parliament, 170. Is revived by King James II., vi. 314.
Highlanders and Irish, the same people, i. 475. Came originally from tho
Irish, 475.
Highways, the first toll mentioned for repairing, ii. 274. The first genero)
law for the repair of, by parish duty, iii. 448.
Historians, monkish, a character of, i. 21.
History, ancient, causes of its uncertainty pointed out, i. 1, 14.
Hobbes, a character of his philosophy and politics, v. 531. His death, 531.
Hobby, Sir Philip, is employed by the protector Somerset to solicit on alli-
ance with the emperor Charles V., but faite, iii. 359. His account of his
negotiation, 360.
Holgate, archbishop of York, is imprisoned on the accession of Queen Mary,
iii. 392.
Holland. See Netherlands, and United Provinces.
Holliugshed, his account of the manner of living among the common people
just preceding his time, iii. 448. Curious remarks by him of the growth
of luxury, 4C4.
Hollis, forcibly detains the speaker of tho house of commons in his chair,
until a remonstrance is passed against tonnage and poundage, v. 59. His
sentence by the court of king's bench, 59. ~ Is impeached by the king,
206. Proposes the declaring the generals of the parliamentary army
traitors, 367. Is made a lord by Charles II., vi. 2. When ambassador at
Paris, endeavors to make the French take part with the English against
the Dutch, 42. Is sent ambassador to treat with the Dutch at Breda, 53.
Agrees to favor the intrigues of France, but refuses to accept a bribe,
157, n.
Holloway, a merchant of Bristol, is executed for the duke of Monmouth's
conspiracy, vi. 272.
Holmes, Sir Robert, his expedition against the Dutch settlements, vi. 38
Burns a fleet of Dutch ships in harbor, 49. His attempt on the Dutch
Smyrna fleet, 97.
Holy Land. See Crusades.
Homeldon, battle of, between the Piercies and the earl of Douglas, ii. 331.
Homilies, twelve, published to be read to the people, iii. 328. Bishop Gar-
diner's objections to them, 328. The slavish principles inculcated in them,
iv. 359.
Ronorius, Pope, his avaricious demands on the clergy, ii. 21.
Hooper, bishop of Gloucester, is imprisoned on the accession of Queen Mary,
iii. 392. Is cruelly burnt for heresy, 420. An account of hi3 scruples at
consecration, and the compromise he obtained, iv. 115.
Hops, the planting of, much increased in the reign of James I., iv. 516-
H op ton, Sir Italph, reduces Cornwall for Charles I., v. 213. Is defeated of
Torrinoton, 314.
170 INDEX.
Homi Hit\e, battle of, between the ear! of Manchester and the royalist*. ^
258.
Horses, forbid to be exported by Henry VII., iii. 73.
Hospitality, causes and effects of the decay of, in England, iv. 31 i.
Hotharn, Sir John, is, by the house of commons, made governoi of Hull, r
215. Refuses the king admittance into Hull, 222. Is detected in an iu
tcntion of giving up the place, and is, with his son, sent up to London and
executed, 257.
Hotspur. See Piercy.
Howard, Sir Edward, admiral, son of the earl of Surrey, destroys Barton, the
Scots pirate, iii. 91. Ravages the coast of France, 95. Is killed in an en-
gagement in Couquet harbor, 95. His idea of naval courage, 95, n.
•— , Lord, commands the main body of the English army at the battle
of Flodden, iii. 101. Created earl of Surrey, 102.
Lady Catharine, becomes the object of the affections of Henry
VIII., on his disgust against Anne of Cleves, iii. 263. Is married to
Heury, 266. Is accused to the king of incontinency, 272. Her confes
sion, 272. Is attainted by parliament, 273. Beheaded with the viscount-
ess of Rocheford, 274.
-, Lady Frances, is married to the earl of Essex, iv. 428. Receives
him, after his travels, with obstinate disgust, 429. Contracts a familiarity
with Carre, Viscount Rochester, 429. Procures the disgrace of Sir Thomas
Overbury, 430. Is divorced, and married to Carre, then earl of Somerset,
431. Procures Overbury to be poisoned, 431. Is found guilty of Overbu-
ry's death, 437. Is pardoned, 437. Dies in obscurity, 437.
Lord, one of the cabal of six, his evidence against Lord Russel, vi.
266. Gives evidence against Algernon Sidney ; and against Hambden,
272.
Hubert, archbishop of Canterbury, and chief justiciary, punishes Fitz-Osbert,
a licentious lawyer, i. 393. Assists John in his claim to the succession, on
Richard's death, 395. Summons a synod by his legatiue authority, 407.
Dies, 407.
, a servant of Earl Bothwell, is executed for the murder of Darnley,
and charges Queen Mary with being accessory to it, iv. 109.
— de Burgh, chief justiciary, is chosen joint protector of the realm
with the bishop of Winchester, on the death of the earl of Pembroke, ii.8.
Takes Rockingham Castle, on the earl of Albemarle's rebellion, 9. Exe-
cutes Constantine Fitz-Arnulf and his associates, for r rebellious riot in
London, 10. Obtains of the pope a bull, declaring Henry III. of age for
government, 11. His character, 13. His removal from the ministry, and
subsequent vicissitudes, 14.
Hudibras, the event on which that poem was founded, v. 520. Character o!
that performance, vi. 376.
Hudson's Bay Company, its charter, when first granted, vi. 370.
Hugonots, or French Protestants. See Conde; Coligny; Navarre, An
thony, king of; Guise; Medicis, Catharine de; Montmorency, etc.—
Battle of Dreux, iv. 55. Battle of St. Denis, and siege of Cbartres, 143.
The court agrees to an accommodation, 143. A scheme formed for seiz-
ing the prince of Conde and the admiral Coligny, 143. Battle of Jarnac,
and death of Conde, 143. Battle of Moncontour, 144. Charles marries
his sister to the prince of Navarre, 157. The queen of Navarre poisoned,
157. Massacre of Paris, 157. Are calumniated at foreign courts to pal-
liate these barbarities, 158. Take arms again, 161. Make peace with
Henry III., 162. The Catholic league formed against them by the dufco
of Guise, 163. War declared against them again, 206. Assistance sent
to the king of Navarre by Elizabeth, 271. The English ships sent
against Rochelle desert, v. 8. The Dutch assist the French in reducing
that town, 9. Rochelle reduced, 50. A toleration continued to them, 50.
Are persecuted and driven out of France, by the revocation of the edict of
Nantz. vi. 305.
INDEX. 471
Hull, a magazins formed there by the parliament, and Sir .Tolin Hotf.ani
appointed governor, v. 215. The king refused admittance into, 223.
Hume, Lord, procures the regency of Scotlaud to be conferred on the duke
of Albany, iii. 110. I3 traduced to the regent, 111. Makes war agaiusJ
the recent, and is put to death, 111.
— — — , Lord, joins a confederacy of Scots nobles, to protect Prince Jarnos
against the attempts of Bothwell, and to punish the murderers of Darn-
ley, iv. 91. Surrounds Mary and Bothwell iu Borthwick Castle, who escape
from him, 91.
-, Lord, signs a protestation against the liturgy in Scotland, v. 100.
Hunter, an apprentice, burnt for heresy, iii. 42
Husbandry, remarks on the regulations to promote it, enacted by Henry
VII., iii. 74.
Huss, John, burnt for heresy by the council of Constance, ii. 371.
Hyde, Sir Edward, is made chancellor, and created earl of Clarendon, vi. C
See Clarendon.
Icon Basilike, of Charles I., an inquiry into its authenticity, v. 384. A
character of the work, 385.
Ida, the Saxon prince, arrives in Britain, conquers Northumberland, and
founds the kingdom of Bernicia, i. 20.
Images, when they be.ian to be worshipped, i. 50.
Imprisonment, arbitrarily inflicted by officers of state during the reign of
Q.ueen Elizabeth, iv. 348, 354. See Petition of Right.
Ina, king of Wessex, his wise and glorious reign, i. 42. Bequeaths his
kingdom to Adelard, his queen's hrother, 43.
Incident, in Scotland, an account of, and its effects, v. 177.
Inclosures, observations on the law of Henry VII. against, iii. 74. An insur-
rection in Northamptonshire, for the destruction of, iv. 411.
Independents, rise and character of that party, v. 281. Is the first Christian
sect which admitted of toleration, 282. Adopt republican principles, 282.
Form a party iu parliament against the Presbyterians, 283. Reduce the
parliament under subjection to the army, 346. Affront the Scots coin
missioners on their departure, 355. Obtain the entire command of the
parliament, by the violent exclusion of the Presbyterian members by the
army, 368.
Indies. See East, and West.
Indulgence, the declaration of, published by King Charles II., vi. 2!). Re-
peated, 96. Recalled, 116. A general declaration of, published by James
II. 315. Is repeated, and ordered to be read in churches. 323.
Indulgences, from what motives the sale of them promoted by Pope Leo
X., iii. 131. The produce from, how applied by him, 131. Licentious
conduct of the venders of them, 132. The sale of, preached against by
Martin Luther. See Luther, and Reformation. Not productive of a total
dissolution of morality, 456. A large cargo of, taken on board two Spanish
ships, iv. 277.
Industry, inquiry into the causes of the low state of, in the time of Henry
VII., iii. 74.
Infantry, Swiss, their advantages over the heavy-armed cavalry in use at
the time of Henry VIII., iii. 96.
Innocent III., Pope, his character, and state of the papacy at his promotion,
i. 407. Levies a fortieth of ecclesiastical revenues for the relief of the
Holy Land, 407. His conduct on the double election of Reginald, and
John de Gray, to the see of Canterbury, 408. Sets both of them aside,
and appoints Cardinal Langton to be primate, 409. His mysterious pres-
ent to John, to pacify him, 410. Lays the kingdom under an interdict on
account of John's opposition, 412. Exeommunicutes the emperor Otho,
415. Publishes a crusade against the Albigenses, 415. Excommunicates
John, 415. Absolves John's subjects from their allegiance to him, 416.
Offers John's kingdom to Philip of France, 417. His private instructions
toPandolf, his legate to Philip, 418. Takes off his mterdict. 422. Incline?
£*- tNHEX.
to favor Jo!in against his barons, 426. Is applic.l to by John, coinplahiin^
of bis being forced to grunt the Great Charter by his barons, 434. Annula
the charter by a bull, 434.
innocent IV., Pope, calls a general council at Lyons, to excommunicato
the emperor Frederic, ii. 22. His claims of ecclesiastical revenues, 22
OiFers the kingdom of Sicily to Richard, earl of Cornwall, who refuse
it, 23.
Inoiosa, the Spanish ambassador, gives James I. a paper, discovering the
schemes of the duke of Buckingham, iv. 4S9.
Institution of a Christian Man, a treatise so called, wrote and published by
Henry VIIT., iii. 275.
Intercursus Magnus, or great treaty of commerce, concluded between Eng
land and the Flemings, iii. 55.
Interest of money, when first regulated by law, iii. 318. Declared illegal
by parliament, 375. The rates of, how limited in England and France,
in the time of Queen Elizabeth, iv. 369. The rates of, in the reign of
James I., 507.
Investitures, dispute between Pope Gregory VII. and the emperor Henry
rV. concerning, i. 206. Between Pope Pascal II. and Henry I. of
England, 252. Artifices of the popes to annex the privileges of, to the
papacy, 409.
Ireland, an expedition against, undertaken by Henry II., i. 327. State of,
at that time, 323. Its distinct sovereignties, 328. Granted to Henry
II. by Pope Adrian III., 329. See Dermot, Strongbow, and Fitz Ste-
phens. Improper conduct of the English with regard to, 333. Piers
Gavaston made lord lieutenant of, by Edward II., ii. 146. Is grievously
oppressed by the English, 154. Robert Bruce, king of Scotland, makes
an unsuccessful expedition to, 154. Annual expense of, to England, in
the reign of Henry V., 373. Attached to the house of York, iii. 15.
Revolts under the pretensions of Lambert Simnel, 15. Sir Edward
Poynings sent over to reduce the malecontents in that kingdom. 46.
His memorable statute, 46. Iueli'ectual attempts upon, by Perkin War-
bee, 49. Erected into a kingdom by parliament, 462. Is invaded by the
Spanish general San Josepho, iv. 179. The cruelty of Lord Gray on
reducing the invaders, 180. The imperfect dominion of England over,
302. Cruel treatment of the natives, 302. History of Shan Oneale, 304.
Account of the earl Thomond, 305. Tyrone rebels, 307. Defeat of the
Euglish under Sir Henry Bagnal, 307. The earl of Essex sent over, 308.
His ill success, 311. Treaty between Essex and Tyrone, 312. Essex
suddenly goes over to England, 313. The truce broke by Tyrone, 315
Tyrone driven into the morasses by Mountjoy, 316. The English troops
there paid with base money, 332. Is invaded by the Spaniards, 333
Tyrone and the Spaniards reduced, 334. Tyrone surrenders to the
deputy, 339. The civilization of, undertaken by James I., 421. An ex-
planation of the Brehon law, 422. Gavelkind and tanistry, 422. These
customs abolished, and the English laws introduced, 423. Colonies
planted in Ulster, on its falling to the crown by attainders, 423. The
plan of civilization continued by Charles I., v. 177. The English Prot-
estants there adopt the Puritanical opinions and popular pretensions
of the English house of commons, 178. The men raised by Straftbrd to
serve against the Scots, reduced, 179. Are withheld from entering the
Spanish service, 179. A conspiracy formed to expel the English, 1P0.
Massacre of the English in Ulster, 182. The rebellion and cruel treat
ment of the English extended through the other provinces, 185. TIkj
fugitives received in Dublin, 186. The English of the pale join the Irish
insurgents, 187. The rebels defeated in several encounters by Scoti
troops sent to suppress them, 263. The distressed state of the kingdom
by these devastations, 264. A cessation of arms concluded with the
retels by the king's order, 266. Glamorgan's treaty with the council of
Kilkenny, 318. A new rebellion excited by Bv"««ccini, th£ pone's nuncio-
INL'EX. 473
391. The nuncio is driven out of the islam], 392. The gatrisons reduced
for the king by Ormonil, .'(93. Cromwell is chosen lord lieutenant by tlm
council of state, 393. His rapid successes there, 397. Is reduced by
Ireton, 424. A view of the administration there, under the protectorate
of Oliver Cromwell, 471. The native Irish confined to Connaught, vi
92. Court of claims erected to restore confiscations and arrears to roy
alists, 73. An intended insurrection suppressed by Ormond, 73. Tha
cattle of prohibited from being imported to England, 74. Succession
of lords lieutenant, 245. Ormond sent over again, 245. Violent
measures of King James in favor of Popery, 312. Tyrconnel made lord
lieutenant, 312. The corporation charters annulled, and new ones
granted, subject to the king's will, 318. The offices of government
there filled with Catholics, 318.
Ireland, Father, tried and executed with Grove and Pickering, for the Popish
plot, vi. 192.
Ireton, son-in-law to Oliver Cromwell, is wounded and taken prisoner at
the battle of Naseby, v. 310. His character, 351. Proposes to Crom-
well a meeting to consider of settling the nation, and bringing the king
to a trial, 351. His speech in parliament against further treaty with the
king, 353. His cruelty on the taking of Colchester, 366. Is appointed
one of the judges to try the king, 371. Is left commander-in-chief in
Ireland by Cromwell, 410. His successes there, 424. Takes Limerir,
and dies of the plague, 424. His character, 424.
Isabella, daughter of the count of Angouleme, is taken by her father from
her husband, the count de la Marche, and married to King John, i. 397.
Her children by John, 439, 440. Marries the count de la Marche on
John's death, ii. 18. Her children by him sent to England to visit their
brother, Henry III., 18. Henry's bounty of riches ai^d honors to them,
18. They are banished, 34.
, daughter of Philip, king of France, contracted to Prince Edward
of England, ii. 120. Is married to him when king, 145. Her character,
and aversion to Piers Gavaston, 145. Is insulted, and some of her reti-
nue killed by Lord Badlesmere, 158. Goes to Paris to mediate between
her husband and her bi - other Charles the Fair, 161. Her expedient to
this end, 162. Becomes acquainted with Roger Mortimer, 162. Her
intimacy with him, 162. Engages in a conspiracy against the king, 1U3.
Affiances her son to the daughter of the count of Holland and Hainault,
164. Lands with an army in Suffolk, 164. Is joined by the barons, 161.
Her declaration, 164. The city of London declares for her, 164. She
calls a parliament, which deposes Edward, 166. Is confined, on the exe-
cution of Mortimer, 185.
, daughter of Charles VI. of France, married to Richard II. of Eng-
land, ii. 298. Returned to her father, 330.
-, queen of Castile, and wife of Ferdinand, king of Arragon, dies, iii
64. Her daughter Joan married to Philip, archduke of Austria. 64.
Italy, its defenceless state when invaded by Charles VIII. of France, iii.
47. View of Italian politics at that period, 47. League formed against
France, 47. The state of, at the accession of Henry VIII., 82. The
powers of, confederate with the emperor Charles V. against Francis I.,
king of France, 143. The French driven out of, 146. The confederate
states of, become jealous of the emperor, 147. They league with Francij
against him, 157. Character of the writers of, on the revival of learning,
iv. 522.
Jamaica, the Island of, taken from the Spaniards by Pen and Venables, v
462.
James I. of England, an examination into his pretensions to the crown
iv. 378. His succession admitted by Elizabeth, on her death-bed, 378
Forbids the resort of people to him on his journey to London, 379. Hii
profuse distribution of titles, 379. His partiality to his countrymen, 380
U^ceive3 embassies of congratulation, 381. Concludes a treaty with
174 INDEX.
.France, or the support of the United Provinces, 382. A coispirac}
against him detoctei, 383. Summons a conference of diiiiiea at {lamp
ton Court, on points of faith and religious discipline, 38"). Why avers*
to the Puritans, 38?. His behavior at the conference, 387. His reply,
when, solicited in favor of prophesyings, 337. Summons a parliament
388. Orders that no outlaw shall be chosen, 300. Orders the commons
to confer with the judges concerning the election of Sir Francis Good
win, an outlaw, 391. Compromises the affair with them, 392. His mis
taken notions of government and regal prerogative, 393. Calls in and
annuls all patents for monoplies, 394. Public-spirited attempts of the
commons, 395. Is desirous of a union between the two kingdoms, 396.
The commons backward in granting supplies to him, 396. Prorogues
the parliament, 397. Concludes a peace with Spain, 398. His eagerness
for a cessation of hostilities, 39?. Why ignorant of foreign politics, 399
Is strict in executing the penal laws against Papists, 400. History ol
the gunpowder conspiracy, 401. Receives obscure hints of it, 403. His
speech to parliament on this occasion, 406. His religions sentiments
explained, 407. Remarks on his speech in favor of the projected union
of the two kingdoms, 408. Assumes the style of king of Great Britain,
409. Checks the commons in an intended petition against Popish recu-
sants, and for lenity towards the Puritans, 410. Lays open his necessi-
ties to parliament, but is mortified with a refusal of suitable supplies,
413. Causes of the present poverty of the crown, 413. How induced
to arbitrary exertions of his prerogative, 415. A spirit discoverable
among the commons for reforming the constitution on free principles,
416. Owns proclamations not to be equal to laws, but pleads precedents
and utility for them, 417. Enters into a treaty for relinquishment of
wardships and purveyance, 419. His pleasant conceit on the occasion,
519, n. Procures Vorstius, an Arminian professor of divinity, to be
banished from the United Provinces, 421. How induced at length to
alter his opinion of the absolute decrees of God, 503. Founds a college
at Chelsea for the refutation of Papists and Puritans, 503. His plan for
the civilizing of Ireland, 421. Death and character of Henry, prince of
Wales, 425. Marries the princess Elizabeth to the elector palatine,
426. His rapid promotion of Robert Carre, a young Scots gentleman,
426. Undertakes his education, 427. Unites the families of Howard and
Devereux by marriage, 428. Is prevailed on to procure the divorce of
Lady Essex, 430. Creates Carre earl of Somerset, 431. Raises money
by the sale of titles, 432. Calls a parliament, 432. Dissolves it in anger,
and imprisons some of the members, 434. Instance of his indiscretion
in political conversation, 434. Young George Villiers introduced to
him, 435. Makes Villiers his cup-bearer, 436. Is informed of the secret
of Sir Thomas Overbury's death, 436. Orders a strict inquiry into the
affair, 436. Pardons Somerset and his lady, 437. His conduct in this
instance extenuated, 438. Creates Villiers duke of Buckingham, 438 ;
and lord high admiral, 438. Delivers up the cautionary towns to the
Dutch for money, 439. His motives to this composition explained, 439
Proposes to visit Scotland, 441. His former endeavors to establish epis-
copal authority in Scotland, 442. Proposes to the Scrts parliament a
law for the government of the church, to be vested in him and the bishops,
446. Is forced to drop the act, 446. Summons a meeting of the Scots
bishops and clergy at St. Andrews, 446. Is referred by them to a gen-
eral assembly, 416. Reluctance of the general assembly in admitting
the ceremonies enjoined by him, 446. Allows, by proclamation in Eng-
land, sports and exercises on the Sunday, 447. Releases Sir Walter Ra-
leigh, and grants permission for his expedition to Guiana, 448. Executes
Raleigh on his return, 452. Why he refused to acknowledge the elector
palatine a3 king of Bohemia, 456. The nation discontented at his m
activity in the elector's cause, 456. Obtains supplies from parliament,
458. His reply to the representation of grievances, 459. Fall of the
TNDKI. 475
Chancellor Bacon, 460. Prorogues the parliament, 461. Recalls his
patents for monopolies, and redresses grievances, 462. The commons
remonstrate to him in favor of the elector palatine, and against ths
Spanish match, 462. Reproves the house for this measure, 463. Thej
repeat their remonstrance, 464. His behavior to the committee who
present it, 464. Tears the protestation of the commons out of their
journals, 465. Dissolves the parliament, and punishes the leaders of the
opposition, 466. The remarks of both parties on these disputes between
him and the parliament, 467. Negotiates with the emperor in favor of the
elector palatine, 470. Persuades him to submission, 471. His want of
spirit ridiculed abroad, 471. His efforts to conclude the Spanish match,
472. His consent obtained for Prince Charles's journey to Spain, which
he repents afterwards, 476. Is bullied by Buckingham into compliance,
477. Concessions in favor of the Catholic religion made by him in the
marriage treaty, 479. Yields to Buckingham's opposition to the match,
482. Assents to Buckingham's insincere representation of the affair to
parliament, 484. Agrees to a war with Spain, 485. Endeavors to justify
the earl of Middlesex, impeached by the commons, 487. Begins to
estrange himself from Buckingham, 488. Receives intimations of Buck-
ingham's schemes from the Spanish ambassador, 489. Sends forces to
assist the Dutch against Spain, 490. Enters into a treaty for the marriage
of Charles with the princess Henrietta of France, 491. Undertakes the
recovery of the Palatinate, but to no purpose, 493. Dies, 493. His
character, 493. Character of his queen, 494. The number of peera
created by him, 495. His moderation in causes tried before the court
of high commission, 497. Two Arians burnt in this reign, 500. A review
of manners during this reign, 501. Discouraged the gentry living in
town, 505. Instance of his liberality, 508. His atteution to the navy.
513. His aversion to tobacco, 520. His character as a writer, 526. His
leason for expelling Toby Matthews from the house of commons, 559.
His notions of the regal power, from his book of the True Laws of Free
Monarchies, 561. Inquiry into his conduct in the case of Sir Walter
Raleigh, 562. Remarks on his administration in general, 565. Is ac-
knowledged by parliament to have allowed more freedom of debate than
any of his predecessors, 569. The general notions of the English govern-
ment at this time, 570. Testimony of the advantages derived from his
peaceable disposition, 572.
James II., his accession and first professions, vi. 285. Orders, by prociama
tion, a continuance of the customs and excise, 286. Goes publicly to mass,
286. Sends an agent to the pope, 286. His reception of the exclusionists,
287. His attachment to Mrs. Sedley, 288. Summons a parliament, 288.
His speech to parliament, on the subject of his revenue, 288. Receives
a grant of his revenue during life, 291. Monmouth's rebellion suppressed,
295. His undisguised and peremptory language to parliament, 302.
Prorogues, and after dissolves it, 304. Remarks on his imprudence with
respect to religion, 305. His resolute exertion of the dispensing power
306. Endeavors to establish it by the case of Sir Edward Hales, 306
Displaces four judges, 309. Brings four Popish lords into the privy coun-
cil, 310. His violent measures for the establishment of Popery in Ireland,
311. Revives the court of high commission, 314. Issues a declaration of
general indulgence, and suspends the penal laws against nonconformity,
315. Suspends all penal laws in ecclesiastical affairs, and. grants a gen-
eral liberty of conscience, 316. Pays court to the dissenters, 316. Sends
a solemn embassy to Rome, 319. Four Catholic bishops consecrated,
219. Dissolves the parliament, 320. Recommends a Benedictine to a
degree at Cambridge, 321. His contest with Magdalen College, 322.
Repeats his declaration of indulgence, and orders it to be read in churches,
323. Commits six bishops, 'with the primate, to the Tower, for petitioning
against the declaration of indulgence, 325. Orders Gilford, doctor of the
Sorbonne, to be elected president of the Magdalen College, 328. Birth
♦76 INDEX.
of the prince of Wales, 323. Applies to the prince of Orange for his cca
ourrence in liis schemes, 332. Shows his displeasure J.gainst the Dutch,
334. Is informed by Lewis XIV. of the prince of Orange's schemes, 333
Disavows Lewis's memorial to the states, in his favor, 340. His armj
ana navy become disaffected and mutinous, 340. Retracts his measures,
341. The prince of Orange lands at Torbay, 344. His chief officers and
soldiery desert him, 344. Is deserted by Prince George of Denmark, and
the princess Anne, 345. His consternation at his misfortunes, 346. Issues
writs for a new parliament, and sends commissioners to treat with the
prince of Orange, 347. Sends away the queen and prince, and flies, 349.
Is seized by the populace, and brought back to Loudon, 351. Embarks
for France, 352. His character, 352.
James, son of Robert, king of Scotland, afterwards James I., taken prisoner,
and educated by Henry IV. of Eng and, ii. 337. His father dies, 337.
Carried to France by Henry V., 367. Restored by the duke of Bedford,
378. Murdered. 378.
■ II. of Scotland, general view of his conduct, ii. 448. How killed.
448.
III. of Scotland, his character, iii. 20. Enters into a seven years
truce with Henry VII., 21. Murdered, 35.
IV. of Scotland succeeds, on the murder of his father, iii. 35. Receive!
Perkin Warbec, and marries him to a Scots lady, 49. Invades England
in conjunction with Perkin, 50. Makes a truce with Henry VII., and
sends Perkin away, 55. Marries Margaret, eldest daughter of Henry VII.,
61. Sends a fleet to assist the French against Henry VIII., 91. Ravaged
Northumberland, 100. Loses his time with Lady Ford, 100. Defeated
and supposed to be killed at the battle of Flodden, 101.
V. of Scotland, is withdrawn by his mother, Margaret, from the
power of the duke of Albany, regent of Scotland, iii. 111. Flies from
the power of the earl of Angus, 199. Takes the government into his own
hands, 200. Refuses to concur with his uncle Henry of England in
shaking off the yoke of Rome, 200. Assists Francis against the emperor,
216. Is married to Francis's daughter Magdalen, 217. Death of Oueen
Magdalen, 217. Is betrothed to the duchess dowager of Longueville,
whom Henry, notwithstanding, solicits in marriage, 258. She is sent to
Scotland, 259. Is persuaded by Henry to join him in his religious innova-
tions, 270. His clergy dissuade him, 270. Henry publishes a manifesto
against him, 279. Sir Robert Bowes defeated by the lords Hume and
Huntley, 280. Is disconcerted in his operations by the disaffection of his
nobility, 280. Removes Lord Maxwell, and appoints Oliver Sinclair gen
oral of this army, 280. Battle of Solway, 281. His death and character,
281.
, Prince, son of Mary, queen of Scotland, and her husband, Lord Darn-
ley, bora, iv. 76. Is protected, by an association of nobility, from the at-
tempts of Bothwell to get him into his power, 90. His mother forced to re-
sign the crown, 95. See the next article.
VI. of Scotland proclaimed and crowned, an infant, iv. 95. Hi
party openly espoused by Queen Elizabeth, 156, 160. The earl of Mor
ton resigns the regency to him, 177. Count d'Aubigney is sent by the
duke of Guise to detach him from the English interests, 178. Creates
D'Aubigney earl of Lenox, 178. Is seized, by an association of the
nobility, from out of the hands of Lenox and Arran, 190. Summons a
pailiament and convention of estates, 191. Receives an embassy from
Elizabeth, 191. Is induced to dissemble his resentment at his detention,
192. Makes his escape, and summons his friends to attend him, 195
Walaingham sent by Elizabeth to discover his true character, 19fi. Sum
mons a parliament, 196. "Writes a copy of verses in praise of Sir Philip
Bidney, 212. Escapes from the artifices of the English ambassador
Dr. Wotton, 214. Concludes a league with Elizabeth for their mutuai
defence, 214. Licentiousness of his clergy, 214. Rfmonstates to Q.u*en
INDEX. 47^
Elizabeth against the condemnation of his mother, 233. His behavior on
her executiou, 247. Prepares to assist Elizabeth against the Spanish in-
vasion, 2-37. Marries a daughter of Denmark, 270. Goes over to Norway
to fetch his bride, 270. Philip of Spair excites conspiracies against him,
284. Drives the Catholic lords, who combined against him, out of tha
kingdom, 285. Negotiates to insure his succession to England, 321.
Sends an embassy to Elizabeth on the suppression of Essex's insurrec-
tion, 330. Is acknowledged as heir to the English crown by Elizabeth,
341. See James I. of England.
Jane Gray, Lady. See Gray.
Jaqueline, countess of Hainault. See Hainault.
larnac, battle of, between the duke of Anjou and prince of Gonde, iv. 143.
/efferies, Lord Chief Justice, procures the conviction of Algernon Sidney, vi.
271. His cruelty towards those who had engaged in Monmouth's rebel-
lion, 298. Is rewarded with the chancellorship and a peerage, 300. Is
appointed one of the commissioners on the revival of the court of high
commission, 314, n. Declines in favor by his adherence to the Protestant
faith, 321. Is killed by the mob, 350.
Jephson, Colonel, makes a motion in parliament for giving Cromwell the
title of king, v. 472.
Jergeau, the earl of Suffolk besieged and taken prisoner there, ii. 394.
Jerome of Prague burnt for heresy by the council of Constance, ii. 371.
Jerusalem conquered by the Mahometan Arabs, i. 226. Mastered by tlio
Turks, 226. Their depredations on the Christian pilgrims to, the first rise
of crusades, 227. See Crusades. Taken by the crusaders, 240. Godfrey
of Bouillon made king of, 241.
Jesuits, the motives of the establishment of that order, iv. 182. Character
of, 183. Campion and Parsons sent into England, 183. Campion exe
cuted, 183. Five executed for the Popish plot, vi. 207.
lews, a character of that people, i. 366. How they came to practise usury,
366. Forbidden by an edict to appear at the coronation of Richard I.,
366. A massacre of, 366. The great oppressions exercised against them
under the Anglo-Norman kings, 469. A massacre and plunder of, encour-
aged by Fitz-Richard, mayor of London, ii. 44. Extortions practised upon
them during the reign of Henry III., 65. The pretences made use of to
oppress them, 65. Are accused of adulterating the coin, and cruelly used
by Edward I., 73. Banished by him, and robbed and persecuted at the
cinque-port towns, 74.
ban d'Arc, commonly called the Maid of Orleans, her history previous to
her public actions, ii. 388. Becomes inspired with a desire to assist
Charles VII., oppressed by the English, 389. Applies to the governor
of Vaucouleurs, who sends her to the king, 389. Offers to raise the siege
of Orleans, 390. Examined by the theologians and parliament, 390. In
trusted with the command of a convoy to supply Orleans, 39 L. Enters
Orleans with safety, 392. Another convoy enters unmolested, 392. Drives
the English from one of their posts, 392. Masters two others, 393. Wound-
ed, 393. The besiegers retire, 394. Takes Jergeau, whither the earl of
Suffolk had retired, by assault, 394. The probable share she had in these
enterprises, 395. Attends the coronation of Charles at Rheims, 39G.
General terror which the reports of her raised, 396. Inclines to return
home, but is detained by Dunois, 398. Goes to the assistance of Com-
peigne, and is taken prisoner, 398. Review of her conduct, 399. Tried
for sorcery, 399. Interrogatories put to her. 400. Condemned, 400. Re-
cants her pretensions to inspiration, 400. Burnt, 401.
» Jm, fourth son of King Henry II., his father's kind intentions in his
favor, i. 33G. Sent to reduce Ireland without effect, 350. His father's
grief on finding him a party in his brother Richard's revolt, 357. The
bounty of his brother Richard I. to him, 365. Marries Avisa, daughter
of the carl of Gloucester, 365. Summons a council at Reading, in hia
brother Richard's absence, to oppose the tyranny of Longcban p, bishop
178 indla.
of Ely, guardian of tlio realm, 377. Is seduced from his allesiance I*
che otters of Philip of France, 377. Abets Philip's invasion of Norn an
dy, 383. Claims the kingdom of England, as heir to his brother, whom
he reported to be dead, 383. Returns to France, and openly aeknow]
edges his alliance with Philip, 384. All his possessions in England for
feited on account of this treason. 387. The laconic letter sent him by
Philip on Richard's release, 387. His treacherous conduct to Philip
previous to his submitting to his brother, 388. Retrospect of his mens
ures to secure the succession, while his brother was absent in Palestine
394. His accession to the crown on Richard's death, 395. Concludes a
peace with Philip, 396. Procures a divorce from his wife, and espouses
Isabella, daughter of the count of Augouleme, who had been married to
the count de la Marche, 397. His nobles refuse to attend him to quell
the commotions in France, without a confirmation of their privileges,
397. But are intimidated by him, 397. Incenses the Norman barons
against him, 398. Violates bis engagements to Philip, 398. Takes
young Arthur, duke of Brittany, prisoner, with the count dc la Marehe,
and other Norman barons, 399. His conference with Arthur, 400. Kills
him, 401. Generally detested for this cruel act, 401. Is summoned be
fore Philip to answer for this murder, and, on non-appearance, sentenced
to forfeit alibis royalties in France, 401. Besieges Alencon, but oblige. 1
to abandon it by the address of Philip, 402. Resigns himself to a stupid
inactivity, 402. Flies over to England on the taking of Chateau Gaillard,
404. The possession of Normandy recovered by the French, 40."). Op
presses his barons for deserting him in Normandy, 405. Makes ineffect-
ual preparations for recovering Normandy, 406 Makes a disgraceful
expedition to Rochelle, 406. Remarks on the tendency of his behavior
406. His conduct on the clandestine election of Reginald to the see of
Canterbury, 408. Procures John de Gray, bishop of Norwich, to be
elected, 408. Appeals to the pope on the occasion, 408. His rage on
the pope's setting aside both competitors, and appointing Cardinal
Langton to the primacy, 410. Expels the monks of Christ Church, 411.
Is threatened with an interdict, 411. His opposition and incapacity to
support it, 411. The kingdom interdicted, and the immediate conse
queuces of it, 412. His retaliation, 412. His cruel treatment of Will
iam de Braouse's wife and son, 414. Is excommunicated, 415. His
treatment of Geoffrey, archdeacon of Norwich, 415. His bishops with
draw themselves out of the kingdom, 416. Is deserted by his nobility,
416. Proposes a conference with Langton, but his terms rejected by
him, 416. His subjects absolved from their allegiance to him, 416. His
kingdom ottered by the pope to Philip of France, who prepares an ar-
mament to take possession of it, 417. Assembles his vassals at Dover,
to oppose him, 417. Is prevailed on by the legate, Pandolf, to submit
to the pope, 418. Resigns his kingdom to the pope, 418. His mean
homage to Pandolf, 419. His cruel resentment to Peter of Pomfret,
419. Proposes an invasion of France, but is deserted by his barons, 421
His abject submissions to Langton, and the prelates who returned with
him, 422. The exorbitant claims of restitution by his clergy, 420. The
interdict taken off, 422. Makes a fruitless expedition to France, 423
His barons confederate for a renewal of their charter of liberties, 421.
Their formal demand thereof, 425. Yields the right of investitures to
his clergy to attach them to him, 425. Appeals to the pope against his
barons, 426. Refuses to grant their demands, 428. They commence
hostilities against, him, 428. He signs the Great Charter of English
liberties, 429. Makes further concessions to them, 432. Twenty-live
barons appointed Conservators of this charter, 433. Takes secret meas
ures to oppose his barons, and applies to the pope, 434. Receives forces
from abroad, with the pope's bull against the Croat Charter, 43 1, 4S5.
Besieges and takes the Castle of Rochester, 435. His cruel treatment
of the garrison, and devastation iu the open country, 435, 130 The
INDEX. 471
uarons' offer of tiie kingdom to Lewis, son of Philip of Fran;e, 4dv. la
deserted by mauy of the barons on the arrival of LewiB, 437. Dies, 438
His character, 438. His children, 439'. Granted the first charter to the
city of London, 440. His cruel extortion of money from a rich Jew,
li. 66.
John, king of France, son of Philip de Valois, puts the constable D'Eu tr
death, ii. 238. Seizes Charles, king cf Navarre, and imprisons him, 239
Is defeated and taken prisoner at Poictiers, by Prince Edward, 244. la
nobly treated by Edward, 245. Is carried to London, 246. Concludes 8
dishonorable treaty with Edward, which is disclaimed by the dauphin,
250. Recovers his liberty by the treaty of Bretigny, 253. Ratifies this
treaty at Calais, 253. Returns to England, and dies, 254.
, Don, of Austria, is appointed governor of the Low Countries, on tho
death of Requesens, iv. 168. Is forced to agree to the treaty called the
Pacification of Ghent, 168. Breaks this treaty, and seizes Namur, 169
Projects a marriage with Mary, queen of Scots, 16i>. Gains an advantage
over the Flemings at Gemblours, 170. Is poisoned, as supposed, by
Philip, 170.
■ III., duke of Brittany, marries his brother's daughter, as his heiress,
to Charles de Blois, ii. 212.
of Gaunt. See Lancaster
Jones, Colonel, contributes to the defeat of Charles I., at Chester, v. 314.
, Inigo, is prosecuted by the parliament for assisting in rebuilding
the cathedral of St. Paul, v. 527.
Jonson compared with Shakspeare as a dramatic writer, iv. 523.
Joseph, Michael, instigates an insurrection in Cornwall against Henry VII.,
iii. 51. Defeated and executed, 53.
Journals of the house of commons, when they first began to be regularly
kept, iv. 411.
Joyce, Cornet, seizes King Charles I. at Holdenby, and carries him to the
army, v. 335.
Judges, itinerant, why first appointed, i. 459. Their answer to the ques
tion propounded to them by Henry VIII. respecting attainders, iii. 256.
Patents given to them, during good behavior, by Charles I., v. 171. Four
displaced by James II., preparatory to trying the case of Sir Edward
Hales, vi. 309.
Judgment of God, in the Anglo-Saxon law, what, i. 172.
Julius II., Pope, his character, iii. 83. Joins in a league with the emperor,
and the kings of France and Spain, against the Venetians, 83. Declares
war against the duke of Fcrrara, 84. Interdicts the council of Pisa, 85.
The Swiss in his interest drive the French out of Milan, and reinstate
Maximilian Sforsa, 90. Dies, and is succeeded by Leo X., 90.
III., Pope, his joy at the return of England to its obedience to the
church of Rome, iii. 411. His commission to Cardinal Pole with respect
to church lands, 464.
Agricola. See Agricola.
Caesar. See Caesar.
Juries, origin of the appointment of, for judicial decisions, i. 72.
Jurisprudence, revival of the Roman, and its advantages over tnose modes
which preceded its revival, ii. 509. Why it did not become the municipal
law of England, 509.
Jurors, anciently punished by fine and imprisonment for finding a verdict
contrary to the direction of the judges, iv. 350.
Jury, a list of the Puritanical names of,- in the time of the commonwealth,
v. 443, n.
Justice of peace, the first institution of that office, ii. 137.
Justiciary, chief, that office when abolished, ii. K8.
Justinian's Pandects, the accidental finding of, how far advantageous Ui
the revival of civil policy, ii. 509. •■>
.lutes, where they settled in Britain, i. 17, n.
«80 INDEX.
fcufth is maito Klsirnii <n" London and hieh treasurer, v. 76. Resigns, 150.
Attends Charles 1 at his execution, 376.
Kendred, kiner o f Mercia, resigns his crown, and ends his days in penanco
at Rome, i. 37
Kenric, the Saxon, defeats the Britons, lighting against hia father, Cerdic,
i. 18.
Kent, history of the Saxon kingdom of, i. 22.
, earl of, brother to Edward II., engages with Queen Isabella in a
conspiracy against his brother, ii. 163. Pursues Edward to Bristol, 165.
Is insnared by the arts of Mortimer, condemned, and executed, 183.
— — , maid of. See Barton, Elizabeth.
Ket, a tanner, excites and heads an insurrection in Norfolk against enclo-
sures, iii. 358. Is defeated by Dudley, earl of Warwick, and executed,
358.
Kildare, earl of, made deputy of Ireland, under the duke of Richmond, iii
199. Is called over to answer for his conduct, and dies in prison, 199
His sou, with five uncles, executed for joining the Irish rebels, 199.
Kilkenny, council of, a cessation of arms concluded with, by the earl of
C^-mond, v. 266. Glamorgan's treaty with, 318. Concludes a peace witl
Ormond, and engages to assist the king, 390.
Kilsyth, battle of, between the earl of Montrose and the Covenanters, v. 315.
Kimboltou, Lord, take3 part with the commons in their disputes with
Charles I., v. 202. Is impeached by the king, 206.
King of England, a summary view of his power as a feudal prince, l. 446.
Naturally favored by the common people. 449. Heard causes often per-
sonally in his court, 458. All who act under the authority of him, for the
time being, indemnified from future attainder by statute, iii. 46. Obser-
vations on this law, 46. Extent of his power at the time of Henry VII.,
68.
Kirkaldy of Grange, commander of the castle of Edinburgh, declares for
Queen Mary, iv. 155. Is reduced by the English, and executed by his
countrymen, 156.
Kirke, Colonel, his savage cruelty after the battle of Sedgemoor, vi. 297
Kirkpatrick, the crest and motto of that family, whence derived, ii. 135.
Knevet, Sir Thomas, engages the French admiral, Prinis»uget, off the coast
of'Brittany, and the two admirals blown up, iii. 89.
Knights, formerly distinguished in battle only by the ensigns on their
shields, i. 393.
Knights' fees, the number of those established by William the Conqueror,
i. 452. How the number decreased, 453.
of shires, to assist in parliament, when they first began to be ap-
pointed, ii. 33. See Commons
Knolles, Sir Robert, invades France from Calais, but i3 defeated by Da
Guesclin, ii. 263.
Knox, John, the Scots reformer, remarks on his account of the murder of
Cardinal Beaton, iii. 333, n. Arrives in Scotland from Geneva, iv. 20.
Inspires the people with zeal against Popery, 20. Riot thereupon, 20.
Becomes chief director of the Congregation of the Lord, 23. Instigates
the people aud preachers to insult Queen Mary on her arrival, for her
adherence to the Catholic religion, 37. His insolent speeches to Mary
on her kind overtures to him, 38. Defends the outrages committed in
the queen's chapel, 41. Insults Lord Darnley, on his marriage with
Mary, 68.
tabor, the price of, attempted in vain to be reduced by parliament, in the
reign of Edward III., ii. 275. And commodities, remarks on the com-
parative prices of, at the tuiae of Henry VII., and now, iii. 73.
'jaci, Roger de, constable of Chester, his gallant defence of Chsteau Gail-
Jard for John, aqainst Philip of France, i. 403. His generous treatment by
Philip when the place was taken, 104.
Lambert, a schoolmaster, controverts the real presence, iii. 250. In
INDEX. 4^ i
accused, and appea.s to Henry VIII., 251. Henry entsrs into a formal
disputation with him, 251. Is silenced, and sentenced as a heretic, 252
Is burnt with great cruelty, 252.
Lambert is disappointed of the lieuteuancy of Ireland by the intrigues of
Oliver Cromwell, v. 393. Follows Charles II. out of Scotland into Eng-
land, 416. Cromwell appointed protector by his means, 444. Opposes
the motion for giving Cromwell the title of king, 473. Is deprived of
his commissions, and retires with a pension, 478. Engages in the cabal
of Wallingford House. 492. Suppresses an insurrection of royalists, and
takes Sir George Booth prisoner, 497. Forms an association among the
officers against the parliament, 497. Is cashiered, 498. Expels the
parliament, 498. Establishes the committee of safety, 498. Marches
northward to meet Monk, 505. Is committed to the Tower, 506. Es-
capes, 515. Is retaken by Ingoldsby, 615. Is excepted from the act of
indemnity on the restoration, vi. 4. Is tried, 24. Is reprieved, and
oontmed in Guernsey, 27.
bAmbeth, a council summoned there by Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury,
Oo inquire into the lawfulness of Matilda's marrying Henry I., i. 246.
Lancaster, Edmond, earl of, sent by Edward I. to accommodate differences
with Philip, king of France, ii. 93. Makes an unsuccessful attack upon
Guiemie, 109. Dies, 109.
— , Thomas, earl of, his character, opulence, and power, ii. 145.
Heads a confederacy of barons against Piers Gavaston, 146. Comes to
parliament with an armed retinue, and demands the banishment of
Gavaston, 346. Is made hereditary steward, 146. Forms another con-
federacy against Gavaston, 149. liaises an army against the king, 149.
Puts Gavaston to death, 150. Insists on a renewal of the ordinances
after the defeat of Bannockburn, 150. Combines with the barons to ruin
the Despensers, 156. Opposes the king with an army, 159. Is defeated
by Sir Andrew Harcla, and executed, 160. His character, 160. A curi-
ous view of his annual expenses, 176.
-, earl of, brother and heir to Thomas, carl of, joins the conspiracy
of Isabella and Mortimer against Edward II., ii. 163. Edward delivered
into his»custody, and confined to Kenilworth Castle, 165. Is suspected of
favoring the king, who is therefore taken out of his hands, 167. Is ap-
pointed guardian to the young king, 178.
-, Henry, earl of, is engaged in fruitless negotiations for peace
between Edward III. and John, king of France, at Avignon, ii. 238. la
sent with an army into Normandy, 241. Is created duke of Lancaster,
251. Endeavors an accommodation betweenEdward and John of France,
his prisoner, 251.
-, John of Gaunt, duke of, sou to Edward III., accompanies Ins
brother in his expedition to Castile, ii. 258. Marries the daughter of
Henry, duke of, 259. Espouses, for his second wife, the daughter ol
Peter, king of Castile, 260. His army in France harassed and de
stroyed, 263. The administration of government committed to him bj
his father, 264. His great authority during the minority of Richard II.,
281. Consequence of his pretensions to the crown of Castile, 281. His
unsuccessful attempts in Brittany, 282. His palace at the Savoy burnt
by the rabble, 285. Disappointed in hopes of obtaining Castile, 288.
Returns home, 297. Obtains a grant of the duchy of Guienne, 297
Relinquishes it, 297. Dies, 307. Succeeded by his son, the duke oi
Hereford, 307. See Hereford.
, Henry, duke of, his character, ii. 30/. Comes over on the em
barkation of Richard II. for Ireland, 308. Increase of his army, 308.
Seizes Bristol, and executes some of Richard's ministers without trial
309. Obtains possession of the king's person, and assembles a parlia-
ment in his name, 309. Procures his deposition, 314. His challenge o?
the crown, 311. Reflections on his ostcnsi'J.e pretensions, 314- Calls *
parliament by his own authority, 315. See Henry IV.
VOL. VI. — X
4^ INDEX.
Lancaster. Jr. raes, his successful captures from the Spaniards, au 1 export!
tion to Brazil, iv. 928. Commands the first fleet fitted out by the East
India Company, 365.
Land. See Feudal system.
Landuis, Peter, a corrupt minister of the duke of Brittany, bribed by Ed-
ward IV. to persuade his master to deliver up Henry, earl of Richmond,
ii. 500. Enters into a negotiation with Richard III. to betray Richmond,
504. Put to death by the nobles of Brittany, iii. 22.
Landrecy, besieged by the emperor Charles V., iii. 288. Charles forced to
abandon it by the succors of Francis, 288.
Lanfranc, a Milanese monk, made archbishop of Canterbury, i. 138. Hif
character, 198. Crowns William Rufus, 220. Dies, 223.
Langhome, his trial for the Popish plot, vi. 208.
Langside, battle of, between Mary, queen of Scots, and Murray, the recent,
iv. 98.
Langton, Cardinal, appointed archbishop of Canterbury by Pope Innocent
III., in opposition to Reginald and John de Gray, i. 409. Rejects King
John's proposal towards an accommodation, 416". Returns to England,
and receives the king's submissions, 421, 422. His character, 421.
Stimulates the barons to an assertion of their liberties against the
oppressions of John, 424. Refuses to publish the pope's bull of excom-
munication against the barons, 435. Is cited to Rome, and suspended,
435.
Lansdown, battle of, between the royalists and parliamentarians, v. 245.
Lascelles accuses Queen Catharine Howard of incontinency to Archbishop
Cranmer, iii. 271. Confirms his charge to the lord privy seal, 272.
Latimer, Bishop, resigns his bishopric on the passing the law of six articles,
and is imprisoned, iii. 254. Is again imprisoned on the accession of Q.ueen
Mary, 392. Is sent under a guard to Oxford, to debate on transubstantia-
tion, 400. Is burnt for heresy, with Bishop Ridley, 422.
Laud, bishop of London, his character, v. 66. Introduces new ceremonies
into the churcb, 67. Is offered a cardinal's hat, 67. Becomes odious to
the Puritans, 68. His behavior in the consecration of St. Catharine's
church, 68. Introduces pictures into churches, 70. Exalts the regal
authority, 71. Is made archbishop of Canterbury, 78. His ungrateful
prosecution of Williams, bishop of Lincoln, 85. Is attacked by the
populace in Lambeth Palace, which he is obliged to fortify, 120. Is im-
peached by the house of commons, 131. Is committed to custody, 132.
Is tried, 296. And executed, 297. Retrospect of his conduct and char-
acter, 297, 546.
Lauderdale, duke of, dissuades Charles II. from rigorous measures towards
Scotland, vi. 12. Advises the king to admit presbytery there, 14. Ob-
structs the union of the two kingdoms, intended by the king, 81. Is
one of the cabal ministry, 82. His character, 83. His being employed
voted a grievance by the house of commons, 122. Is sent down as com-
missioner to the Scots parliament, 162. Becomes chief minister foi
Scotland, 163. His violent and arbitrary administration, 164. His pri-
vate conduct, 105. Brings down highland clans to ravage the country at
free quarter, 168. His death, 277, n.
Laurentius, successor to Augustine, how he brought back Eadbald to the
Christian religion, i. 30.
Lautrec, Marshal, the French general in Italy, defeated by the imperialist*
at Bicocca, iii. 137. Raises the siege of Bayonne, attacked by the em-
peror Charles V., 145.
Law, the first written code of, in England, i. 29.
— — , the study of, anciently confined to the clergy, i. 459.
, civil, the early reception and study of, in our universities, ii. 509
Motives for its reception, 509. Why it did not obtain to be the municipal
law of England, 509.
— — , the common, first rise of. i 7:t.
INDEX. 483
Li , criminal, among the Anglo-Saxons, a view of, !. 166.
— — , feudal, the original of, traced, i. 441. Its introduction to England, 446.
The feudal government in England delineated, 446.
Laws and proclamations, difference of, explained, iv. 417.
League, Catholic, formed in France by the duke of Guise against the Hu-
£ouots, iv. 163. Is revived, 206. Is headed by the duke of Mayenne on
the death of Guise, 273. Declines on the conversion of Henry IV., 280.
i and covenant, solemn, is framed at Ediuburgh, at the persuasion ->f
Sir Henry Vane, v. 261. Is received by the English parliament, 262. Is
renounced by the Scots parliament, vi. 15. Is burnt in England by the
hangman, 18.
Learning, the decline of, from the Augustan age to the ages of barbarism
traced, ii. 503. When the lowest point of depression may be dated, 508.
Gradual recovery of, 505. Circumstances which tended to the revival and
advancement of, in the fifteenth century, iii. 76. The state of, in Q,ueen
Elizabeth's reign, iv. 375. Remarks on the state of, in Greece, 521. Ac-
count of the revival of, in Europe, 522. In England, 522.
Legates a latere, their power and office described, i. 480.
Legatine court, erected by Cardinal Wolsey, iii. IIS. Its oppressions
checked, 119.
Legitimacy of birth, disputes between the civil and ecclesiastical courts
concerning, in the reign of Henry III., ii. 62. Memorable reply of the
barons to the prelates on this occasion, 63.
Leicester is stormed by Charles I., and taken, v. 309. Is retaken by Fair
fax after the battle of Naseby, 312.
, earl of, his insolent behavior frustrates the conference between
Henry II. of England and Lewis VII. of France, i. 341. Invades Suffolk,
342. Taken prisoner by Richard de Lucy, guardian of the kingdom, 342.
, Robert, earl of, takes the command of Rouen on his return from
the crusade, and repulses the attack of Philip of France on that city, i.
383.
-, Simon de Mountfort, earl of, his history, ii. 29. Marries the sis-
ter of Henry III., widow of William, earl of Pembroke, 30. His dis-
putes with the king, 30. Joins with the barons against him, 31. Enters
into a confederacy with them, 31. Is placed at the head of the council
of twenty-four, chosen by the parliament at Oxford, to regulate the gov-
ernment, 32. Their regulations, 33. He procures the banishment of the
king's half-brothers, 34. Protests against Henry's cession of Normandy
to Lewis IX., 38. Henry refers the differences between them to Mar-
garet, queen of France, 41. Confederates with other barons against
[enry, 42. He leagues with Lewellyn, prince of Wales, who invade*
the borders, 43. Imprisons the bishops who published the pope's absolu
tion, 43. Levies war on the king, 43. Takes Prince Edward prisoner,
45. Restores him on treaty with the king, 45. His son sent to the as-
sembly of the states of France at Amiens, on the appeal made to Lewis,
40. Rejects the arbitration of Lewis, and renews the war, 46. His
message to the king, how answered, 48. Defeats Henry at Lewes, and
takes him prisoner, 49. Proposes another appeal to arbitration, 50.
His imperious behavior on this victory, 50. Ruins the trade of th»
nation, and encourages piracy, 51. Is menaced with excommunication,
which he braves and defeats, 52, 53. Calls a parliament, forms a house
of commons, and appoints members to be sent by the boroughs, 53. Re-
flections on this memorable event, 53. Employs this parliament to crusb
his rivals, 54. His treatment of Prince Edward, whom he detained in
custody, 55. Edward escapes from him, 56. His sou Simon defeated by
Prince Edward, 56. Himself defeated and killed at Evesham by Ed-
ward, 57. Review of his character and conduct, 57. His wife and chil-
dren banished, 53. His sons assassinate their cousin Henry d'Allmaints
at Viterbo, 59 .
, Lord Robert Dudley created earl of, and p oposed as a h isbarin
<84 UIBBX.
by Queen Elizabeth to Hair, queen of Scots, iv. C3. His character, 63
Is suspected of murdering bra wife, to make way for his expectations of
obtaining Elizabeth, 63. Declines the proposal of Mary, 53. Is appoint-
ed one of the commissioners to inquire into the conduct of Mary, 10b
Writes a letter to Mary, recommending the duke of Norfolk to her for a
husband, 122. Discovers Norfolk's designs to Elizabeth, 123. Reports
that Simier, the duke of Anjou's agent, acquired an ascendency over
Elizabeth by incantations, 184. His marriage discovered to the queen by
Simier, 184. Attempts the life of Simier, 184. Forms an association of
courtiers for the protection of the queen against all violence or conspiracy,
198. Commands the forces sent over to the United Provinces, 209. His
transactions there, 211. Returns to England, 212. Advises the poisoning
of Queen Mary, 222. Returns to Holland, where his conduct is complain-
ed of, 251. Is recalled by the queen, 252. Commands a body of forces at
Tilbury, to oppose the Spanish invasion, 265. Dies, 275. Instance of his
magnificent manner of living, 372.
Leighton is severely sentenced, in the star chamber, for libelling the king
and queen, v. 74. Recovers his liberty, and obtains damages, 138.
Leipsic, battle of, between Gustavus, king of Sweden, and the imperial
general Tilly, v. 63.
Leith is fortified by the regent of Scotland, iv. 24. Is reduced by the Eng-
lish, 27. Is fortified with great zeal by the Covenanters, v. 106.
Lenox, Matthew Stuart, earl of, is sent by Francis with a promise of suc-
cors to Cardinal Beaton and the queen dowager of Scotland, iii. 285.
Entertains hopes of marrying the queen dowager, 2S9. Patronizes the
Protestant -nterest in Scotland, 289. Applies to England for assist
ance, 290. Is forced by Arran to fly to England, and marries Henry's
niece, 292. Is invited to Scotland with his sou, Lord Darnley, iv. 66
Implores justice for the murder of his son, 82. Is cited to make good his
charge on Bothwell, 83. Protests against the precipitate trial of Both-
well, who is acquitted, 83. Claims the regency, as grandfather to the
young King James VI., 95. Appears before the commissioners at Hamp-
ton Court, to implore vengeance for the murder of bis son, 107. Is chosen
lieutenant or governor of Scotland, on the death of Murray, 129. Is made
regent by Elizabeth's allowance, 130. Delivers up the earl of Northum-
berland to Elizabeth, 154. Is seized and put to death by Queen Mary's
party, 155.
, count d'Aubigney created earl of, iv. 178. Causes the earl of Mor-
ton to be tried and executed, 179. The king taken out of his hands by an
association of nobility, 190. Retires to France, where he dies, 191. The
kindness of James to his family, 191.
Lent, the fast of, established in the kingdom of Kent, i. 30.
Lenthal is chosen speaker of the long parliament, v. 123. His answer to the
king's personal inquiry after the five members, 208. Goes to Hounslow
Heath, with the speaker of the house of lords, to desire protection from
the army, 345. Is reinstated, 346. Is chosen speaker in parliament uq-
der the protectorate, 450. Resumes his place as speaker, at the restora-
tion of the long parliament, 494. Is prevented from going to parliament
by Lambert, who puts an end to it, 498. Continues speaker at its second
restoration, 506.
L'Hospital, chancellor of France, his pleas to elude the restitution of Calais
to Queen Elizabeth, iv. 113.
Leo X., Pope, his character, iii. 90. Sends a vessel with wine and hams to
Henry VIII. and his court, 90 Excommunicates Lewis XII. of France,
and all who adhere to the council of Pisa, 92. Takes off the excommu-
nication from Lewis, 103. His motives to the sale of indulgences, 131.
Remarks on hii conduct on this occasion, 131. The produce from the sale
of, how applied by him, 131. Bestows the title of Defender of the Faith
on Henry VIII., 1.33. D : .es, 115.
Looiiic, duke of ttierci?, 1 is contest with Harold, son of earl Godwin, i. 128
INDEX 453
Leolf, the robber, kills King Edmund at a feast, i. 83.
Leonard's Hospital in Yorkshire, tumult occasioned by an ancient pnvi-ego
enjoyed by, ii. 457.
Leopold, arcbduke of Austria, arrests Richard I. of England, in his return
from Palestine, i. 381.
Lesley, Norman, son of the earl of Rothes, distinguishes -imself at the
battle of Ancram, iii. 293.
, bishop of Ross, is appointed by Mary, queen of Scots, one of her
commissioners in the cause between her and Murray, the regent, iv. 103.
Refuses to reply to Murray's allegations at Hampton Court, 107. Ha
and his associates break up the conference, 109. Elizabeth's reply to
them, 110. Complains to the English council of their insincerity towards
Mary, 132. Engages in the duke of Norfolk's conspiracy, 151. Is im
prisoned, 153.
, earl of Leven. See Leven.
-, David, defeats the earl of Montrose at Philip-haugh in the forest, v.
316. Commands the Scots army against Oliver Cromwell, 411. Follows
Cromwell in bis retreat to Dunbar, 412. Is ordered to attack Cromwell,
and is defeated, 412.
Levellers, their plan for government after the death of Charles I., v. 386.
Leven, Lesley, earl of, marches with a Scots army to the assistance of tho
English parliament against Charles 1., v. 263. Joins Sir Thomas Fairfax,
273. Assists in the defeat of Prince Rupert at Marsron Moor, 275
Marches northward, and takes Newcastle by storm, 278. Reduces Car
lisle, 314. The kintr puts himself into the hands of the army when be
fore Newai - k, 323. Surrenders the king to the parliamentary commission
ers, 328.
Levison, Sir Richard, commands a fleet in an expedition to the coasts of
Spain, iv. 339. Attacks the harbor of Cerimbra, and takes a rich carracli
there, 339.
Lewel^m, prince of Wales, applies to Henry III. for protection against bit
rebellious son Griffin, ii. 42. Renews his hostilities on the death (.!
Griffin, 42, Is succeeded by Griffin's son, Lewellyn, 42.
, s n n to Griffin, succeeds his grandfather in the principality of
Wales, ii. 42. Renews the homage to Henry, 42. Confederates with
Leicester, and invades England, 43. Is pardoned, but cabals with the
barons again, 75. Is summoned by Edward I. to renew his homage, 75.
Is subdued by Edward on his non-compliance, 77. Is defeated and killed
by Mortimer on occasion of new disputes, 78. His brother David tried
as a traitor, and executed, 78.
Lewes, battle of, between Henry III. and his barons, beaded by the earl oi
Leicester, ii. 48. The treaty called the Mixeof, 50.
Lewis the Gross, king of France, disturbs Normandy, i. 250. Endeavors
to restore William, son of duke Robert, 260. Defeated by Henry I., 261.
Was the first establisher of corporations, and with what view, 454.
VII., king of France, betroths his sister Constantia to Eustace,
eldest son of Stephen, king of England, i. 274. Divorces Eleanor, heiress
of Guienne, 284. Affiances his daughter Margaret to Henry, eldest son
of Henry II. of England, 292. Anecdotes of a conferences between him
and Henry II., in relation to Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, 317.
Disgusted at his daughter Margaret not being crowned with Prince
Henry, 319. Exhorts the pope to excommunicate king Henry, 321.
Encourages the revolt of Prince Henry against his father, 339. Besieges
Verneuil, in conjunction with Prince Henry, 340. His fraudulent beha-
vior to King Henry here, 340. Has a conference with Henrv, 341. Dis-
appointed in another treacherous scheme against Rouen, 345. Deceives
Henry again, 345. Peace concluded between him and Hem-v, 346. Be-
comes superstitious, and makes a pilgrimage to Becket's shrine, 350.
, eldest son of Philip of France, married to Blanche of Castle, niece
of John king of England, i. 396. The barons of England oiler him tb«
18G INDEX.
kingdom, 436. Arrives in England with an army, 437. Loses his inBn
euce among the English barons by his imprudence, 433. The barons
who adhere to him excommunicated by the pope's legate, ii. 5. They
desert him, 5. The city of Lincoln taken from him by the earl of Pem-
broke, 6. The French fleet, coming to his assistance, defeated by the
English, 6. Concludes a peace with Pembroke, and goes hack to France,
. Succeeds his father Philip in the kingdom of France, 12.
Lewis VIII. invades Poictou, and takes Rochclle, ii. 12.
i IX. of France, his character, ii. 37. His conduct towards the Eng-
lish, 37. Obtains a cession of Normandy from Henry III., 33. Henry
refers the differences between him, and Leicester to his queen, Margaret,
41. Another reference made to his arbitration, 43. Decides in favor of
Henry, 46. Eugages Prince Edward in a crusade, 60. Dies at Tunis, in
Africa, 60. His character, 60.
w XI., king of France, his character, and ambitious views, ii. 456.
Protects the earl of Warwick, 461. Leagues with him and Queen Mar-
garet, 462. Assists Warwick with a fleet, 463. Buys peace of Edward
IV. at a tribute during his life, 475. Interview between them, 475.
Further transactions between them, 476. Hansoms Queen Margaret, 477,
Reflections on his conduct towards the duke of Burgundy and his daugh-
ter, 473. Concludes a peace with Maximilian, king of the Romans, and
marries the dauphin to his daughter Margaret, iii. 21.
XII of France subdues the duchy of Milan, iii. 59. Engages Fer
dinand of Spain to assist him in seizing Naples, 82. Outwitted by him,
62. Joins in a league against the Venetians, 83. His nephew Gaston
de Foix defeats the Spanish and papal armies, but is killed, 89. Loses
his conquests in Italy, 89. Excommunicated by Pope Leo X., 92. Sends
relief to Terouene, besieged by Henry VIII., 97. Concludes a treaty
with Ferdinand, and otters his daughter for one of his grandsons, 103.
Empowers the duke de Longueville, prisoner in England, to conclude a
treaty with Henry, 104. Stipulates to pay the arrears of the pension
due to England, 104. Marries Henry's sister, and dies quickly after,
105.
XIV. succeeds to the crown of France, an infant, v. 456. Meets
Philip of Spain at the Pyrenees, and espouses his daughter, 500. Joins
the Dutch in the war with England, vi. 45. Hi3 person and character
described, 60. Forms pretensions to the duchy of Brabant, in right of
his queen, 61. His rapid conquests in the Low Countries, 62. His
haughty behavior to the courts of Europe, 62. The triple alliance formed
against him, 65. His art in bringing Charles II. over to the French in-
terest) 86. His sudden irruption into Lorrain, 87. Declares war against
Holland, 98. Marches a large army to the Dutch frontiers, 99. His
rapid successes in the Low Countries, 104. Enters Utrecht, 105. His
demands from the Dutch deputies sent to implore peace, 107. Is opposed,
at last, by the prince of Orange, 112. Enters into treaty with Charles 11.
to restore Popery in England, 127, n. Serves as a volunteer under the
prince of Conde, 137. Takes Coude by storm, 140. His reception of
the earl of Feversham sent with the terms of peace to him. 152. Takes
Ohent and Ypres, 154. Treaty at Nimeguen concluded, 159. His pros*
perous situation bj' this treaty, 160. His haughty and arbitrary treatment
of the European powers, 278. Revokes the edict of Nantz, 305. A
league formed against him by the prince of Orange, 332. Informs James
of the prince of Orange's schemes, 333. Receives James kindly on his
abdication, 352. His great regard for literature, 373.
_ , Dr., a Welsh physician employed to negotiate a marriage between
the princess Elizabeth, daughter ut' Edward IV., and Henry earl of Rich-
mond, ii. 501.
Leyden is besieged by the Spaniards, iv. 166.
Mberty, civil, the revival of arts favorable to, ii. 511. Instance showing
the barons to have been sensible of this, 511. n. A regular plan formed
INDEX. 48.
Oy the commons at the commencement of the reign of Charles I. for tlio
establishment of, v. 4.
didington, Maitland of, is sent by the Protestant association in Scotland,
called the Congregation of the Lord, to request assistance of Queen Eliza-
beth, iv. 25. Is again sent to thank her, and request further aid, 30. Is
made secretary of state by Queen Mary, 36. Is sent to London -with
Mary's compliments to Elizabeth, and to require a declaration of her
succession to the English crown, 43. Enters into a confederacy of Scots
nobles, to protect Prince James, and punish the murderers of his father,
91. Assists at the conferences concerning Mary, before the English and
Scots commissioners, 103. Encourages the duke of Norfolk in the hopes
of espousing Maty, 105. Takes part with Kirkaldy of Grange in favor of
Mary, and is supposed to have killed himself, on the suppression of the
party of Elizabeth, 156.
Lilburne, his cruel prosecution in the star chamber, and resolution in suffer-
ing, v. 87. Recovers his liberty, and obtains damages, 138. Is imprisoned
by the parliament for his seditious writings, 395. Is acquitted on trial by
the new statute of treasons, 421. Is again tried and acquitted during the
protectorate, 448.
Lilla, an officer of King Edwin's army, his extraordinary fidelity to him, i
33.
Lillibullero, on what occasion this song was made, vi. 348.
Limeric is besieged and taken by Ireton, v. 424.
Lincoln, the city of, taken from Lewis by the earl of Pembroke, ii. 6. Is taken
for the long parliament by the earl of Manchester, v. 275.
, John, earl of, his family and character, ii. 16. Retires to the court
of the duchess of Burgundy, 16. Commands Simuel's army, and is killed
at the battle of Stoke, 18.
Lincolnshire, insurrection headed there by Sir Robert Welles, in the reign
of Edward IV., ii. 460. The insurgents defeated by the king, 460.
Lindesey, earl of, is sent to the relief of Rochelle, but is unable to pass the
mole, v. 50. Signs a protestation against the liturgy, 100. Commands
under the king at the battle of Edge Hill, 236. Is mortally wounded, aur
taken prisoner, 237.
Lisle, Dudley, Lord, commands the fleet of Henry VIII. in an invasion or
Scotland, iii. 292.
, Lady, the cruel persecution of, vi. 299.
Literature, the state of, in Queen Elizabeth's reign, iv. 376.
Liturgy, one framed by a committeee of bishops and divines, iii. 350. In what
respect it differed from the old mass book, 350. Is revised, 370. Is author
ized by parliament, 375. Is suppicssed by the restoration of the mass by
Queen Mary, 400. Is restored by Queen Elizabeth, iv. 10. Is abolished
by the assembly of divines at Westminster, v. 291. Is again admitted at
the restoration, vi. 10.
Loans, arbitrarily exacted by Qucn Elizabeth from her subjects, iv. 351.
A general one required by Cha'les I., v. 21. Persons confined for refusal,
22. Other oppressions exercised against them, 25.
Lochlevin Castle, Mary, queen of Gcots, confined there, iv. 92. She makei
her escape from thence, 97.
Lockhart is made governor of T>unkirk by Oliver Cromwell, v. 481 His
scruples when applied to by Monk to join in restoring the king, 513.
t-oilards, the followers of WiciJiffe the reformer, their tenets, ii. 319. Favored
by the duke of Lancaster, 320. One burnt for heresy, 329. Another, 342.
Prosecution of Lord Cobl.am as their head, 348. His transactions and
execution, 349. The poiuts of reformation aimed at by them, 349. The
doctrines of Martin LuUier embraced by them, iii. 133. See Heresy,
and Reformation.
'.o'jdon, a flourishing' R<>raan colony there, destroyed, and the inhabitants
v>*s3&crp& .? *« Tritons i. 6. Burnt by the Danes, 54. Rebuilt by
*Ur«d, ;? 'B»h-^)»-« to Wil'iam. duke of Normandy, 180. The liberties
488 INDEX.
of, confirmed, but the inhabitants disarmed oy him, 183. A synod sura
moned there, 20C. Another, 2G5. Charter granted to, by Kikg Henry 1.
268. The citizens summoned to a council to recognize the pretensions of
the empress Matilda, 281. Computation of the number of its inhabitants
at this time, 281. Revolts against Matilda, 282. Massacre of Jews there
at the coronation of Richard 1., 307. Its first charter of incorporation,
when granted, 440. Tumults excited there in favor of the barons by
Fitz-Richard, the mayor, ii. 43, 46. The citizens rise in favor of Q.ueen
Isabella, and murder the bishop of Exeter, 164. They put Baldoc, the
chancellor, in Newgate, and kill him by bad usage, 166. Great destruc-
tion there by the plague, 237. John, king of France, brought prisoner to,
2-16. Its charter seized by Richard II., 298. The chapter lands of that
see seized by Henry VIII., iii. 274. An insurrection of apprentices, and
others there, to oppose the encouraging foreign artificers, 314. Queen
Mary's title acknowledged by the magistrates of, in opposition to Lady
Jane Gray, 3S9. Twenty thousand die there of the plague brought from
Havre de Grace, iv. 61. The Royal Exchange built by Sir Thomas
Gresham, 369. The number of foreigners in, at this time, 369. Great
plague there in James's reign, 388. The number of its inhabitants at this
time, 388. Is the centre of all the commerce of the kingdom, 395. The
continued concourse of 'the gentry there, discouraged by James I., 505.
He renews the edicts against increasing buildings in, 505. Brick build-
ings in, by whom introduced, 513. Another plague in, v. 6. Refuses
a loan to the king, 20. Ship money levied on it by Charles, 21. Refuses
another loan to the king, 121. Petitions for a parliament, 123. The
treaty with the Scots at Rippon, adjourned to, 125. Petitions for a total
alteration of church government, 143. The king comes to the common
council, 208. The city petition parliament, as also the porters and
apprentices, 212. Takes part with the parliament against the king,
227. Its train bands join the earl of Essex, 238. Sends four regiments
of militia to Essex, 255. Its militia ordered out by the parliament to
defend it against the army, 340. Petitions the parliament against the
change of its militia, which the populace oblige it to grant, 344. The
common council refuse an assessment to the long parliament on its
restoration, and declare for a free parliament, 509. Lends money to
Charles II. for the Dutch war, vi. 39. Great plague of, 44. Is burnt, 50.
Good effects of this calamity, 50. Disputes between the citizens and Sir
Robert Clayton, lord mayor, about the election of sheriffs, 219. Disputes
between the citizens and Sir John Moore on the same occasion, 256.
A writ of quo warranto issued against the city, 258. Conditions on
which the charter was restored. 260. The mayor, aldermen, and a
deputation of the common council, summoned to the convention parlia-
ment, 354.
London bridge, when first finished of stone, i. 440.
Longbeard. See Fitz-Osbert.
Longchamp, bishop of Ely. See Ely.
Longueville, duke of, defeated and taken prisoner by Henry VIII., at the
battle of Spurs, iii. 98. Negotiates a peace between Henry and Lewis,
104.
, duchess dowager of. See Guise, Mary of.
Lopez, Roderigo, physician to Queen Elizabeth, is executed for receiving a
bribe from the Spanish ministry to poison her, iv. 285.
Lords, bouse of, their proceedings in settling the plan of government during
the minority of Richard II., ii. 280. Their proceedings against the
king's ministry at the instigation of the duke of Gloucester, 294. The
irregularity of their judicial proceedings, 296. The duke of Hereford's
accusation against the duke of Norfolk, 305. Duel between them pre
vented by the king, 306. Tumults amoug, at tho accession of Henri
IV., 327. Debate on the pretensions ot Richard, duke of York, 437
Acknowledge his right of succession and present administration, 43>
INDEX. 485
Condemn tlio duke of Clarence, brother to Edward IV., 481. Thf?i*
charge against Cardinal Wo'.sey, iii. L77. Frame the bill of six articles,
for abolishing diversity of opinions in religion, 253. Henry complains
to them of the diversity of religions, 261. Their flattery to Cromwell,
earl of Esses, 262. Condemn Cromwell without trial, 264. Petitioi:
the king to lay his marriage with Anne of Cleves before the convocation,
265. The lord Mountjoy proteins against the bill establishing a counci
to judge offences against the king's proclamations, 287. Pass a bill
of attainder against the duke of Norfolk, 306. Lord Seymour attainted,
349. Pass a severe law against treason, which is altered by the com
raons, 376. Frame a poor bill, which is rejected by the commons, 376
Are impatient to have the succession of the crown settled, iv. 77. Check
the commons, by the queen's order, from debating on matters of religious
reformation, 136. Are refused a conference desired with the commons.
175. .The commons dispute with them concerning punctilios, 295. Send
a bill to the commons for entailing the crown lands on the king and his
successors, which is refused, 397. The number of lords in the house, in
the reign of James I., 495. Impeachment of the earl of Bristol and
duke of Buckingham, v. 13. Procure the earl of Arundel's liberty, 16.
Remarks on their conduct during the disputes between the king and
the commons, 39. Pass the petition of right, 42. Are dissolved, 59.
Their interposition with the commons in the long parliament requested
by the king, 115. A committee of, joined to one of the lower house,
appointed to sit during the recess of parliament, 172. A committee of,
with one of the commons, appointed to attend the king to Scotland, 172
The commons declare an intention of setting their authority aside, un-
less they concur with them, 201. The bishops' votes in, taken away, 213.
The majority of the peers retire to the king at York, 224. For those
transactions wherein the remainder concur with the commons, see Par-
liament. Are obliged to pass the self-denying ordinance, 287. Choose
Lord Hunsdon speaker, on Manchester's going to the army, 345. Reject
the vote of the commons for bringing the king to a trial, 370. The
house of, voted useless, dangerous, and to be abolished, 383. A house
of, summoned by the protector, which the ancient peer3 ic-fuse to
attend, 479. Their jurisdiction refused to be acknowledged by th
commons, 479. The peers resume their seats in the parliament, 517
The bishops restored to their seats, vi. 18. Refuse to commit Clarendon
to custody on the impeachment of the commons, 58. Vote Clarendon's
letter to them a libel, 59. Their disputes with the commons on Skin
ner's case, 78. Differences with the commons on their altering a money
bill, 89. Endeavor to introduce a new test act, enforcing passive obodi
ence, 133. Great disputes between, and the commons, on the case of
Fag and Shirley, 135. Are prevailed on, by the duke of York, to admit
an exception in his favor in the new test act, 187. Refuse to commit
Danby on his impeachment by the commons, 190. Pass the bill of
attainder against Danby, 19.8. Resume the business of the Popish plot,
198. The. right of the bishops to vote in Danby's case denied by the
commons, 205. Reject the exclusion bill, 288. Free the Popish lords
impeached by the commons, 293. Take the speech of James II. into
consideration, at the motion of Compton, bishop of London, 304. Assuma
the administration of government on the king's flight, 350. Desire ths
prince of Orange to assume the government, and summon a convention,
354. Their debates on the question of a new king or a regency, 358.
Their conference with the commons, 359.
Lords of articles in the Scots parliament, an account of their institution,
v. 175. Are abolished, 175.
Lome, Lord, son of the earl of Argyle, obtains the gift of his father's forfeit
are, vi. 15. Is condemned on the statute of leasing making, 67. Is par
doned by the king, 67. Retrospect of his life, 249. Is created pari oi
Argvle, 249. Sec Argyle.
X*
490 INDEX.
Lorraiu». .ardinal of. See Guise. Advises his niece, Mary, cpeen 01
Scots, to rigor against the Protestant leaders who bad taken arms
against ber, iv. 71. Concerts a massacre of the French Hugonots, 71
See Hugonots. Founds a seminary at Rheims for the education o(
English Catholics, 182.
Lothaire, elder brother of Egbert, King of Kent, dispossess'? his nephew
Edric, i. 30. Defeated and killed by him, 30.
Loudon, Lord, is committed to the Tower for signing a letfer sent by the
Scots malecontents to the king of France, v. 113. Is made an earl, 170
Is sent with other commissioners by the Scots to Oxford, to mediate
between the king aud parliament, 260. Returns dissatisiied, 261. Does
public penance for countenancing the royalists, 365.
Hill, the Covenanters repulse an attack on a conventicle there,
vi. 210.
Lovel, Viscount, heads an insurrection in the north, against Henry VII.,
iii. 12. Flies to Flanders, 12. Joins Lambert Simnel, 17. Supposed to
be killed at the battle of Stoke, 18.
Louise of Savoy, mother of Francis I. of France, her character, iii. 143
Makes overtures of marriage to Charles, duke of Bourbon, which ha
rejects, 143. Deprives Bourbon of bis possessions by a lawsuit, 143.
Concludes an alliance with England, on the captivity of Francis, 150
A large present exacted of her covertly, by Wolsey, on the trea> with
Henry, 152.
Louviers, peace concluded there, between Philip of France and J* .chard J.
of England, i. 389.
Low Countries, state of, at the time of Henry VII., iii. 21.. i'H Nether-
lands, and United Provinces.
Lucy, Biohard de, left guardian of the kingdom by Henry Pi during his
absence in France, i. 342. Repulses the irruptions of tl.«. Scots, J42
Suppresses an invasion of Flemings under the earl of l /zcester, and
takes him prisoner, 342.
Ludlow, Lieutenant-General, obtains command of the a*ray in Ireland, on
the death of Ireton, v. 425. Engages in the cabal of Wall'ng/ord House, 492.
Ludovico, duke of Milan, invites the French to an invasion of Naples*,
iii. 47. Joins the emperor, and other princes, in a league against
France, 47. Milan subdued by the French, 59.
Lupicaire, a Braban^on, commands at Falaise for Join*, king of England,
i. 404. Surrenders the place to Philip, and enlistn with him against
John, 404.
Lnsiguan, Guy de, how he became king of Jerusalem, i. 375. Loses his
kingdom, aud applies to Richard I. of England, at Cyprus, to establish
his title in opposition to Conrade, marquis of Montferrat, 375. Made
king of Cyprus by Richard, on quitting his pretensions to the crown of
Jerusalem, 379.
Luther, Martin, his character, and the motives for opposing the sale of
indulgences, iii. 132. Is patronized by the elector of Saxony, 132. The
progress of his opinions in Germany, 132. His doctrines embraced by
the Lollards in England, 133. Is wrote against by Henry VIII., 133
His sharp reply to Henry's book. 133. The quick progress of his doc-
trines, owing partly to the art of printing, 134. Terms the pope Anti
christ, 134. Several of his disciples take shelter in England, 370.
Luxembourg, Mareschal, defeats the prince of Orange at St. Omers, vi. 145.
Is attacked at St. Dennis by the prince of Orange, the day after tho
peace of Nimeguen, 159.
Luxury, laws against, in the reign of Edward III., ii. 276.
Lyons, a general council called there, by Pope Innocent IV., to excomnnv
nicate the emperor Frederic II., ii. 22. Complaints transmitted to it by
Henry 111. and his nobility, 22. Council of, removed thither from Pisa,
iii. 85^ Interdicted by the pope, 85. Renounced by Lewis XII. .V
France. 103.
INDEX. 11
Ma^oeth, a Scots nobleman, murders Duncan, king of Scotland, and usurpi
tlie crown, i. 130. Is defeated and killed by Siward, duke of Northumber-
land, 130.
Maccaile, a Scots Covenanter, expires under torture in ecstasy, vi. 72.
Macgill, Sir James, is by the Scots parliament appointed a commissionei
to treat with Elizabeth concerning Mary, iv. 131. Is dismissed by Eliz-
abeth without concluding on any thing, 132.
Mackrel, Dr., prior of Barlings, heads an insurrection against Henry VIII.,
iii., 235. Is deserted by his adherents, taken, and executed, 236.
Madrid, treaty of, between the emperor Charles V. and his prisoner,
Francis I. of France, iii. 155.
Mtegbota, in the ancient German law, what, i. 166.
Magdalene, sister to Pope Leo X., the produce of indulgences in Saxony
assigned to her, iii. 131. Farms the sale out to Arcemboldi, a Genoese,
131. See Arcemboldi.
College, Oxford, its contest with James II., vi. 322. The presi-
dent and fellows expelled, 323. Gitford, doctor of the Sorbonne, appointed
president by mandate, 328.
Magna Charta. See Charter of Liberties.
Mahomet, the prophet of the East, a general review of the transactions of
him and his followers, i. 226.
Maine, the province of, agreed to be ceded to the duke of Anjou, on tho
marriage of his niece Margaret with Henry VI., ii. 410. Surrendered
and alienated from the English government, 413.
Maiufroy, natural son of the emperor Frederic II., his contest with the pope
for the crown of Sicily, ii. 23. A crusade published against him, 24.
Major-generals, established by Cromwell all ever England, v. 453. Their
authority reduced, 472.
Maitland of Lidington. See Lidington.
Malherbe's Ode to Mary de Medicis, writ in 1G14, a stanza of, iv. 571.
Malta, knights of, refuse to surrender up their revenue? to Henry VIII., iii
262. Their order dissolved by parliament, 262.
Manbote, in the ancient German law, what, i. 167, n.
Manchester, earl of, is by the parliament appointed general of an associa
tion of several counties against Charles I., v. 254. Defeats the royalists
at Horncastle, 258. Takes Lincoln, and joins Fairfax in the siege of
York, 275. Assists in defeating the king at Newbury, 280. Disputes
between him and Cromwell, 284. Goes as speaker of the house of lords,
with Lenthal of the commons, to Hounslow Heath, to desire protection
of the army, 345. Is appointed lord chamberlain by Charles II., vi. 2.
Manners, a review of, in the thirteenth century, i. 473. State of, in the
reign of Edward II., ii. 174. During that of Q.ueen Elizabeth, iv. 371.
A review of, during the reign of James I., 504. A review of, during the
time of the commonwealth, v. 518. Great alteration in, produced by the
restoration, vi. 371.
Mansertr chaplain to Henry III., his enormous possession of pluralities, ii.
21.
Mansfeldt, Count, commands an army in the service of Frederic, elector
palatine, iv. 471. Is dismissed, and engages in the service of the United
Provinces, 471. Is engaged by James, and assisted with men, to recover
the palatinate, 492. His men reduced by sickness, 493.
Manufactures, state of, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, iv. 369. State of,
in the reign of James I., 515. Great increase of, after the restoration, vi
370.
Manwaring is impeached by the commons for his sermon on the regal pre-
rogative in levying taxes, v. 43. Is promoted to the see of St. Asaph, 44.
Marche, earl of. See Mortimer.
Marche, Count de la, his wife, Isabella, taken from him by the count
of Angouleme, her father, and married to John, king of England, i.
397. Excites commotions against John in the French provinces, 397
492 INDEX.
Is taken prisoner by Jshn, 400. Marries Isabella on John's death
ii. 18.
Margaret of Anjou, lier character, ii. 409. Married to Henry VI. of Eng
land, 410. Joins the cardinal of Winchesters faction against the duke
of Gloucester, 410. Suspected of having some hand in Gloucester's
murder, 412. Delivered of a son, 432. Raises an army in the north of
England, and defeats and kills the duke of York, 439. Her army, under
the earl of Pembroke, defeated by Edward, duke of York, at Mortimer's
cross, 440. Defeats the earl of Warwick at St. Albans, 440. Hegains
possession of the king, 441. Retires before the army of Edward, duke
of York, 441. Consequences of the licentiousness of her troops, 446.
Her army routed at Touton, 446. Retires with Henry to Scotland, 447.
Endeavors to engage the Scots in her interest, 448. Solicits assistance
in France, 451. Defeated at Hexham, 451. Her extraordinary adven-
ture with robbers in a forest, 451. Goes to her father's court, and re-
tires, 452. Enters into a league with the earl of Warwick, 462. Marries
her sou Edward to the lady Anne, daughter of the earl of Warwick, 462.
Returns to England on the restoration of her husband, but arrives not
till after Warwick's defeat, 4C7. Ransomed by Lewis of France, 477.
Her character, 477.
of Norway, by what title she succeeded to the crown of Scotland,
ii. 80. Guardians appointed during her infancy, 80. Treaty of marriage
between her and Prince Edward of England, 81. Dies on her passage to
Scotland, 82.
daughter to Henry VII.. married to James IV. of Scotland, iii.
01. Marries Douglas, earl of Angus, on the death of James IV., 109.
Is divorced, and marries another nobleman, 199.
Marignan, battle of, between Francis 1. oi France and the Swiss, iii. 113.
Markham, Sir George, his oppressive treatment by the court of star cham-
ber, v. 81.
Marlebridge, laws enacted by the parliament summoned there by Henry
III., after the barons' wars. ii. G3.
Marre, Donald, earl of, appointed regent on the death of the earl of Murray,
ii. 187. Is defeated and killed by Edward Baliol, 188.
, earl of, chosen regent of Scotland, on the death of Lenox, iv. 155
Is obliged to conclude a truce with the queen's party, 155. Dies of mel-
ancholy, at the distracted state of the country, 155.
Marriage with kindred, an examination of the question concerning, with
reference to that of Henry VIII., with Catharine of Arragon, iii. 1S3.
Marshal's court, abolished by the long parliament, v. 171.
Marston Moor, battle of, between Prince Rupert and Sir Thomas Fairfax,
v. 275.
Martial law, the arbitrary indiscriminate execution of, previous to and during
the reign of Q,ueen Elizabeth, iv. 346.
Martin II., Pope, summons a council at Placentia, to consult about rescuing
the Holy Laud from the Turks, i. 227. Calls another council •* Cler
mont, 228.
V M Pope, elected by the council of Constance, ii. 371. Writes Henrj
VI. a severe letter against the statute of provisors, 444.
Martyr, Peter, desires leave to withdraw from England at the accession a
Queen Mary, iii. 394. Is generously assisted by Bishop Gardiner, 394
Indignities used to his wife's body, 394.
Martyrs. See Heresy.
Mary of Anjou, queen to Charles VII. of France, recovers her husband from
his dejection on the siege of Orleans, ii. 388.
, Princess, sister to Henry VIII., married to Lewis XII. of France,
who dies quickly after, iii. 105. Marries the duke of Suffolk, 105.
, Princess, daughter of Henry VIIL, betrothed, an infant, to tha
dauphin of France, iii. 116. Is after betrothed to the emperor Charles, 126.
la contracted, by treaty, with the duke of Orleans, 160. The states ol
INDEX. 493
Castile oppose her marriage with the emperor, 163. The bishop of Tarbe,
ambassador from France, objects to her marriage with the duke of Or-
leans, 163. Is excluded from the succession by parliament, 196. Is
taken into favor, on her compliance with the acknowledgment of her
father's supremacy, 229. Is illegitimated by parliament, 230. Is restored
to her right of succession by parliament, 290. Adheres to the mass during
the steps to reformation in her brother's reign, and, by the emperor's
means, obtains a temporary connivance, 353. Her chaplains imprisoned,
369. Is remonstrated with by the council, 369. Continues obstinate in
the Catholic faith, 369. A discussion of her title to the succession, 385
Her narrow escape from falling into the hands of Northumberland, on
her brother's death, 386. Her measures to secure possession of the
crown, 386. The lady Jane Gray is proclaimed at London, 387. The
nobility and people flock to her, 388. The lady Jane deserted, and her
title universally acknowledged, 389. Causes the lady Jane and her party
to be apprehended, 390. Releases the duke of Norfolk, and other prison-
ers from the Tower, 391. Affects popularity. 391. Her bigotry, 392.
Imprisons the Protestant bishops, 392. Cause of; her prosecuting Cranmei
for treason, 393. The mass celebrated before the parliament, 394. All
Edward's statutes on religion repealed, 395. Deliberates on the choice
of three husbands proposed to her, 395. Cause of her first declared
animosity to her sister Elizabeth, 396. Declares her intention of recon
cilement to Rome, 397. Invites over Cardinal Pole, in quality of legate
397. The emperor Charles V. proposes his son Philip to her for a husband,
398. Dissolves the parliament lor opposing the Spanish match, 399.
Substance of the marriage articles, 400. Remarks of the people on this
alliance, 401. Insurrections on occasion of it, 402. Treats her sister
Elizabeth harshly, 403. Orders the execution of Lady Jane and her
husband, 404. Her cruel conduct with respect to Sir Nicholas Throcmor-
ton, 406. Disarms the people, 406. Her fond anxiety for the arrival of
Philip, 408. Is married to him, 409. Is unable to get her husband de
clared presumptive heir to the crown, or to get him crowned, 412
Imagines herself pregnant, 413. Dissolves the parliament, 414. Re-
solves to exert the laws against heresy with rigor, 419. See Heresy. An
express commission issued more effectually to extirpate heresy, 424. A
proclamation against heretical books, 425. Sends a solemn embassy tr
Pope Paul IV., 426. Resolves to comply with the pope's demand of full
restitution of all church property, 427. Is dejected at her husband'!
neglect and going to Flanders, 428. Her oppressive extortions from hei
subjects, 428. Is opposed by Pole and others in her design of engaging
the kingdom in Philip's quarrel with France, 435. Philip returns tr
press her to that measure, 435. How this was effected, 436. liaises
money arbitrarily for this war, 436. Calais taken by the duke of Guise,
438. Obtains grants from parliament, 442. All sales or grants of crown
lands by her, for seven years to come, confirmed by parliament, 442.
Thanks her sister for referring the king of Sweden's proposal of mar-
riage to her consideration, 443. Prepares a great fleet for a descent on
Brittany, which fails, 444. Her health declines, and the cause of her
illness, 445. Dies, 445. An estimate of her character, 445.
Mary, daughter of James V. of Scotland, born, iii. 281. Becomes queen
by the death of her father, 281. Is contracted to Prince Edward of
England, 283. Is sent to France, and betrothed to the dauphin, 343. la
married to the dauphin, 442. Assumes the title and arms of England,
on the accession of Q.ueen Elizabeth, iv. 1.3. Treaty of Edinburgh, and
settlement of the administration by this treaty, during her absence, 26
Refuses her assent to the parliamentary reformation of religion, 30. Re
fuses to ratify the treaty of Edinburgh, 30. Her husband, Francis II,
dies, 32. Refuses the desire of the English ambassador, of ratifying the
treaty of Edinburgh, or to renounce her pretensions to the crown of
England, 33. Is ill treated by the queen mother of France, and resolve*
i 94 INDE.X.
to return to Scotland, 33. Her resentment on being refused a pas»ag«
through England, 33. Arrives in Scotland, 34. Shows great regret on
leaving France, 35. Her character and accomplishments, 35. Bestows
her confidence on the leaders of the reformed party, 3G. Loses her pop-
ularity by her adherence to the Catholic religion, 36. Is exposed to insults
from this cause, 37. Endeavors to gain the favor of John Knox, the re-
former, who contrives to insult her, 38. Her life rendered unhappy through
his insolent conduct, 38. Her future errors deducible, in part, from tbi«
cause, 39. Is petitioned by the church, on account of a riot at a bawdy
house, 40. Outrages committed on her chapel, 41. Makes an ill-judged
claim to Elizabeth, of being declared her successor, 43. Elizabeth's reply
to her, 43. An apparent reconciliation takes place between them, 62. Eliz-
abeth evades an interview with her, (2. Divers matches concerted for he.
by her uncles, 62. The earl of Leicester proposed to her by Elizabeth, 63.
Is picqued by Elizabeth's duplicity in this offer, 64. Sends Sir James
Melvil to Loudon, to accommodate their differences, 64. The lord Darn-
ley proposed to her as a husband, 65. Is advised by Elizabeth to invite
him, and his father, the earl of Lenox, to Scotland, 66. Elizabeth incon-
sistently against the match, 66. Reflections on her situation in being of
a different religion from her people, 67. Is exhorted by the general as-
sembly to renounce the Romish religion, 67. Is married to Lord Darn-
ley, 63. A confederacy formed against her at Stirling, 69. Drives the
rebels into Argyleshire, 69. Forces them to retire into England, 70.
Elizabeth's deceitful conduct on this occasion, 70. Is inclined to par-
don the leaders of the conspiracy, 70. Is advised to rigor by her uncle,
the cardinal of Lorraine, 71. Summons a parliament to attaiut the rebel
lords, 72. A character of her husband Darnley, 72. Incurs his resentment
on her neglect of him, on discovery of his weakness and vices, 72. Her
attachment to David Rizzio, 72. Rizzio assassinated in her presence,
by Darnley's order, 75. Is detained prisoner in her palace, 75. Is rec-
onciled to the banished lords, 75. Her art in procuring her liberty, 76
Collects an army, and drives the conspirators into England, 76. Grants
them liberty to return home at the intercession of Buthwell, 76. Makes
Darnley disavow all concern in Rizzio's murder, and then leaves him
in disdain, 76. Is brought to bed of a son, 76. Sends Sir James
Melvil to Elizabeth with the news, 76. Melvil's account of Elizabeth's
behavior on this intelligence, 77. Her intimacy with Bothwell, 80. An
apparent reconciliation between her and Darnley, 81. Darnley blown
up with gunpowder in a lone house, 82. Is suspected to have concerted
this murder with Bothwell, 82. Is petitioned by the earl of Lenox for
justice against Bothwell, and others whom he charged with the murder,
82. Bothwell recommended to her for a husband by the nobility, 84. Is
seized by Bothwell, to afford her the plea of violence, 85. Grants him
a pardon for all crimes, 85. Acknowledges herself free, and orders the
bans to be published for her marriage with Bothwell, now made duke of
Orkney, 8G. Craig, the minister who is ordered to publish the Dans,
firmly remonstrates against it, 86. Is married to Bothwell, 88. Is ex-
horted against it, both by her French relations and Elizabeth, 88. The
people murmur at these gross proceedings, 88. A confederacy of nobil-
ity formed against her, who take arms, 90. Is reduced to put herself
into the hands of the confederates, 91. Is conducted to Edinburgh
amidst the reproaches and insults of the people, 91. Is sent to the Cas-
tle of Lochlevin, 92. An embassy sent by Elizabeth in her favor, 92.
Four different schemes framed for the treatment of her by her subjects,
94. Pretensions to the regency, 95. Is forced to resign the crown, and
concur in a settlement of the administration during her son's minority,
>5. Escapes from Lochlevin Castle, 97. An association formed, and
an army raised in her favor, 97. Receives offers of assistance from Eliz
abeth, 97. Is defeated by Murray at Langside, 98. Retires to England,
iraviug protection from Elizabeth, 98. Is required by Elizabeth to cleat
INDEX. 495
herself from the murdjr of her husband, 100. Sends Loid Hemes t«
declare her readiness to submit her cause to Elizabeth, 101. Appoints
commissioners on her part, 103. The conferences opened at York, 103.
The secret reason of the weak allegations made against her by Murray,
105. Elizabeth transfers the conferences to Hampton Court, and adds,
other commissioners, 106. Murray accuses her more explicitly, and her
commissioners refuse to answer, 107. Her letters and sonnets to Both-
well produced, 108. Is directly charged with the murder by Hubert,
Bothwell's servant, at his execution, 109. The result of the conference
laid before the English privy council, 110. Elizabeth's reply to her
commissioners, 110. Is removed from Bolton to Tutbury, under the
custody of the earl of Shrewsbur}', 111. Refuses to make any conces-
sions, 112. A marriage with the duke of Norfolk proposed to her, 1-20.
Receives a letter from the earl of Leicester, recommending this match,
122. Returns a favorable answer, 122. Is removed to Coventry, and
more strictly guarded, 125. Writes to Murray, but receives no answer,
128. Her party strengthened by the death of Murray, 129. Receives
terms for a treaty from Elizabeth, which she agrees to, 130. Elizabeth
evades this treaty, and convinces her of her insincerity, 132. Enters
into the duke of Norfolk's conspiracy, 151. Elizabeth remonstrates
with her on her conduct, 154. Her party in Scotland suppressed by the
influence of Elizabeth, 156. Her continement rendered stricter by the
apprehensions of Elizabeth, 171. Writes a pathetic letter to Elizabeth,
192. Her proposal of accommodation, 195. Counterfeit letters writ in
her name by the English ministry, to discover her partisans, 197. Is
committed to the custody of Sir Amias Paulct and Sir Drue Drury, 198.
Desires leave to subscribe Leicester's association for the queen's protec-
tion, 199. Enters into Babington's conspiracy, 220. Is conveyed to
Fotheringay Castle, 223. Her papers seized, 223. Her answer to the
information of her approaching trial, 223. Is prevailed on to submit to
trial, 224. Is proved to have conspired against her son James, 225. The
commissioners adjourn to the star chamber, London, and sentence her
to death, 229. Her last letter to Elizabeth, 231. Her behavior on being
ordered to prepare for execution, 238. Is executed, 244. Her character,
244. Proofs of the authenticity of her letters to Bothwell, 532. The
countess of Shrewsbury's scandalous reports of Cueen Elizabeth, com-
municated by her to the queen, 538. Her resentment against her sou for
deserting her cause, 540. Inquiry into the evidences of her engagement ic
Babington's conspiracy, 541.
Mary, Lady, daughter of James, duke of York, is married to the prince of
Orange, vi. 150. Concurs in the settlement of the crown of England on
the prince, her husband, 362.
Mass-book, reviewed and altered by Henry VIII., iii. 277. Private masses
abolished by act of parliament, 341. The mass revived by Queen Mary,
392. Is finally abolished by Queen Elizabeth, iv. 10.
Masse}', governor of Gloucester, for the parliament, his character, v. 250.
Is besieged by the king, 250. His vigorous defence, 254. Is relieved by
the earl of Essex, 255.
Masters, Richard, vicar of Aldington, in Kent, concerts the imposture of
the holy maid of Kent, iii. 208. Confesses the artifice, and is punished,
210.
Mathews, Toby, case of his expulsion from parliament stated, iv. 559.
Matilda, daughter of Malcolm III., king of Scotland, married to King
Henry I. of England, i. 246.
, daughter of King Henry I., betrothed to the emperor Henry V.
of Germany, i. 262. Married afterwards to Geoffrey, son of Fulk, count
of Anjou, 263. Brought to bed of Henry, 266. Receives the oatli of
fealty from the English ana Norman nobility, 266. Lands in England
to assert her pretensions against Stephen, 278. Stephen taken prisoner,
t"9. Receives homage of the barons, 279. Gains over Henry, bishop of
491 INDEX.
Winchester, 280. Cultivates the favor of the clergy, 280. Her charactei
281. Besieged in Winchester, 282. Flies, and exchanges Stephen fed
her brother Robert, 282.
Matrimony ordered to be solemnized by the civil magistrate, v. 445
Maurice, bishop of London, crowns Henry I., i. 242.
, elector of Saxoay, the grounds of his quarrel with the emperor
Charles V., iii. 397. liaises an army of Protestants against him, 3f)7
Reduces Charles to grant a peace favorable to the Protsstants, 397.
Prince, son of the elector palatine, comes to England with hia
brother Rupert, and offers his assistance to Charles I., v. 235. See Ru-
pert. Is sent by the king with a reeiilbrcement of cavalry into the w^st
245. Is shipwrecked, 423.
prince of Orange. Seo Orange.
Mautravers and Gournay, the keepers of the deposed King Edward II.,
murder him cruelly by Mortimer's orders, ii. 168. Their fates, 103.
Maximilian, king of the Romans, his pretensions to the government of the
Low Countries, how founded, iii. 21. Marries Anne, duchess of Brittany,
30 ; who is afterwards forced into a marriage with the king of France, 33.
Makes peace with Prance, and obtains restitution of his daughter's dowry,
37. His conduct as emperor, 83. Joins Pope Julius II. in the league of
Cambray against the Venetians, 83. Calls a council at Pisa, in conjunc-
tion with Lewis, in opposition to the pope, 84. Detached from the
French interest by Pope Leo X., 90. Concludes an alliance with Henry
VIII. and Ferdinand against France, 93. Serves under Henry, and re-
ceives pay from him in his French expedition, 97. Detaches himself
from Henry, and allies with Spain and France, 103. His ineffectual inva-
sion of Milan, and treaty with France and Venice, 114. His dpath, and
the competition for the imperial dignity, 119.
Mayenne, duke of, becomes head of the Catholic league, on the assassination
of his brother, the duke of Guise, iv. 273.
Mazarine, Cardinal, succeeds Richelieu in the French ministry, in the infan-
cy of Lewis XIV., v. 456. Temporizes with Cromwell, 457. His com-
pliment to Cromwell, 481. Concludes the treaty of the Pyrenees witli
Spain, 500. Refuses to see Charles II. of England, 500.
Meal-tub plot, vi. 217.
Meaux besieged and taken by Henry V., ii. 368.
Medicis, Catharine de, her influence in the court of France lessened by the
enormous authority usurped by the duke of Guise and his brothers, iv. 31
Is appointed regent, on the death of Francis II., during the minority of
Charles IX., 32. Her ill usage of Mary, queen of Scots, makes Mary think
of returning to Scotland, 33. Remarks on her plan of internal administra
tion, 52. Is forced to embrace the Guise party against the prince of
Conde, 53. Consents to an accommodation with the Protestants, 60
Oomes to an agreement with Elizabeth, 61. Concerts, with Philip of
Spain and the cardinal of Lorraine, a massacre of the French Protestants.
71. See Hugonots. Massacre of Paris, 157.
Medina Sidonia, duke of, is appointed to the command of the Spanish invin-
cible armada, iv. 259. His instructions, 260. Disobeys his orders, in sail-
ing to attack the English fleet, 261. Is worsted, and sails to Calais, 262.
Is attacked and disconcerted by the English admiral, 262. Sails north
ward on his return, and his fleet destined by a storm, 263.
Uelvil, James, assassinates Cardinal Beaton, iii. 333. His behavior ap-
plauded in Knox's history, 333, n.
-— — — , Sir James, is sent ambassador from Mary, queen of Scotland, f i
Queen Elizabeth, iv. 64. His instructions for negotiation, 61. His
account of his conversation with Elizabeth concerning his mistress, 64.
His character of Elizabeth on his return, 65. Is sent again to Elizabeth,
to notify the birth of Prince James, 76. His account of Elizabeth's
behavior on this occasion, 77.
. Robert, is sent by the Protestant association iu Scotland, mUod
the Congregation of the Lord, to request assistance from Queen Elizabeth,
iv 25. Proposes to Mary a marriage with the duke of Norfolk, 120.
Members for counties, the first step towards sending them to parliament, i\
33. See Commons.
Merchants grant impositions on merchandize to Edward I. in their private
capacity, ii. 518.
Merchant Adventurers, the society of, when first formed, ii. 141.
Mercia, the Saxon kingdom of, its extent, and by whom founded, i. 36. It*
history continued, 37.
Merton, a synod called there, to establish ecclesiastical privileges, ii. 39
The resolutions of, annulled by the pope, 39.
Metz, ineffectually attacked by the emperor Charles V., iii. 397.
Michelson, the Scots prophetess, some account of, v. 107.
Middlesex, earl of, treasurer, his character, iv. 487. Is impeached by the
means of Buckingham, 467. His fine remitted, 487.
Middleton, Earl, is sent commissioner, on the restoration, to call a parlia-
ment in Scotland, vi. 13. His arbitrary conduct, 67. His commission
given tc Lord Rothes, 70.
Milan, duchy of, subdued by the French, iii. 59. Maximilian Sforza rein
stated in that duchy, 90. Is attacked and conquered by Francis I. of
France, 113. The French driven out, 137. Is invaded again under
the admiral Bonnivet, 140. The city blockaded, 146. Bonnivet obliged
to retire by the desertion of his Swiss troops, 116. Is conquered by the
imperialists under the duke of Bourbon, 168. The investiture again
granted to Francis Sibrza, 180. The king of Franco renounces all claim
to, 294.
Mildmay, Sir Walter, asserts the royal prerogative in high terms to the
house of commons, iv. 175.
Military service, the origin and nature of, explained, i. 441. Changed into
pecuniary supplies, 461.
Militia, the first establishment of, by Alfred, i. 65. Regulated by King
Henry II., 348. Feudal, the inconveniences attending their service, to
the kings who summoned their attendance, ii. 95. How their personal
service became changed into pecuniary supplies, 96. The consequences
of this alteration, 100. Law of Queen Mary for the regulation of, iii 447,
State of, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth, iv. 368. State of, in the
reign of James I., 512. A bill framed by the commons and passed, taking
it into their own hands, v. 215. King Charles's reply when pressed to
pass it, 217. Is carried into execution, without his concurrence, 219.
Establishment of, by parliament, on the restoration, vi. 32. State of,
between the restoration and revolution, 368.
Mill, Walter, is burnt for heresy at St. Andrews, iv. 18. The extraordinary
zeal of the people in his favor, 18.
Millenarians, or Fifth Monarchy Men, are for abolishing all government,
after the death of Charles I., v. 386.
Milton, John, his opinion of the monkish histories of Britain, i. 22. His
character as a writer, v. 529. His Paradise Lost, how first brought into
notice, 529. Remarks on the fate of the author, 530. His death, 530.
Mitchel, a Scots fanatic, fires a pistol at the archbishop of St. Andrews, v
165. His extraordinary treatment and execution, 166.
Mise of Lewes, the treaty so termed, ii. 50.
Mona. See Anglesea.
Monarchies, hereditary and elective, a comparative view of, under the feudal
system, i. 449.
Monasteries, subjected entirely to the king's regulations, by the parliament
of Henry VIII., iii. 195. Reflections on their tendency, 217. Commission-
ers appointed to visit them, 218. Great abuses charged upon them, 219
Several surrender their revenues, 219. All nuns and friars, who required
dismission, set at liberty, 219. The lesser, suppressed by parliament. 220
Discontents among the people, excited by tho dispersed monk* 234
I'Jb .NDEX.
The greater lr J iasteries suppressed, 241. Repf its of tlieir scandalout
abuses published to bring the memory of them intc contempt, 24-2. Theit
relics exposed, particularly the blood of Christ, 242. And rood of Grace,
243. The number of them suppressed, and the amount of their revenues,
244. The hospitality exercised by them, 246. The surrender of, confirmed
by parliament, 237. The abbots of Colchester, Reading, and Glastenbury,
executed for treason, 257. A curious passage from Coke's Institutes,
relating to the suppression of, 460.
Moucontour, battle of, between the duke of Aujou and the admiral Coligni,
iv. 144.
Money, the value of, among our Saxon ancestors, i. 174. Reflections on,
176. The interest it bore in the reign of Richard I., 483. Remarks on
the highest interest it bore in the thirteenth century, ii., 65. A view of
the state of, in the reign of Henry V., 373. The rate of, in the time of
Henry VII., iii. 63, n. The interest of, when first fixed by law, 318. The
interest of, how limited in England and France, in the time of Queen
Elizabeth, iv. 369.
Moneyage, an explanation of the tax levied by the Anglo-Norman kings
under that name, i. 462. When abolished, 462.
Monk, General, commands for the parliament in Dundalk, in Ireland,
where his garrison mutinies against him, and delivers the place up to
Ormond, v. 393. Is left by Cromwell to complete the reduction of Scot-
land, 416. Reduces Stirling Castle, and sends the records of Scotland to
London, 425. Takes Dundee, and puts the inhabitants to the sword, 425.
Reduces the kiugdom to obedience to the commonwealth, 425. Com-
mands at sea under Blake, in an engagement with the Dutch, 431. De-
feats the Dutch fleet under Tromp, who is killed, 446. His family and
history, 501. His behavior to his brother, who came to engage him in
the royal cause, 504. Resolves to march into England, 505. Advances
without orders, 507. His message to the parliament, from St. Albans,
508. Arrives in Westminster, 508. His reply to the thanks of parlia-
ment, 508. Executes the orders of the parliament hi apprehending the
refractory citizens, 509. Orders the parliament to dissolve, and calls a
new one ; and unites with the citizens, 510. Communicates his intentions
to Sir John Granville, 513. Advises Charles II. to leave Spain for Hol-
land, 513. Secures the commanders in Ireland in the king's interest, 514.
Receives the king at Dover, 518. Is created duke of Albemarle, vi. 2.
See Albemarle.
Monks, British, great slaughter of, by Adelrrid king of Northumberland, i.
32. Saxon, characterized, 84. Their address in working miracles, 98.
See Monasteries.
Monkish historians, character of, i. 21.
Monmouth, James, duke of, his birth and character, vi. 195. His illegiti-
macy declared by the king in council, 196. Defeats the Scots Covenant-
ers at Bothwell Bridge, 211. Is deprived of his command, and sent
abroad, by the influence of the duke of York, 216. Comes over without
leave, 218. Presents a petition against calling the parliament at Oxford,
236. Engages in a conspiracy against the king, 261. Absconds upon
the discovery of it, 265. Is pardoned, 275. Is banished, 276. Invades
England on the accession of James II., 293. Is attainted by parliament,
293. Instances of his misconduct, 294. Is defeated at Sedgemore, 295.
Is executed, 2916.
Monopolies, enormous grants of, by Q.ueen Elizabeth, iv. 335. The perni-
cious tendency of these grants, 350. Debates in the house of commons
concerning, 552. Chief part of the national trade engrossed by exclusive
companies and patents in the reign of James I., 394. An act passed
against, 486. Are revived by Charles I., v. 75.
Monothelites, their heresy condemned in a synod at Hatfield, i. 50.
Monson, Sir William, commands under Admiral Sir Richard Levison, in u
expedition to the coast of Spain, iv. 339.
INDEX. 49?
Mottacute, brother of the earl of Warwick, defeats the Lancastrians at
Hexham, ii. 451. Gains a battle with the insurgents i 1 Yorkshire, 458.
Created a marquis, 459. Leagues with his brother Warwick against
King Edward, 463. Encourages his men to change sides, and drives
Edward from his own camp, 464.
Montague, Edward, a member of the house of commons, the arbitrary
speech of Henry VIII. to him, iii. 456.
, Sir Edward, chief justice of the common pleas, is ordered by
Edward VI., with other judges, t'> prepare a deed for the succession of
Lady Jane Gray, iii. 382. Is abused by Dudley, duke of Northumberland,
for refusing, 382. His expedient for the security of himself and the other
parties, 382.
-, Admiral, is sent with a squadron to the Baltic, to mediate be-
tween Sweden and Denmark, v. 499. Quits his station to assist Sir
George Booth and the royalists in their intended rising, which fails, 512.
Obtains, with Monk, the joint command of the fleet, 512. Carries the
fleet to Holland, to bring Charles II. over, 518. Is created earl of Sand-
wich, vi. 2. See Sandwich.
ambassador at Paris, secretly negotiates with France, and
treacherously receives a large bribe from Barillon, the minister of that
'court, vi. 156, «. Returns without leave, and produces Danby's letter to
the house of commons, 188.
Montargis, besieged by the earl of Warwick, ii. 384. Raised by the count
of Dunois, 384.
Monteagle, Lord, receives intimation of the gunpowder plot, iv. 403. Com-
municates it to Lord Salisbury, 403.
Montecuculi, the imperial general, joins the prince of Orange, and obliges
Lewis XIV. to abandon his conquests in the Low Countries, vi. 121.
Montfort, Simon de, appointed a general of the crusade published by Pope
Innocent III. against the Albigenses, i. 415. For his son, see Leicester.
Montmorency, Constable, commands the French army against the Spanish
under Philibert, duke of Savoy, iii. 437. Is defeated, and taken prisoner
at the battle of St. Q.uintin, 437. His sentiments on the marriage of the
dauphin with the queen of Scotland, iv. 24. Joins the duke of Guiso
against the prince of Conde, 52. Takes Rouen from the Protestants, 55.
Is taken prisoner by the Protestants at the battle of Dreux, 55. Is re-
leased by treaty, 59. Besieges Havre de Grace, 60. Takes it by capitu-
lation, 61. Is killed at the battle of St. Denis, 143.
Montreville, the French ambassador, prevails with Charles I. to seek pro-
tection in the Scots army, v. 322.
Montrose, earl of, his first introduction to Charles I., v. 300. Is imprisoned
in Scotland for his attachment to the king, 301. Procures Duke Hamil-
ton's disgrace with the king, 302. Negotiates for Irish troops, to mako
a diversion in Scotland, 302. Defeats Lord Elcho, 303. Defeats Lord
Burley, 303. Routs Argyle's forces, and is joined by great numbers of
them, 305. Takes and plunders Dundee, 305. Defeats Urrey and Bail-
lie, 306. Defeats the Covenanters at Kilsyth, 315. Is conquered by
David Lesley, 316. Retires abroad, 325. Raises levies to assist Charles
II., 403. Lands in Scotland, is defeated, and taken prisoner, 403. His
cruel treatment, 404. Is executed, 406.
Morcar and Edwin rebel against the injustice of Tosti, duke of Northum-
berland, i. 130. Morcar justifies their cause, and is made duke, 136.
Head the English against the Normans, after the battle of Hastings,
179. Submit to William the Conqueror, 182. Attend him to Normandy,
184. Excite a rebellion in the north, 189. Reduced, 190. Their deaths,
201.
More, Sir Thomas, remarks on his account of Jane Shore, ii. 526. When
speaker of the house of commems, joins the persuasions of Cardinal
Wolsey to obtain the grants to Henry VIII., iii. 141. The great seal
tflkeu from Wolsey, and committed to him, 176. Resigns the great sea'
M)0 INDEX
on the prospect of alterations in religion, 189. Refuses to subscribe IN
aatn regulating the succession of the crown enjoined by parliament, 197
Is attainted by parliament, 198- His cruel persecution of James Bain
ham for heresy, 206. Is tried and executed for denying the king's su
premacy, 212.
More, .Roger, an Irish gentleman, forms a conspiracy to expel the Englisl
from Ireland, v. 179. His design of seizing the Castle of Dublin discov-
ered, 182. Is shocked at the barbarities of O'Neale, abandons the cause,
and retires to Flanders, 185.
orrice, attorney of the court of wards, makes a motion in the house of
commons against abuses of ecclesiastical power, iv. 279. Is divested of
his employments, and imprisoned, 280.
, a gentleman of Devonshire, is the only friend with whom General
Monk consulted concerning the restoration of Charles II., v. 512. Is
made secretary of state by the king, vi. 2.
Mortimer. Roger, his history, ii. 162. His first acquaintance with Isabella,
queen to Edward II., 162. His intimacy with her, 162. Joins Isabella
in a conspiracy against the kir.g, 163. "invades England with her, 164.
Procures the death of the earl of Arundel and the chancellor Baldoe, 105.
Takes the king out of Leicester's custody, and delivers him to Lord
Berkeley, Mautravevs, and Gournay, 167. Orders the two latter to mur
der him, 168. Attends Edward III. in his army, to oppose the Scots, and
checks his ardor to engage them, 181 . Arrogates to himself all authority
in government, 181. Concludes a treaty with Robert Bruce, 182. His
measures to disappoint any combinations against him, 182. Contrives
the destruction of the earl of Kent, 183. Is seized by the king, 184. Tried
and executed, 184.
, Roger, earl of Marche, declared successor by Richard II., ii. 300.
Killed in Ireland, 308. His sons kept prisoners in Windsor Castle by
Henry IV., 327.
Mortimer's Cross, battle of, between Jasper Tudor, earl of Pembroke, and
Edward, duke of York, ii. 440.
Mortmain, the first statute of, when passed, ii. 139. The probable motives
of Edward I. in this law, 139. How eluded in the time of Richard II.,
322.
Morton, Jolm, his character, iii. 11. Becomes confidant of Henry VII., 11.
Made archbishop of Canterbury, 11. Created a cardinal, 52.
, earl of, chancellor of Scotland, becomes jealous of David Rizzio,
iv. 74. Advises Darnley to get him cut off, 74. Takes the coronation
oath in the name of the young King James VI., 95. Is appointed com-
missioner in the cause of Mary, 103. How he became possessed of a
casket of Mary's letters, 109. Is appointed by the Scots parliament a
commissioner to manage a treaty with Elizabeth concerning Mary,
131. Is dismissed by Elizabeth without concluding on any thing, 132.
Is chosen regent on the death of the earl of Marre, 155. Resigns the
regency into the hands of the young king, and retires, 177. Returns,
and resumes an influence over government, 177. Is tried and condemned
for being an accomplice in Darnley's murder, by the influence of the earl
of Lenox, 178. His execution hastened by the interposition of Elizabeth,
179.
Mountfort, count de, half brother to John, the third duke of Brittany,
acknowledges Charles de Blois as successor to that duchy, ii. 212. En-
deavors to acquire possession of the duchy, 913. Engages Edward III.
of England to patronize his pretensions, 213. Goes to Paris to plead his
cause, 213. Is taken and confined in the Tower of the Louvre, 213. See
the next article.
• , Jane, countess of, her vigorous efforts to support her husband's
interest in Brittany, ii. 213. Is besieged by Charles de Blois at Henue-
bonne, 214. Her vigorous defence, 214. Is relieved by an English fleet,
S15. Goes to England to solicit further succors, 215 Edward goes cvei
INDEX. 50
to Brittany in person. 2L6. A truce concluded for three years, 217
Takes Charles de Blois prisoner, 230. Her son obtains possession of
Brittany, and is acknowledged by France, 256.
Mountjoy, Lord, protests against the bill establishing a council to judge
offences against tlie king's proclamations — the only protest against any
public bill during the reign of Henry VIII., iii. 287.
, Lord, is sent lord deputy to Ireland, on the precipitate return of
the earl of Essex, iv. 315. Drives Tyrone and his party into the woods
and morasses, 316. His successes against the rebels, 332. Reduces the
Spaniards, and defeats Tyrone, 334. Tyrone surrenders himself up to
him, 340.
Mowbray, John de, ejected from his inheritance of the barony of Gower by
Edward II., at the instance of Hugh le Despenser, ii. 157.
, Robert, earl of Northumberland, excites a conspiracy against
William Rums, i. 225. Dies in confinement, 225.
Munster. bishop of, invades the Dutch territories at the instigation of
Charles II. but makes peace with the states, vi. 44.
Murden, his account of the military force of England at the time of the
Spanish armada, iv. 368.
' Murder, a list of the legal compositions for, among our Saxon ancestors,
i. 169.
Murray, earl of, appointed by Robert Bruce joint commander of the Scots
army with Lord Douglas, invading England on the death of Edward II.,
ii. 179. His reply to the defiance of Edward III., 180. Retires home,
181. Is appointed guardian to David Bruce, 186. Dies, 187.
, Lord James, created earl of, and enjoys the chief authority under
Mary, queen of Scotland, iv. 36. Becomes discontented at the marriage
of Mary with Lord Darnley, 68. Joins a confederacy of malecontents at
Stirling, 69. Is ill used by Elizabeth on the occasion, 70. Is reconciled
to Mary, 75. Obtains leave to retire into France, 91. Is appointed
regent on the first resignation of Mary, 95. Arrives, and treats Mary
harshly, 96. Summons a parliament, which condemns Mary to inipris
onment, 96. Demolishes the fortress of Dunbar %. Raises forces on
Mary's escape from Lochlevin Castle, 98. Defeats her at Langside, 98
Is required by Elizabeth to justify his conduct towards Mary, 101. Prom
ises to come with other commissioners, to submit his cause to Eliza-
beth, 101. Is appointed a commissioner by the kingdom for this pur-
pose, 103. The secret reasons of the weakness of his allegations against
Mary, 105. Lays his full evidences privately before the English commis-
sions, and requests Elizabeth's protection, 105. Proposes queries to
Elizabeth, 106. The conferences transferred to Hampton Court, 107.
Accuses Mary more explicitly, 107. Her commissioners refuse to reply,
107. Produces Mary's letters to Bothwell, with the confession of Hu-
bert, 108. Is dismissed by Elizabeth, with a loan for his charges, 111.
Proposes to the duke of Norfolk a marriage with Mary, 120. His polit-
ical motives in this proposal, 120. Discovers Norfolk's design to Eliza-
beth, 123. Is assassinated, 129. His character, 129. Vindicated from
the accusations of Q.ueen Mary and her advocates, 535.
Muscovy, a profitable trade established with, iii. 447. An embassy arrives
from, to Queen Mary, 447. An exclusive trade with, granted to the En-
glish, iv. 365. This privilege withdrawn, 365.
tfajara, battle of, between Edward the Black Prince and Henry de Trans-
tamare, ii. 259.
Names, Christian, strange modification of, at the time of the commonwealth,
v. 442, n.
Kantz, the edict of, -evoked by Lewis XIV., vi. 305.
Maples, conquered by the joint force of France and Spain, Hi 82. Seized
by the latter, 83.
Naseby, battle of, between Charles I. and the trenerals Fairfax and Crom-
well, v. 310.
502 INDEX.
Navaire, situation of that kingdom, iii. 87. Crafty invasion of, by FcrdL
■and of Spain, 88.
, Anthony, king of, is excluded from :.I1 office and favor at the coun
of France by the influence of the Guise family, iv. 31. Declares in favor
of the Protestants, 31. Is made lieutenant-general of the kingdom on
the accession of Charles IX., 32. Joins the duke of Guise against the
Protestants, 52. Is mortally wounded at the siege of Rouen, 54.
, Henry, prince of, is placed by Coligni at the head of the Protes-
tants after the defeat of Jarnac, iv. 143. Is married to Margaret, sister
to Charles, 157. His mother poisoned by order of the court, 157. Is
obliged by Charles to renounce the Protestant religion as the price of his
life, during the massacre of Paris, 158. Flies from the court, and places
himself again at the head of the Hugonots, 162. Defeats the king at
Coutras, 272. Obtains the crown of France on the death of Henry III.,
273. See Henry IV.
Navigation act, one of this nature rejected by Henry VI., ii. 444. Is passed
by the commonwealth parliament, v. 428. Is suspended by Charles II.,
vi. 96.
Navy, English, state of, in the time of Queen Mary, iii. 446. The improve-
ment of, by Queen Elizabe^., iv. 367. Harrison's account of her navy,
556. A view of the state of, during the reign of James I., 513. The num-
ber of seamen then employed in the merchants' service, 514. Account of
the state of, from the restoration to the revolution, vi. 369.
Naylor, James, a Quaker, his extravagances, v. 523. Is restored to his
senses by punishment, 523.
Nazau Leod, the British chief, defeated by Cerdic the Saxon, i. 18.
Neile, bishop of Lincoln occasions disputes between the two houses of
parliament, by reflecting on the commons, iv. 433. Anecdote of him, 435.
Nero, emperor, sends Suetonius Paulinus over to Britain, i. 6. Recalls
him, 7.
Netherlands, the foreign commerce of England, at the time of Henry VIII.,
confined to those countries, iii. 313. The arbitrary and severe behavior
of the emperor Charles V. towards the Protestants there, iv. 147. The
duchess of Parma left governess of, by Philip, 147. The Flemish exilej
become masters of the Brille, 165. Revolt of Holland and Zealand, 165.
See Orange. Duke of Alva recalled, 166. The treaty called the Pacifl
cation of Ghent, 168. A treaty concluded with Elizabeth, 169. The duke
of Anjou is sent to their assistance, 186. Anjou expelled tor an attempt
on their liberties, 190. See United Provinces. Spanish, rapid conquests
of Lewis XIV. in, vi. 61. Settlement of, by the triple league, and treaty
of Aix-la-Chapelle, 65. Dutch, overrun, by Lewis XlV, 1U4.
Nevil, Sir John, executed for an insurrection in Yorkshire, iii. 267.
Neville, the power, connections, and branches of that family, ii. 418. Hon
ors bestowed on, by Edward IV., 459.
, Hugh de, a fine paid to the king by his wife, for leave to pass a
night with him while in prison, i. 466.
Neville's Cross, battle of, between Queen Philippa and David, king of Scot-
land, ii. 230.
Neustria, a province in France, granted to Rollo the Dane, i. 107. See
Normandy.
Newark is besieged by the parliamentary forces, but relieved b} r Prince
Rupert, v. 273. Surrenders to the Scots army by the king's order, 332.
Newburn, Lord Conway routed there by the Scots Covenanters, v. 122.
Newbury, battle of, between Charles I. and the carl cf Essex, v. 255. Sec
ond battle of, 280. •
Newcastle, the first charter granted tc the inhabitants of, to dig coal, ii. 69
Is taken by bLjeu by the earl of Leven the Scots general, v. 278.
— ■ , earl of, commands for the king in t lie north of England, anil
takes possession of York, v. 241. Is created marquis, 257. Is repulsed
iu an attack upon Hall, 258. Is besieged in Yolk by the parliamentary
army, 275. Leaves the kingdom in disgust, after the batt c of Marstoa
Moor, 277.
New England, the colony of, how peopled, v. 027.
New Forest, how and when made, i. 214. Remarkable accidents happening
to the family of William the Conqueror iu, 238.
Newfoundland, first discovery of, iii. 70.
New York is taken from the Dutch by Sir Robert Holmes, vi. 38. Is ceded
to the English by the treaty of Breda, 55.
Newton, the mathematician and philosopher, his character, vi. 374. His
death, 374.
Nicholas, Sir Edward, is made secretary of state by Charles II., on his
restoration, vi. 2. Is displaced by the influence of the duchess of Cleve-
land, 33.
Nimeguen, congress there, under the mediation of Charles II., vi. 140. Peace
concluded there, 158. The treaty ratified, 159.
Nobility, Saxon and Norman, wherein they differed, i. 162. The titles of, sold
to supply James I. with money, iv. 432.
Kfon addresses, the vote of, passed by the long parliament, v. 354. Is re
pealed, 350.
Nonconformists, their ministers ejected out of their livings, vi. 27. Five
mile act, 45. Act against conventicles, 80. Declaration of indulgence,
95. The declaration recalled, 116. A bill for their relief passed 117. See
Puritans.
Norfolk, an insurrection there, against enclosure, headed by Ket, a tanner
iii. 357. The insurgents defeated by Dudley, earl of Warwick, 358.
, duke of, challenges his accuser, the duke of Hereford, ii. 305. The
duel prevented by Richard II., 306. Banished for life, 306.
, Bigod, Roger, earl of, is appointed agent for Henry III. to the conn
cil of Lyons, ii. 22. Objects to King John's right of subjecting England to
the supremacy of Rome, 22. His address to Henry III. on the parliament
assembling in armor, 32. Is gained over to the royal party by Princo
Edward, 45. Refuses to serve in the expedition to Gascony, and quarrels
with the lung, 111. Refuses to attend the king to Flanders, 111. A new
mareschal appointed in his place for that service, 114. He and the earl
of Hereford present a remonstrance to him on his departure, 115. De-
mands of parliament a confirmation of the charters, and indemnity for
himself, which are granted, 110. Obtains a full confirmation of them from
the king on his return, 117.
, earl of, brother to Edward II., engages with Q.ueen Isabella in a
conspiracy against him, ii. 163.
-, duke of, resigns his office of treasurer, and retires from court, iii.
109.
, duke of, opposes the progress of the reformation, iii. 204. From
what motives he became an enemy to his niece Q-ueen Anne Boleyn,
226. Presides as high steward on her trial, 226. Is commissioned to
suppress Aske's insurrection, termed the Pilgrimage of Grace, 237. His
prudent measures to distress the insurgents, 237. Prevails on them to
Jisperse, 238. Routs another insurrection, and puts their officers to death,
239. Proposes the framing of the bill of six articles to the house of lords,
253. The repartee of one of his chaplains to him, concerning the celibacy
of priests, 461. Procures a commission to commit Cromwell to the Tower,
203. Influences the king to a cruel persecution of heretics, on his niece
Catharine Howard becoming queen, 267. Is appointed to command iu
the war against Scotland, 279. Attends Henry in his invasion of Franco
293. Is checked by the king in a scheme of ruining Cranmer, 300. A
review of his services and honors, 304. Is, with his sou the earl of SurTey,
committed to the Tower, 306. Surrey executed, 300. Is attainted by the
parliament, 306. Ordered for execution, but saved by the king's death,
307. Is released from confinement by Oueen Mary, 391. His attainder
reversed by parliament, 395. Advises Mary to the Spanish alliance, 398
;')04 index.
Is siHit to suppress Wiat's insurrection in Kent, but is forced to retire bj
a desertion of his troops, 402.
Norfolk, the young duke of, is appointed lieutenant of the northern counties
by Q,ueen Elizabeth, iv. 27. Is appointed one of the commissioners in the
cause between Mary, queen of Scots, and Murray, the regent, 103. En
tertains hopes of marrying Mary, 10(5. Transmits Murray's queries to
Elizabeth, 106. His character, 119. A marriage with Maiy proposed to
him by Murray, 120. Obtains the countenance of several of the nobility
to this scheme, 121. Secures the concurrence of France and Spain, 123.
Receives intimations from the queen of her knowledge of his negotiations,
123. Endeavors to discredit the reports raised against him to the queen,
124. Is committed to the Tower, and his friends taken into custody, 124.
Is released, on promise of thinking no further of Mary, 127. Renews his
correspondence with Mary, 151. Enters into a conspiracy with the duke
of Alva against Elizabeth, 151. His scheme discovered by Lord Burleigh,
152. Is tried, 153. Executed, 153.
Norham, Castle of, conference there, between Edward I. and the Scots par-
liament, to determine the right of the crown of Scotland, ii. 86.
Normans, origin of the name, i. 52. Their first invasions in France, 52. And
England. See William. Their character, 140, 244.
Norman barons conspire against William the Conqueror, i. 202. Suppressed,
204. Instance of their voting in English councils, 308.
Normandy, settled by Rollo the Dane, i. 107. History of his successors, 108
William, duke of, obtains the crown of England, 181. See William the
Conqueror ; and Robert. Invaded by Philip of France, on the news of
Richard I. being imprisoned in Germany, on his return from the crusade,
3S3. Philip repulsed at Rouen by the earl of Leicester, 383. John in-
vested with the duchy of, on his brother Richard's death, 395. Laid under
an interdict on account of the bishop of Beauvais's captivity, who is sur-
rendered, 396. Two Brabangons left governors of it, by John, on his leav-
ing it, 404. Recovered by Philip, 405. The states of, how composed, 455.
Formally ceded to Lewis IX. by Henry HI. of England, ii. 38. Is sud-
denly invaded by Edward III., 220. Caen seized and plundered, 221.
Calais taken, 233. Is invaded by four French armies, 414. Finally reduced
to the government of France, 415.
Norris, Sir John, joins Sir Francis Drake in his expedition to Portugal, iv.
266. Commands the English forces sent to reduce Brittany for Henry
IV., 286. Is sent to reduce insurrections in Ireland, 286. Is deceived by
the treacherous negotiations of Tyrone, and dies of vexation, 307.
North-west passage, three attempts for the discovery of, made by Sir Martin
Frobisher, iv. 365. Davis's Straits discovered, 365. Attempts for the
discovery of, made in the reign of James I., 516.
Mbrthaniptou, a council called there, by King Henry II., in which Thomas &
Becket is condemned, i. 307. Battle of, between Henry VI. and the earl
of Warwick, ii. 436.
Northumberland, history of the Saxon kingdom of, i. 31.
, earl of, defeats earl Douglas at Homeldon, ii. 331. Rebels
against Henry IV., and leagues with the Welsh and Scots, 332. His
son defeated and killed by the king, 334. His submission accepted,
334. Retires to Scotland, and is killed in an irruption into England,
336.
_. 1 Dudley, earl of Warwick, made duke of. iii. 372. Deter-
mines to ruin Somerset, 373. Causes Somerset, bis duchess, and friends,
to be airested, 373. Trial and execution of Somerset, 373. Endeavors
to get Tonstal, bishop of Durham, attainted, but is disappointed by the
commons, 377. His measures in the calling of a ,ew parliament,
378. His representations to induce the king to alter the succession,
380. Places his own emissaries about the king, 381. Abuses the chief
justice, Sir Edward Montague, for refusing t.> draw the deed of set
tlcment for Lady Jane Gray, 3dJ. Procures the patent to be passed.
INDEX. 605
383- Endeavors to get the two princesses, Mary and Elizabeth, into his
powei-, 386. Proclaims the lady Jane Gray, 3fc7. Is disconcerted at the
bad aspect of affairs, 388. Takes the command of the army, 387. Is de-
serted by his army, and proclaims Queen Mary, 389. Is apprehended, 390
Is tried and executed, 390.
Northumberland, earl of, offers to release Mary, Queen of Scots, from her
confinement in England, iv. 123. Enters into a negotiation with the
duke d'Alva, and raises an insurrection with the earl of Westmoreland
in the north, 125. Is taken by Murray, and confined in the Castle of
Lochlevin, 126. Is delivered up and executed, 154.
, earl of, is sent by Charles I. to command his army against
the Scots, v. 122. Retires from Newcastle on the rout of Lord Conway
at Newburu, 122. The command, by his illness, devolves on Strafford
123. Joins the parliament against the king, 228. Retires to his seat
253.
-, extract of some curious particulars from a household book
of an old earl of that family, iii. 453.
Norway, maid of. See Margaret.
Norwich, bishop of, leads out a crusade against the Clementines, ii. 323.
, John, Lord, is besieged by the duke of Normandy in Angouleme,
ii. 219. His stratagem to save the garrison, 219.
Nottingham, countess of, discovers, on her death-bed, to Queen Elizabeth,
her treachery to the earl of Essex, iv. 341.
, earl of, and lord high admiral, is sent to Spain, to ratify the
peace with, iv. 398. Sentiments of the Spaniards at sight of his train,
398.
Nova Belgia taken from the Dutch by Sir Robert Holmes, vi. 38. See New
York.
Nowel, chaplain to Queen Elizabeth, openly reproved by her for speaking
irreverently of the sign of the cross, iv. 118, n.
Gates, Titus, his account of a Popish plot, vi. 173. His birth and character,
175. Is examined before the council, 176. Inconsistencies of his narra-
tive pointed out, 178. Gbtains a pension, 1S4. His evidence against Lord
Stafford, 229. Is heavily fined for calling the duke of York a Popish
traitor, 274. Is convicted and sentenced for perjury, 292.
Oath, ex officio, arbitrary administration of, by the court of ecclesiastical
commission, iv. 202.
Obdam, the Dutch admiral, is killed in an engagement with the duke of
York, vi. 40.
Odo, bishop of Baieux, uterine brother to William the Conqueror, left joint
administrator of the kingdom, with William Eitzosberne, during his
brother's absence in Normandy, i. 184. Aspires to the popedom, 214.
Seized by William, and confined during his reign, 215. Engages in
conspiracy against William Rufus, 221.
Offa, king of Mercia, his descent, i. 37. Succeeds Ethclbald, 37. His
wars, 38. His treacherous murder of Ethelbert, king of the East An-
gles, 38. His pious deeds of expiation, 38. Imposes the tax of Peter's
Pence, 38. Endows a rich monastery at St. Albans, 38. Enters into an
alliance with Charlemagne, 39. Makes a rampart against the Welsh,
39, n.
Okey, Colonel, one of the king's judges, is seized in Holland, brought home,
and executed, vi. 24. His character, 24.
Olave the Dane, his character, i. 103. Confirmed by English bishops, and
canonized by the church of Rome, 03, 104.
Old man of the mountains. See Aa^assins.
Oldcastle, Sir John. See Cobham.
O'Neal, Owen, enters into a conspiracy with Rinuccini, the pope's legate,
against the lord lieutenant Ormond, v. 391. Enters into a correspond
ence with the parliamentary generals, 392. Is reduced by Cromwell
396.
VOL. VI. — -T
506 INDEX.
O'Neale, Iln.-h. Sue Tyrone.
, Sir I'helim, engages in Roger More's conspiracy to expe\ the Ei..^
lisli from Ireland, v. 180. His cruel massacre of the English in Ulster, 162
Forges a commission from the king for his insurrection, 187. Is taken and
executed by Ireton, 424.
- Shan, his history and character, iv. 304.
range, prince of, taken prisoner by the French on the defeat of the duko
of Brittany, J. 27. Gained over and released, to persuade the young
duchess to a marriage with the French king, 32.
-, William, prince of, is condemned as a rebel, and his possesiions
confiscated by the duke of Alva, iv. 165. Unites the towns of Holland
and Zealand into a league against the Spanish government, 166. Sends
an embassy to implore the assistance of Elizabeth, 167. Concludes the
treaty called the Pacification of Ghent, 168. Concludes a treaty with
Queen Elizabeth, 169. Is assassinated by Gerard, 205.
-, Maurice, prince of, succeeds the earl of Leicester in the govern-
ment of the United Provinces, iv. 252. He gains the battle of Tournholt,
ii87. Renews the war with Spain on the expiration of the truce, 490.
-, William, prince of, is married to the princess Mary of Englar.d, v
172.
— , William, prince of, is educated by John de Wit, vi. 100. His
character, 100. Is appointed general and admiral of the United Prov-
inces, 101. Is made stadtholder, 109. Unites the Dutch to oppose the
conquests of Lewis XIV.. 112. Is joined by the imperial general Mon-
tecuculi, and obliges the French to abandon the Low Countries, 121. His
obstinate battle with the prince of Conde at Seneffe, 131. Is unable to
prevent the loss of Bouchaine, 140. Is defeated by the French at St.
Omers, 144. Comes over to England to marry the princess Mary, 149.
The marriage concluded, 150. Concerts with Charles the plan of ptface*
151. Attacks the French army the day after signing the peace of Nirnu
i.'iien, 159. Remarks on his conduct with respect to English affairs, 330.
Forms a league against Lewis XIV., 331. Refuses to concur in the
designs of James IF., B3iJ. His reply to the king's solicitations, by
Fagel, 333. His instructions to Dykevelt, his envoy to England, 384.
Applications made to him by the English, 305. Is formally invited ovei
to England by the principal men, 336. The motives which induced him
to listen to the overtures of the English, 336. His preparations to op-
pose King James, 337. His declaration published, 342. Embarks, 343
Lands at Torhay, 344. Declines treating with the commissioners, ami
marches for Loudon, 348 Orders the king, on his return after his first
flight, not to approach London, 351. Is desired by the peers to assume
Sue government, and to summon a convention, 354. Summons the con-
vention, 354. Summons a convention at Edinburgh, 355. Receives an
offer of the crown of Scotland, 355. His conduct, during the meeting of
the convention parliament, 361. His declaration to a meeting of peers,
361. The crown settled on hitn and the princess, 362.
Ordainers, a council of, formed in the reign of Edward II. by the barons to
govern the nation, ii. 147. Ordinances framed by, 148. Aim particularly
at Piers Gavaston, and banish him, 148.
Ordeal, in the Anglo-Saxon law, the several species of, i. 172.
Ordinance, the self denying one, passed by the long parliament, v. 287.
Drkney, Earl Bothwcll made duke of, iv. 86. The bans ordered to be
published between him and Queen Mary, 86. Is married to her by the
bishop of Orkney, 88. Endeavors to get Prince James into his power,
M, Is opposed by a confederacy of nobles formed against him. 91. Flies
«.) the Orkneys, and subsists by piracy, 91. Escapes to Denmark, wlu-r-j
"<e dies miserably in prison, 91.
■ , bishop of. ninnies Mary, queen of Scots, to Bothwcll, iv. 88. Is
tppointed one of tlfe rJomiHissioilers in her cause, on the part of the king
and kingdon*, 103,
index. 501
Orleans; city .)f, besieged by tl>e earl of Salisbury, ii. 335. Succeeded bi
the earl of Suffolk on his death, 386. Gannon first successfully applied
at this siege, 366. Battle of Herrings, 387. The duke cf Burgundy re-
calls his troops from the siege, 387. Distress of the town and garrison,
387. Joan d'Arc enters it with a convoy, 392. A second convoy enters
anmolested, 392. The English repulsed from several of their posts, 393.
Amazement of the besiegers, 393. The siege raised, 394. See Joan
d'Arc. Is besieged by the duke of Guise, iv. ;V.». Guise assassiuated
there, 59.
-—— — — , Lewis, duke of, disputes the administration of affairs with the duke
of Burgundy, on the insanity of Charles VI., ii. 351. Reconciliation be
tween them, 351. Assassinated by the duke of Burgundy, 351. For his
natural son, see Dunois.
-, duke of, taken prisoner at the battle of Azincour, ii. 353. Obtains
a neutrality for his demesnes, 337. Ransoms himself, 408.
-, Lewis, duke of, disputes the administration of France during the
minority of Charles VIII., with the princess Anne of Beaujeu, iii. 22.
Obliged to fly to the court of Brittany, 23. Commands the duke of
Brittany's forces against the invasion of France, 23. Taken prisoner by
the French, 28. Released, to promote the king of France's suit to the
duchess of Brittany, 32. Succeeds to the crown of France, 59. See
Lewis XII.
Ormesby, left judiciary of Scotland on the return of earl Warrcne to
England, it. 121. The Scots irritated at his oppressions. 121. Flies to
England on the appearance of William Wallace, 122.
Ormond, carl of, reduces the Spanish general, San Josepho, in Kerry,
iv. 179.
, earl of, his successes against the Irish rebels, v. 264 Engages
the justices and council to adhere to the king against the parliament,
265. Concludes a cessation of arms with the rebels by the king's order,
266. Sends over troops to assist the king, 266. Glamorgan treats with
the Irish rebels without his knowledge, 318. Resigns Dublin, and all
other places, by the king's order, to the parliamentary forces, 325
Concludes a peace with the council of Kilkenny, and engages it to as
sist the king, 390. Narrowly escapes from a conspiracy formed against
him, 391. Retires to France, 392. Returns back, 392. Reduces the
parliamentary garrisons, 393. Besieges Dublin, 396. Is defeated by a
sally from the city, 396. Again leaves the island, 398. Comes to Eng
land to concert a conspiracy against the protector, 481. Is forced to fly,
482. Is made steward of the household, and created a duke, v. 1. Is
made lord-lieutenant of Ireland, where he suppresses an intended insur-
rection, 73. Remonstrates against the English act prohibiting the
importation of Irish cattle, 74. Is seized by Blood, but rescued, 90. Is
again sent lord lieutenant of Ireland, 245. His administration vindi-
cated by his son, Ossory, against Lord Shaftesbury, 2-16. Is recalled by
King James. 311.
Osric, king of Deiri, and Eanfrid, king of Bernicia, apostatize to paganism,
i. 35.
Ossory, Lord, son of the duke of Ormond, his bold speech to the duke of
Buckingham, vi. 91. Commands in the fleet under Prince Rupert, 118
Justifies his father's administration in Ireland against Lcrd Shaftes
bury, 246.
Ostend, short account of the siege of, by the Spaniards, iv. 339, n.
Oswald, king of Northumberland, recovers the dismembered parts of his
kingdom, and restores the Christian religion, i. 35. Gives the Britons a
final defeat, 35. Slain by Penda, king of Mercia, 35. History of his suc-
cessors, 35.
Otterborne, battle of, ii. 298.
Otway, the poet, his unhappy fnte, vi. 377.
Overbui', , 8w Thomas, iis^i.-.u young Cane, the (dug's favorite; with gce^
yJ8 INDEX.
advice, iv. 4C3. His imprudence in the affair of Lady Essex, 430. Ii
committed to the Tower by the deceitful contrivance of Rochester, 430.
Is poisoned, by order of Somerset and his lady, 431. His remarks on
the English navy, 514.
Outlaws, whether eligible to parliament, iv. 390.
Oxford University, by whom first founded, i. 74. The parliament, after
wards called the mad parliament, assembles there, ii. 32. The provisions
of, enacted, 33. See Barons. Lectures in civil law, when first read
there, 509. When first erected iuto a bishopric, iii. 045. The parlia-
ment removed tnither by Charles I., on account of the plague at Lon-
don, v. 6. This parliament dissolved on the plague appearing there, 10,
Negotiations there for a peace between the king and parliament, 239.
The king endeavors to form a parliament there, in opposition to that at
London, vi. 236.
, earl of, invites Henry VII. to an entertainment, iii. 71. Fined by
the king for his retainers, 71.
Pack, Alderman, makes a motion in parliament for giving Cromwell the
title of king, v. 473.
Paget, Secretary, remonstrates with Lord Seymoar on the impropriety of
caballing against his brother, the protector, iii. 345. Informs the pro-
tector of his practices, and advises him to return from Scotland to guan'
against them, 345. Adheres to Somerset in his distress, 362. Advises
Mary to the Spanish alliance, 398.
Palatinate of the Rhine. See Frederic. The English undertake the
recovery of it, iv. 492. The attempt fails, 493. Restored in part by the
treaty of Westphalia, v. 455.
Palestine, state of, at the arrival of the crusaders, Richard I. of England
and Philip of France, i. 374.
Palmer, Mrs. See Cleveland.
, Sir Thomas, is employed by Northumberland as a spy upon Som-
erset, iii. 373. His accusation against Somerset, 373. Is apprehended
for joining the party of the lady Jane Gray, 390. Is executed, 390.
Pandolf, legate from Pope Innocent III. in his expedition against King
John of England, his private instructions, i. 41S. Proposes an inter-
view with John, 51S. Procures his submission to the pope, 418. Re-
ceives the resignation of his kingdom, and homage from him, 418. Ex-
communicates the earl of Albemarle and his adherents, ii. 9.
Papacy, the seat of, how fixed in Italy, ii. 322.
Papal authority, the popular sentiments of, in the reign of Edward III.,
ii. 272. Renounced by Henry VIII., iii. 197. See Reformation.
Par, Catharine, married to Henry VIII., iii. 288. Is made regent during
Henry's absence in France, 293. Her danger of impeachment for
heresy, 303. Her prudent evasion of this danger, 303. Marries Lord
Seymour soon after Henry's death, 345. Dies in childbed, 346.
Puris, massacre of the Hugonots in that city, ou the eve of St. Bartholo-
mew, iv. 157. See France.
Parker, Archbishop, his character, iv. 201.
, bishop of Oxford, is violently appointed president of Magdalen
College by James II., vi. 323.
Parliament, English, a view of, in its feudal form, i. 451. By what titles
the dignified clergy obtained seats in, 451. The importance of the bar-
ons in, 452. The commons not originally a part of, 453. Composed
wholly of military tenants 453. When usually assembled, 457. That
summoned at Oxford, in the minority of Henry III., grants, in his name,
a renewal and confirmation of the Great Charter, ii. 10. Refuses supplies
to Henry, 18, 21. The spirited remonstrances of, to the king, on his
demand 0!' a supply, 27. Grants a supply, on a solemn confirmation of
the Great Charter, 29. Assembles dressed in armor, 32. That termed
the mad one, meets at Oxford, 32. A supreme council of twenty-four
chosen i ■ to i filiate the government, 32. The first efforts toward*
INDEX. 509
sending representatives of counties to, 33. Regular sessic is of, c]>
pointed by the council of barons, 33. A committee of twelve appointed
by the council, of equal authority with, to act in the intervals of the
sessions, 35. One called by Henry, which authorizes him to resume the
government, in consequence of the pope's absolution, 41. One sum-
moned by Leicester, after the battle of Lewes, which appoints a council
of nine to administer government, 51. Again summoned by Leicester,
and the house of commons regularly formed, 53. Approves of the ordi
nances of the reforming barons after the civil wars were ended, 63.
Other laws enacted in the reign of Henry III., 63. The first summoned
by Edward I., reforms the administration of justice, 72. The barons
prohibited coming to, except summoned by writ, 98. Grants supplies
to Edward for a French war, 110. Is awed into a confirmation of the
two charters by the earls of Norfolk and Hereford, while the king i3 iu
Flanders, 116. A summary view of the supplies granted to Edward I.,
140. The banishment of Piers Gavaston demanded by Thomas, earl of
Lancaster, 146. Procures the government to be vested in a council of
twelve, 147. Passes a sentence of forfeiture and perpetual exile against
the Despensers, 158. Deposes Edward II., 166. A council of regency
formed by, to act during the minority of Edward HI., 178. Ratifies
Mortimer's treaty with Robert Bruce, 182. Condemns Mortimer to
death, 184. Assists the king in his endeavors to restore Edward Balinl
in Scotland, and its advice to him, 190. Grants supplies to assist the
pretensions of Edward to the crown of France, 197. Is summoned by
Prince Edward during his father's absence in Flanders, but no supplies
obtained, 201.. Remarks on the present power of, 201. Its conditional
grants to the king, 201. Resolutions of, on his assumed title as king
of France, 202. Frames an act for redress of grievances before the
making the required grants, 209. Is prevailed on to repeal this act, 211.
Advises the king to break the truce with Philip, and makes grants for
the renewal of the war, 217. The consideration it arrived to in the reign
of Edward III., 267. Its frequent endeavors to abolish purveyance in
this reign, 269. Attempts in vain to reduce the price of labor, 275.
Settlement of government established by, during the minority of Rich-
ard II., 281. Is dissolved, and the increase of its authority shown, 281.
Imposes a poll-tax, and the alarming consequences of it, 283. Its
peremptory deputation to the king, 290. Its undue compact with the
duke of Gloucester and his party, 294. Proceedings against the minis-
try, 294. The irregularity of their conduct, 296. Influence of the king
over, and their compliance with his measures, 623. Adjourned to
Shrewsbury, 304. Grants Richard the duties on wool and leather for
life, with other subsidies, 304. Before their dissolution, vest the parlia
mentary authority in a committee of twelve lords and six commoners,
304. Names of the commissK »ers, 304, n. Heads of the accusation
presented to, against King Richard, 310. Depose him, 314. Act against
heresy, 320. Repealed, 321. The repeal suppressed by the influence ol
the clergy, 321. Confusions in, at the accession of Henry IV., 327.
Opposes his attempt to exclude females from the succession, 340. Ad-
vises the king to seize the temporalities of the church, 341. R,enews
the same advice to Henry V., 350. Grants to Henry, after the battle of
Azincour, 359, 306. Causes which contributed to increase its influence
in government, 374. Appoints a new arrangement of administration
during the minority of Henry VI. , 374. Refuses supplies to the duke
of Bedford, regent of France, 397. One called at St. Edmund's Bury,
411. Makes the duke of York protector during pleasure, 432. Resumes
all the grants of the crown since the death of Henry V., 434. That of
Coventry, remarks on, 443. The title of Edward IV. recognized by, 449.
Attainders reversed, 449. Act of forfeiture nid attainder passed ao;uinst
Henry VI. and his queen, and their party, 449. Summoned, at the res-
toration of Henry VI., 465. New system of .'iti^inders and reversals., 466
510 INDK.X.
Summoned by Edward on his restoration, 4 72. Their grants to the kin^
towards a French war, 47:i. Reflections on the inconsistency of their onv
oeediugs, 481. One summoned by Richard 111. recognizes 1 lis authority,
creates his son prince of Wales, and makes grants, 002. Attainder!
reversed on the coming in of Henry VII., iii. 7. Expedient for qualifying
the king's prior attainder, 8. Entail of the crown, how managed, 8
Attainders of the York party, 9. Grants a supply for the assistance of
the duke of Brittany, 28. Grants supplies to the king for a war with
France, 35. Passes a law to indemnify all who act under the authority
of the king for the time being, 46. Grants Henry another subsidy, 50
Its obsequiousness to his oppressive measures, 63. Chooses Dudley,
the minister of his extortions, speaker, 63. Star chamber authority
confirmed by, 69. The king's suit for murder limited within a year and
day, 70. Benefit of clergy abridged, 70. Statutes against retainers,
and for other salutary purposes, 70. Law permitting the entailment of
estates to be broke, 72. Review of other laws passed by Henry VII., 72
The first of Henry VIII. attaints Empson and Dudley, the ministers of
the extortions of Henry VII., 81. Redresses some abuses in the late
reign, 81, n. Grants supplies for a war with France, 86. Imposes a
proportional poll-tax, 90. Grants of, to Henry, by the influence of Cat
dinal Wolsey, and of Sir Thomas More, 141. Passes an act against
levying annates, 187. Continues to abridge the papal authority, in de-
regulation of monasteries, and election of bishops, 195, The successioi
'of the crown regulated, 196. Declares the king supremo head of the
church, 197. Attaints Sir Thomas More ami Bishop Fisher, 199
Unites England and Wales, 198. Passes an act of attainder against the
accomplices of the holy maid of Kent, 210. The lesser monasteries
suppressed by, 220. Further progress made in the union between Eng
land and Wales, 220. The gross flattery of the speaker of the commons
to the king, 229. Reason assigned for annulling the king's marriage
with Anne Boleyn, 230, n. The princesses Mary and Elizabeth illegiti
mated, and the succession settled on the king's issue by Jane Seymour,
230. All authority of the bishop of Rome renounced, 231. Passes die
bill of six articles, for abolishing diversity of opinions in religion, 253
Enacts that royal proclamations shall have the force of laws, 255. Yet
passes a statute declaring that the king's proclamations shall not in
fringe the laws or customs of the realm, 255. Confirms the surrendei
of the monasteries, 257. Dissolves the order of St. John of Jerusalem,
or knights of Malta, 262. Grants, with reluctance, supplies to Henry,
262. Instance of its servile compliance with Henry's caprices, 462.
Condemns Dr. Barnes for heresy, 267. Attaints Queen Catharine How
ard and her associates, 273. Passes an act to secure the virtue of
Henry's future wives, 273. Ireland erected into a kingdom by, 462.
Ratifies the future decisions of the commissioners appointed by the king
to establish a religion, 275. Prohibits the reading of the Bible to the
lower classes of the people, 277. Grants supplies for a French war, 286
Enacts that offences against the king's proclamations shall be judged 03-
a council of nine, 287. Enforces obedience to the Erudition of a Chris-
tian Man, published by Henry VIII., 287. Restores the princesses
Mary and Elizabeth to their right of succession, 290. The style of the
king's regal title settled, 290. The king's debts, contracted by a gen-
eral loan, remitted, 290. Another oath of the king's supremacy imposed,
291. The law of the six articles mitigated, 291. Grants another sub
sidy, 297. Bestows on the king all the university and hospital revenues.
297. The abject flattery bestowed ou the king. £97. Henry's speech
to, on proroguing it, 298. Attainder of the duke of Norfolk, 306. A
recapitulation of the statutes passed by Henry VIII., 311. Remarks on
the statute granting him the duties of tonnage and poundage, 312. One
summoned by the duke of Somerset, protector, 339. The wholesome
laws passed this session, 339. Lord Seymour condemned, 349. Celibacy
INDLX. 511
recommended to the clergy, but their marriage permitted, 351. Depri rca
the protector of all his offices, and fines him, 364. Passes a severe act
against rioters, 364. The new liturgy authorized, 375. Interest for
money declared illegal, 375. Acts passed against treason, 376. An act
making provision for the poor, 376. The Latin mass celebrated in, at
the accession of Q.ueen Mary, 394. The species of treason limited, 395.
The queen's legitiniac}' established, 395. All Edward's statutes of
religion repealed, 395. The duke of Norfolk's attainder reversed, 395.
Is dissolved, for opposing the Spanish alliance, 399. A large sum sent
over by the emperor Charles V., to bribe the new one^OT. Gardiner's
speech at the opening of, 407. The caution of, with mspect to the pre-
tensions of Philip, 407. Is dissolved, 403. A new one summoned, which
reverses the attainder of Cardinal Pole, 410. Implores forgiveness of
the pope, for their defection from the church of Rome, 411. Its cau-
tion to preveut the resumption of church lands, 411. Revives the san-
guinary laws against heretics, 412. Tenths and first-fruits restored to
the church, 427. Subsidies granted by a new one, 442. All sales or
grants of crown lands by the queen, for seven years to come, confirmed,
442. Law for regulating the militia, 447. The first law for repair of the
highways by a general parish duty, 4-18. The joy discovered by, at
the accession of ftuecn Elizabeth, iv. 1. A new one called, by whom
the title of the queen is recognized, 7. The newly-erected monasteries
suppressed, 8. All statutes of Edward VI. concerning religion re-
stored, 9. The nomination of bishops f^iven to the crown, 9. The mass
abolished, and liturgy restored, 10. The queen's royal power over al 1
her dominions strongly asserted, and the assertion of the papal author-
ity subjected to the penalties of treason, 58. Laws against prophe-
sying and witchcraft, 58. Supplies granted to the queen, 58. Eliza-
beth's speech at the dissolution of, 79. A new one summoned, after an
interval of five years, 133. Is prohibited by the queen's order from med-
dling with any matters of state, 133. Reflections on her haughty treat-
ment of, and her declared notions of the proper objects of its attention,
139. Laws passed this session of, 141. A spirited speech of Peter Went-
vorth, a commoner, in favor of liberty of speech in, 172. Petitions the
queen for church reformation, instead of proceeding on the bill intro-
duced for that purpose, 175. Supplies granted by, to the queen, 181.
Laws against Popery, 181. Confirms the association for the protection
of the queen, 199. Appoints a regency, in case of her violent death,
199. A severe law against Jesuits and Popish priests, 199. Elizabeth's
speech, on the applications made by the commons for further religious
reformation, 203. Ratifies the sentence against Mary, queen of Scots,
and petitions for her execution, 230. Grants supplies to the queen, on
the defeat of the Spanish armada, 264. Passes a severe law against
recusants, 280. Votes supplies, 281. The queen's speech to, 281. Its
legislative power checked by Elizabeth, 353. Tyrannical statutes passed
by, 355. One summoned by James I., 388. Appoints commissioners, at
the king's desire, to treat of a union between the two kingdoms, 396.
Becomes jealous of the regal prerogative in ecclesiastical affairs, 418.
Buckingham lays before it an insincere account of the treaty for the
Spanish match, which the king and prince vouch, 483. The king's
speech relative to a war with Spain, 485. An act against monopolies,
4i?6. One summoned by Charles I. on his accession, v. 1. Its ill humor,
owing to disgust against Buckingham, 3. Other contributing causes, 4.
Is adjourned to Oxford, on account of the plague, 6. The king lays his
necessities before it, 6. Refuses supplies, 7. Dissolved, on the plague
appearing at Oxford, 10. A second called bjr Charles, 11. A third sum-
moned, 32. The king's threatening address to it, 32. The petition of
right passed, 44; which is followed by a grant of supplies, 45. Is dis
aolved, 52. Is summoned after eleven years interval, 112. The king's
ploas to procure supplies, 113. Is abruptly dissolved, 119. Meeting o/
612 INDEX.
the loner, 128. An net for triennial parliament); passed, 150 Attainriai
of Stratford, 166. Act againBt adjourning and proioguing tiie parlia
ment without its own consent, 166. The star chamber and high com
mission court abolished, 170. Other arbitrary courts suppressed, 171.
Adjourns, and appoints a committee of both houses to sit during the
recess, 172. Appoints a committee to attend the king to Scotland, 172.
Maker? a present, with acknowledgments to the Scottish army, which
are now disbanded, 174. A day of thanksgiving appointed for the na-
tional pacification, 174. Applies to the earl of Essex for a guard, 177
Votes the kin^a interfering in a bill depending in, to be a breach of
privilege, 199. Reflections on the uncertainty of parliamentary privi
leges, 199. Petitions or addresses received from divers bodies of the
common people, promising to protect its privileges, 212. Is petitioned by
a body of women, 212. The bishops' votes taken away, 214. Threatens
the queen with an impeachment, 214. Passes the militia bill, 215. Raises
an army, and appoints the earl of Essex general, 223. Obtains loans of
the people, 223. Sends conditions of agreement to the king, 225. Stops
all remittances of revenue to the king, 228. Their fleet intercepts sup-
plies from the queen to the king, 229. Its haughty reception of the
king's overtures, 232. Votes an address for a treaty after the battle of
Edge-hill, 238. Its demands in the negotiation at Oxford, 239. For the
operation of its forces against the king, see Essex. Waller, Fairfax,
Cromwell, etc. The military operations conducted by a committee of
both houses, 251. The secret measures and despotic authority of this
committee, 251. Applies to Scotland for assistance, 258. Sends com
missioners to engage the Scots to confederate with them, 261. Receivc3
and enforces subscription to the solemn leairue and covenant, 262. Re
mits money to Scotland to raise an army, 2G3. Measures taken to sap-
press the Irish rebellion, 264. A committee of, sent to Ireland, is ex-
cluded the council by the influence of Ormond, 265. Lays an excise on
beer, wine, and other commodities, 270. Publishes an ordinance for
retrenching a meal a week towards the public service, 270. Is written
to by the king, but rejects his offers of treaty, 271. The Independents
form a party in, 283. Differences between Manchester and Cromwell;
283.. Passes the self-denying ordinance, 287. Receives proposals from
the king for a treaty, 289. Sends commissioners to Uxbridge, 291.
Summons an assembly of divines at Westminster for regulating religion,
291. Demands of the commissioners at Uxbridge, as to religion. 291.
Demands as to the militia, 292. Demands with regard to Ireland, 294.
Other demands made to the kin<r, 295. Return of the commissioners
295. Execution of Laud, 295. Publishes the king's letters taken at
Naseby, 312. Refuses a treaty with the king, 318. Issues orders for
(securing him, if he came to London, 318. Reproaches the king with
Glamorgan's transactions in Ireland, 319. Establishes the Presbyterian
discipline, 319; but refuses to .admit the divine right of it, 320. Re
strains the power of excommunication, 321. Is informed by the Scots
of the king's arrival in their army, 323. Sends fresh proposals to the
king, 325. Treats with the Scots for delivering up the king, 326. He
id delivered to the commissioners sent for him, 328. Proposes a reduc-
tion of the army, 330. The army begins to mutiny against its authority,
332. Sends proposals for their going to Ireland, 332. Votes to disband
all who refuse that service, 334. Discovers Cromwell's schemes, and
prepares an accusation against him, 336. Its oppressive acts render it
odious to the people, 337. A review of its civil administration, 337. Or-
ders out the London militia to defend it against the army, 340. Enters
into a negotiation 'with the army, 340. Appoints Fairfax general in
chief of all the forces, 344. Is obliged to vote according to the instruc-
tions of the army, 344. Is forced by the populace to reverse a vote for
the change of the London militia, 344. Their speakers apply to tho
army for protection, 345. Ne w speakers chosen, and defence prepared
DfDEX. &11
for, 345. The old speakeis reinstated by the array, ; : 46. Negotiates
isgain with the kin:;, 35'-!. Votes against any farther negotiation with
the king, 354. Declares the Scots enemies, 359. Endeavors to regain
its liberty during the absence of the army, and sends to treat with the
king, 359. The points debated between them, 361. Disavows any con-
currence in the seizure of the king by the army, 3fi7. Is surrounded by
the army, 367. Proceeds to a conclusion of the treaty with tho king,
367. The Presbyterian members excluded, and confined by Colonel
Pride, 368. The remaining members reverse the former proceedings,
368. See Commons. Its proceedings after the i>att!e of Worcester, 421.
Erects a high court of justice to try offences against the commonwealth,
421. See Commonwealth. Frames the navigation act, 428. Grants
letters of reprisal against the United Provinces, 428. Refuses to admit
the apology of the Dutch for Tromp's conduct, and commence war with
the states, 429. See Blake, Ayscue, etc. The army remonstrates for a
new one, 433. Is violently dissolved by Cromwell, 434. Reflections on
its proceedings, 434. A new one summoned by Cromwell, 440. Charac-
ter of it, 441. Regulations in government and religion proposed by, 4 12.
Orders marriage to be solemnized by tho civil magistrate, 442. Resigns
its authority to Cromwell, 443. One summoned by the protector, »48.
The equitable plan of election 449. Is reproved by the protector for
disputing his authority, 451. Is forced to recognize his authority, and
is then dissolved, 451. A new one chosen by the protector, 472. Votes
a renunciation of the royal family, 472. A motion made by Jephson
for bestowing the crown on Cromwell, 472. The same motion made in
form by Alderman Pack, 473. This motion agreed to, and a committee
appointed to persuade the protector's acceptance, 474. Confirms his
protectoral authority on his refusal of the title of king, 477. Is again
assembled in two houses, as formerly, 479. Is dissolved, 479. One
called by Richard Cromwell, 491. Votes against the council of officers,
493. Is dissolved by their influence, 493. The long one, restored by the
council of officers, 494. Discovers a design formed for restoring the
king, which is suppressed, 496. Cashiers Lambert, and vests the com-
mand of the army in commission, 498. Is expelled by Lambert, 498. Is
again restored, 506. Reduces the army to obedience, 506. Is desired by
Monk to send the regiments out of London, 508. Monk arrives, and is
thanked, 508. His reply, 508. Its authority disputed by the people,
particularly by London, 509. Orders Monk to march into the city to
seize the refractory citizens, 509. Is ordered by Monk to fix a time for
dissolution, and for calling a new one, 510. The secluded members take
their seats, and after some necessary votes issue writs for a new one,
511. The new one meets, and Sir Harbottle Grimstone chosen speaker,
516. See Commons. The house of lords reassemble, 517. See Lords.
Charles II. proclaimed, 517. A committee appointed to invite the king
over, 517. Act of indemnity passed, vi. 4. Settlement of the revenue, 4.
Its caution in disbanding the army, 6. Is dissolved, 8. The new one
passes an act for the security of the king's person and government, 17.
Resigus all military authority to the king, 19. Corporation act passed,
20. Act of uniformity passed, 20. Grants the king four subsidies, being
the last grant of that nature, 32. Militia regulated, 32. Repeals the tri-
ennial act, 35. Grants supplies for the Dutch war, 39, 95. Five-mile act,
45. Regulates the rebuilding of London, 51. Votes a supply to the king,
51. An act of incapacity and banishment passed against Clarendon, 59
Prohibits the importation of Irish cattle, 74. Supplies granted, 80. Act
•gainst conventicles passed, 80. Coventry act, 90. Meets, after two
vears' prorogation, 113. Speeches of the king and the chancellor Shaftes
cury to, 114. Test act passed, 117. Is prorogued on the discontent of
the commons, 122. Its legality disputed, after a twelvemonth's recess,
144. Exhorts the king to guard against the growing power of France,
'45. Addresses the king to form an alliance with the states against
7 I "1 INDK.N
France, 148. Is adjourned, 143. Takes the Popish plot into consideration
1S3. A new test act passed, 187. Is dissolved, 190. ' Character ot' tlul
long one, 191. A new one summoned, 194. Habeas corpus act passeii,
204. Is prorogued, and afterward dissolved, to step proceedings against
Danby, 207. The king's speech to the new one, 220. The persecuting
statute, the thirty-fifth of Elizabeth, repealed, and dissenters eased, 233.
The king evades giving his assent to this bill, 235. Is dissolved, and a
new one summoned, 23(5. Meets at Oxford, 236. Is suddenly dissolved.
240. One called by James II., 288. His speech to, on the settlement of
a revenue on him, 288. Arguments urged for and against the grant of a
revenue during life, 289. The grant during life voted, 291. An act of
attainder passed against the duke of Monmouth, 293. The convention,
summoned by the prince of Orange, 3.">4 Settles the crown on the prince
and princess of Orange, 362.
Parliament of Scotland recognizes the title of the maid of Norway to the
crown, ii. 80. Refers the pretensions of Baliol and Bruce to the award
of Edward I. of England, 83. Is summoned by the queen dowager in an
abbey near Haddington, and determines to send the young queen Mary
to France, iii. 343. Summoned by the congregation of the Lord, in which
the Catholic religion is suppressed, and the Presbyterian discipline estab
lished, iv. 29. The queen in France refuses to ratify the proceedings of
30. Is summoned by Mary to attaint the banished lords, 72. How this
6cheme failed, 72. Is summoned by the regent Murray, condemns Mary
to prison for the murder of her husband, and ratifies the settlement of the
crown on her son James VI., 96. Appoints commissioners to negotiate a
treaty with Elizabeth, 131. Prohibits the clergy from meddling with the
affairs of government, 196. A law proposed to it by James for the exter-
nal government of the < hurch, to be vested in him and the bishops, 446
The bill dropped by the opposition of the clergy, 446. One held by
Charles I., v. 78. Its proceedings towards ratifying the acts of the assem
bly stopped by prorogation, 112. Abolishes the lords of articles, 175
The creation of peerages limited, 175. Triennial parliaments establish
ed, 175. Its consent made necessary in the appointment of officers of
state, 176. Its cool behavior on being informed by the king of the Irish
massacre, 188. Sends commissioners to treat with the English parlia-
ment, 188. Opposes the delivering up the king to the English parliament,
328. One summoned by Charles II. after the defeat at Dunbar, 414. One
called on the restoration, which annuls all laws passed since the yeai
1633, vi. 13. The covenant annulled, 15. Proceedings of, 67. Act of
indemnity, 68. Act against conventicles, 70. One summoned before
Lauderdale as commissioner, 162. Severe law against conventicles, 163
Enacts a contradictory test act, 250. Its abject servility to James II. on
his accession, 301. Rejects the king's application for indulgence to Catho
lies, 317. The convention summoned by the prince of Orange offers the
crown to him and the princess, 355.
Parma, duchess of, is left, by Philip II. of Spain, governess t. the Low
Countries, iv. 147.
— , prince of, succeeds Don John of Austria in the commi-iid of the
Low Countries, iv. 170. Reduces several provinces to obo lience to
Spain, 205. His successes against the earl of Leicester, 211. prepares
to join the armada in the invasion of England, 255. Refuses to _.»in the
fleet on its ill success, 263. Marches to assist the Catholic league in
France. 274.
Parry, William, is instigated by the Jesuits to take away the life of Ct *een
Elizabeth, iv. 204. His deliberate prosecution of his purpose, 2(N *a
discovered and executed, 205.
Pascal II., pope of Rome, his disputes with King Henry I. about invoTi
tares, i. 253. His insolent answers to Henry, 253, 254. His sharao-d
breach of treaty with the emperor Henry V., 256 Threatens Heury
with cxrommunication, 256. Compromise between 257.
INDEX. 515
Passive obedience, the antiquity of that doctrine in England, iv. 57'. Tho
principle of, endeavored to be cuibrced by the nousc of lords, vi. 133.
Arguments urged concerning, 134.
Pasturage, laws enacted by Henry VIII. to restrain the throwing lands
into, iii. 317. The inducements to this practice, and evils resulting from
it, 355.
Patents for monopolies, debates in the house of commons concerning, in
Queen Elizabeth's reign, iv. 552. See Monopolies.
Pavia, baitle of, between the imperialists and Francis I. of France, iii
149.
Paul III. Pope, hopes, at his succession, to effect a reconciliation with
Henry VIII., iii. 213. Excommunicates Henry, 213, 246. The rage ex
pressed against Henry on his suppressing the religious houses, 24"6. A
council summoned at Mantua, the authority of which Henry declares
against. 249. Appoints Beaton, primate of Scotland, a cardinal, 282.
IV., Pope, his character, iii. 426. Is offended at Queen Mary's assum-
ing the title of queen of Ireland, 426. Insists on full restitution of all
church possessions, 426. His conduct compared with that of the em-
peror Charles V. 4:'.2. Cites Archbishop Cranmer to stand trial for her
esy at Rome, 433. His haughty behavior on the English umbassador't.
notification of the accession of Elizabeth, iv. 3.
Paullinus, archbishop of York, converts Edwin, king of Northumberland, to
Christianity, i. 34. Converts Coili, the Saxon high priest, 34.
Peada, son of Peuda, king of Mercia, receives Christianity into his kingdom,
i. 37.
Pccquigni, treaty of peace there between Edward IV. of England and
Lewis XI. of France, ii. 475.
Peers, when first created by patent, ii. 325. A great council of, summoned
by Charles T. at York, v. 123. House of. See Lords.
Pembroke, earl of, his ineffectual endeavors to save Chateau Gaillard from
being taken by Philip of France, i. 404.
, earl of, is mareschal of England at the death of King John, ii. 2.
Procures young Henry III. to be crowned at Gloucester, 2. Is chosen
protector of the kingdom, 3. Endeavors to conciliate the affections of the
barons to the young king, 4. Takes the city of Lincoln from the French,
6. The barons conclude a peace with him, 7. His prudent care to restore
the form of government, 8. Dies, 8.
, Aymer de Valence, earl of, joins in the confederacy of Thomas,
earl of Lancaster, against Piers Gavaston, ii. 149. Takes Gavaston pris-
oner in Scarborough Castle, 149.
, earl of, is taken prisoner, with his whole army, at sea, by Henry,
king of Castile, ii. 263.
-, Jasper Tudor, earl of, defeated by Edward, duke of York, at
Mortimer's Cross, ii. 440.
-, Sir William Herbert created earl of, iii. 372. Deserts Northum
berland, and declares for Queen Mary, 389. Is confined to his house for
engaging in the duke of Norfolk's designs, iv. 125.
Fen, Admiral, commands the protector's fleet sent to the West Indies,
v. 461. Makes an attempt on St. Domingo, 461. Takes Jamaica, and is
sent to the Tower, 462.
Penda, king of Mercia, his character, i. 37. His enterprises, 37. Killed, 37
Pennington, commander of some ships sent in the service of France, refuses
to sail against Rochelle, and returns, v. 8. Is ordered back to Dieppe.
where his men desert the service, 8.
Pennsylvania, when settled, vi. 369.
Penruddoc, and other royalists, excite an insurrection against Cromwell a
Salisbury, v. 453.
Penry, a Brownist, his cruel prosecution for writing against the hierarchy
iv. 356.
People, their situation under the feudal government in England, i. 448
516 inde:-:.
Perigord, Cardinal, endeavors an accommodation between Prince Edward
of England, and John, king of France, at Poictiers, ii. 242.
Perjury, the frequency of, under the old Anglo-Saxon law, remarked, and
the causes traced, i. 171.
Perkin Warbec. See Warbec.
Perth, Knox, the reformer, arrives from Geneva, aDd preaches there, iv. 20.
Riot of reformers there against the Catholic worship, 20. The queen
regent received there by accommodation with the congregation of the
Lord, 22. Is besieged and taken by the congregation, 23. A synod of
Presbyterian ministers there, routed by a mob of women, v. 555.
Pesoara, marquis of, the imperial general invades Provence, and besicgea
Marseilles, iii. 147.
Peter the Hermit undertakes to rescue the Holy Land from the Tarks,
and applies to Pope Martin II., i. 227. Leads a vast multitude on this
enterprise, 229.
of Pomfret, a hermit, his cruel treatment by King John, for a prophecj
concerning him, 420.
of Savoy, uncle to Qneen Eleanor, invested with the honor of Rich
mond, and the wardship of Earl Warreune, ii. 17.
, king of Castile. See Castile.
des Roches. See Winchester.
Peter's pence, occasion of imposing that tax, i. 38. The payment of, sus
pended by Henry II., 314.
Peterborough, when first erected into a bishopric, iii. 245. Dean of, his
behavior to Mary, Queen of Scots, at her execution, iv. 244.
Peters, Hugh, chaplain to Oliver Cromwell, a frequent text of his, v. 352, n
Is tried and executed, vi. 7.
, Father, a Jesuit, and confessor to King James II., is made a privy
counsellor, vi. 312.
Petition of right, this famous bill taken under consideration by the house of
commons, v. 37. Is passed by the commons, 42. Passed by the lords, 42
The king's evasive manner of passing it, 42. Receives th'e king's fuU
assent, 44. The petition at large, 536.
Petitioners and Abhorrers, account of the origin of those party distinctions
vi. 218.
Peyto, a friar, insolently reproaches Henry VIII. from his pulpit, iii. 207.
Is in turn abused by Dr. Corren, 208. Is reproved by the council, 208.
Philip, king of France, assumes the government on his father Lewis VII. V
illness, i. 351. Henry II. of England mediates a peace between him
and his family, 351. Engages in a crusade, 354. Stimulates yonng
Richard to revolt against his father, 355. His army, with that of Rich-
ard I., intended for the crusade, rendezvous at Vezelay, 370. Reiter-
ates his promises of friendship with Richard, 370. Takes the road to
Genoa, and embarks his army, 370. Is ohliged to winter at Messina, 370.
His character and that of Richard compared, 370. His disputes with
Richard at Messina, 371. Their differences accommodated, 372. Arrives
in Palestine, and assists at the siege of Acre, 374. Espouses the pre-
tensions of Conrade, marquis of Montferrat, to the kingdom of Jerusa-
lem, in opposition to Guy de Lusignan, 375. Returns to Europe, 376
Is prevented from invading Normandy, but seduces Prince John from
Iiis allegiance, 377. Makes the death of Conrade the pretence of his
enmity to Richard, 379. His hostile measures on hearing of the captiv
ity of Richard, 382. Invades Normandy, 383. Besieges Rouen, but is
repulsed by the earl of Leicester, 383. His laconic letter to Prince
John, 3?7. Is routed, and his records taken by Richard, 388. Concludes
a truce with Richard, 388. Concludes a peace at Lonviers, which is soon
broke, 3tf9. Makes a truce with Richard for live years, 389. Takes Ar-
thur, duke of Brittany, under his protection, 395. Concludes a peace
with John, 396. The Norman barons appeal to him against John, 398
H : s disputes with John, SMML Marries his daughter to Arthur duke of
INDEX. 617
Urittany, 390. His successes against John, 399. Is appealed to by tlsn
Bretons on the murder of Arthur by John, 401. Summons John to appea.
before him, and, on his non-appearance, sentences him to the forfeiture ol
all his royalties in France, 401. Takes various places from John, and, by
his address, raises the siege of Alencou, 40-2. Besieges and takes Chateau
Gaillard, on the frontiers of Normandy, 403, 404. Takes Falaise, and thy
governor Lupicaire enlists with him against John, 404. Acquires tile
possession of Normandy, 405. With the other provinces, 405. Accepts
the offer of the kingdom of England, made by Pope Innocent III., 417
Prepares ai.. armament to acquire possession of it, 417. His rage on the
treaty botwven John and Pandolf, the pope's legate, 420. His fleet de
stroyed by tie earl of Salisbury, 421. His reflections on the offer of the
kingdom of England, by the barons, to his son Lewis, 437. Demands
hostages of th»i barons for their fidelity, 437. Sends forces over with
Lewis, 437. His conduct respecting this enterprise of his son, ii. 7. Dies,
an! is succeeded by his sou Lewis, 12.
Philip, king of France, cites Edward I., as duke of Guierme, before him, tc
answer for some differences at sea, ii. 93. Gains the province of Guienne,
by artifice, from the English, 93. Defeats their attempts to recover it,
94, 95. Forms an alliance with John Baliol, king of Scotland, 95. Edward
forms alliances against him, 110. His successes in Flanders, 119. Con
eludes a trace with England, and submits his differences to Pope Boniface
120. Bestows his sister on Edward, and his daughter ou Prince Edward
120.
the Fair of France, his cruel treatment of the knights templars, ii
170.
de Valois, how he became entitled to the crown of France, ii. 1 93. Re-
ceives homage for Guienne from Edward III. of England, 194. Prepares
to oppose the hostile pretensions of Edward to his crown, 199. His fleet
destroyed by Edward, 203. Relieves Touruay, besieged by Edward, 204.
His reply to Edward's defence, 204. Concludes a truce with Edward, by
the mediation of Jane, countess of Hainault, 205. Espouses the preten-
sions of Qharles de Blois to the duchy of Brittany, 212. Confines the
count de Mountfort in the tower of the Louvre, 213. Concludes a truce
with the countess and Edward, 217. His surprise and movements on
Edward's invasion of Normandy, 221. His precipitate behavior iu follow-
ing Edward to Crecy, 225. His memorable defeat there, 226, 227. The
great number slain at the battle, 228. Concludes a truce with Edward,
234. His death and character, 237.
— — , son of the emperor Charles V., is proposed by his father as a husband
to Mary, queen of England, iii. 398. Substance of the marriage articles,
400. Reflections of the English on this match, 401. Caution and reserve
of the parliament with respect to his pretensions, 408. Arrives in Eng-
land, and is married, 409. Disgusts the English by his haughtiness and
reserve, 410. Is denied the ceremony of coronation, 412. His attempts
to acquire popularity, 412. His motives for protecting the lady Elizabeth,
413. His artifice to elude the charge of promoting the cruelties exercised
against the English reformers, 423. Leaves England, and retires to
Flanders, 428. His father makes a formal resignation of all his hereditary
dominions to him, 430. Ungratefully neglects paying his father's pension
430. Endeavors to engage England in his quarrel with France, 432.
Comes over to England to press the queen on that measure, 435.
Raises an army under Phillibert, duke of Savoy, 437. Battle of St.
Cluintin, 437. Takes the town, 437. Joins the army under the duke
of Savoy, but declines engaging Guise, 445. Enters into negotiations for
peace, 445. Death of Q,ueen Mary, 445. Receives a kind embassy from
Elizabeth, iv. 2. Makes proposals of marriage to her, 3. She refuses his
proposal of adhering to the Spanish alliance against France, 13. Peace
of Chateau Cambresis with France, 13. Exerts his good offices at the
court of Rome, to prevent the excommunication of Elizabeth, 15 His
5 1 8 TYDEX.
chai actor delineated, 49. Vows to spend his life in the extirpation oi
ncresy, iii. His rtucl persecution of Constantino Ponce, liis father'
confessor, 50. Issues rigorous orders for the prosecution of heretics. 5C
Commencement of his open enmity to Elizabeth, 51. Forms an alliaDca
with the duke cf Guise for the suppressing heresy, 53. Concerts a mas-
sacre of the French Hugouots with Catharine de Medicis and the cardinal
of Lorraine, 71. Leaves the duchess of Parma governess of the Low
Countries, 147. The Flemish Protestants revolt, 148. Determines to
overthrow the Flemish privileges, 148. Remonstrates to Elizabeth
against her giving countenance to the Flemish exiles, 164. Revolt of
Holland and Zealand, 1C5. The revolted Hollanders associate under the
prince of Orange, 166. Recalls the duke of Alva at his own request,
16G. Elizabeth aims to accommodate matters, 167. Sends Don John
of Austria governor of the Low Countries, 168. The pacification of Ghent
concluded, 168. Invades Ireland, 179. Remonstrates against the de-
predations of Drake, 181. Founds a seminary at Douay for the education
of English Catholics. 182. His power and naval strength, 209. Projects
an invasion of England, 253. Fits out tho invincible armada, 254. His
instructions to its commander, the duke of Medina Sidonia, 2C0. His
behavior on the destruction of the armada, 263. Excites disturbances in
Scotland, 284. Makes peace with Fiauce, 297. Dies, 300. His charac
ter, 381.
Philip IIL, of Spain, character of him and his minister, the duke of Lerma,
iv. 381. Concludes a peace with James I., 398. Acknowledges the in-
dependency of the United Provinces, and concludes a truce with them for
twelve years, 411.
IV. of Spain, the honorable reception he gave Prince Charles, iv. 478.
His conduct on understanding Buckingham's scheme to prevent the mar-
riage, 482.
, archduke of Austria, and son of Maximilian, is educated in the Low
Countries, iii. 21. His friendly interview with Henry VII. at Calais, 59.
Marries Joan, daughter of Ferdinand, king of Arragon, and Isabella, queen
of Castile, 64. Forced by a storm on the coast of England, pays Henry a
visit at Windsor, 65. Obliged by Henry to surrender the earl of Suffolk,
whom he had protected, 66. Arrives in Spain, and dies, 67. His sou
Charles affianced to the princess Mary. Henry's daughter, 67.
Philippa, daughter of the count of Holland and Hainault, is affianced to Priuco
Edward, son of Edward II., ii. 164. Raises an army to repress the Scots
in Edward's absence, and takes their king, David, prisoner. 230, 231.
Goes over to Edward s camp at Calais, 231. Intercedes with Edward
for the deputies of Calais, at its surrender, 233.
Philips, Sir Robert, his speech in the third parliament of Charles I., v. 34.
I'hillibert, duke of Savoy, commands the Spanish army against France, iii
437. Besieges St. Q,uintin, 437. Defeats the constable Montmorency, an
takes him prisoner, 437.
Philpot, a reformer, archdeacon of Winchester, instance of his zeal against
Arianism, iii. 420. Is burnt himself for heresy, 421.
Picts and Scots harass the Britons, i. 9.
Piercy, surnamed Hotspur, taken prisoner by the Scots at the battle of Ot-
terburne, ii. 298. See Northumberland.
— — , Thomas, created earl of Worcester, ii. 304. Rebels against Henry
IV., 332. Taken prisoner at the battle of Shrewsbury, and executed,
334.
. ■ , of the house of Northumberland, engages with Catesby in the famous
gunpowder plot, for blowing up king and parliament, iv. 400. Hires a
vault- under the parliament house, and conveys thirty-six barrels of gun-
powder into it, 402. Flies on the discovery oi' the scheme, 405. Is killet\
405.
Pilgrimage of grace, an insurrection raised against Henry VxTL, in the norUt
of England, under that name, iii. 236.
INDEX 51 C
Pilkington, slieritt' of Loudon, prosecuted by the duke of York for scandalous
expressions, vi. 257.
Pinkey, battle of, between the duke of Somerset and the earl of Arran,
iii. 336.
Pisa, a council summoned there, in opposition to Pope Julius II., which
removes to Milan, and after to Lyons, iii. 84. Interdicted by the
pope, 85.
Pistor, his speech in the house of commons on kneeling and making the
sign of the cross, iv. 134.
Pius V., Pope, excommunicates Queen Elizabeth, iv. 132.
Plague, a great one in the time of Edward III., ii. 237. Is brought into
England by the earl of Warwick, from Havre dc Grace, iv. 61. One at
London, 388. Another, v. 6. At Oxford, 10. Oil board the fleet, 11.
Great one at London, vi. 44.
Plot, gunpowder, history, iv. 401. Popish, a history of, vi. 171, 198. See
Oates, Coleman, and Bedloe. Meal-tub, 217. Rye-house, 263.
Poictiers, battle of, between Edward, son of Edward III., and John, king
of France, ii. 243. Is besieged by the admiral Coligni, iv. 143. Is de-
fended by the young duke of Guise, 144.
Pole, Arthur, and his brothers, nephews of the cardinal, are convicted of a
conspiracy against Q.ueen Elizabeth, but pardoned, iv. 48.
, Edmund de la. See Suffolk.
, Sir Geoffrey de la, enters into a conspiracy with some English noble-
men, and his brother, the cardinal, iii. 248. Discovers the conspiracy,
and is pardoned for it, 248.
, Michael de la, chancellor of England, and earl of Suffolk, some an-
ecdotes of, ii. 289. Impeached by the commons, 289. Reflections on his
case, 290. Deprived of his office, 291.
„ , Reginald de la, his descent, iii. 246. Is made dean of Exeter, 247.
Declines any concern in the divorce of Henry VIII. from Q,ueen Cath-
arine, 247. Inveighs against the conduct of Henry in religious altera-
tions, 247. Is invited to England by Henry, 247. Is created a cardinal,
and sent legate into Flanders, 247. Is suspected of aspiring to the
crown, 248. Enters into a conspiracy with some English noblemen, who
are discovered and executed, 248. His relations persecuted by the king,
256. His mother attainted by parliament, 257. And executed, 268. Is
proposed as a husband to Queen Mary, 396. Why it did not take effect,
396. Is invited to England in quality of legate, 397. Is stopped in his
journey by the emperor, and why, 399. His attainder reversed, and his
blood restored by parliament, 410. Arrives in England, and invites the
parliament to reconcile themselves to the see of Rome, 410. Gives the
parliament and kingdom absolution, 411. Debates with Bishop Gardi-
ner on the expediency of punishing heretics, 415. Is made archbishop
of Canterbury, on the burning of Cranmer, 435. His politic behavior,
435. Opposes the queen's design of engaging the kingdom in Philip's
quarrel with France, 435. His death and character, 446.
Polerone, in the East Indies, taken by the Dutch from the English, is
agreed to be restored by treaty, v. 447. The English again expelled, vi
52. Is resigned to the Dutch, 55.
Poll-money, first levied by parliament, and the alarming consequences of it,
ii. 282. A proportional poll-tax imposed by parliament, to assist Henry
VIII. in his war with France, iii. 90.
Poltrot assassinates the duke of Guise, at the siege of Orleans, iv. 59.
Ponce, Constantine, confessor to the emperor Charles V., is cruelly treated
by Philip of Spain for heresy, iv. 50.
Poor, an act passed for raising charitable contributions for them, iii. 376.
The first legal establishment for the subsistence of, when made,
iv. 370.
Popedom, its situation at the time of the Norman invasion, i. 143. See
Papacy, and Reformation.
520 OfDEX.
Popular government, the first beginnings of, in England, li. 101.
Population, observations on the properest means of promoting, iii. 74
Porters of London petition the long parliament, v. 23 2.
Porto Rico, an attempt against, by Francis Drake, iv. 2;i9.
Portsmouth, duchess of, mistress to King Charles II., how introdoted la
him, vi. 87.
Portugal, the kingdom of, revolts from the crown of Spain, v. 458. Ths
princess Catharine of, married to Charles II. of England, vi. 24.
Post-house, at what sum farmed, in the protectorate of Oliver Cromwell,
v. 52G.
Post-master, instance of that office at the time of Qne^n Elizabeth, iv. 370.
Post-office is established by parliament, vi. e.
Poultry, the established prices of, at the beginning of the reign of Charles
I., iv. 511.
I'oynings, Sir Edward, sent over to Ireland by Henry VII., to reduce the
maleccntents there, iii. 46. Passes the memorable statute which bears
his name, 46. Disappoints Perkin Warbec in his designs upon that king-
dom, 49. Made controller by Henry VIII., and chosen of his privy
council, 79.
Prague, battle of, between the duke of Bavaria and Frederic, elector pala
tiue, iv. 456.
Preaching, the abuse of, restrained, and twelve homilies published to read
to the people, iii. 328. Further restrictions of, to prevent the people
being distracted by opposite doctrines, 341.
Prejeant, a French admiral, kills Sir Edward Howard in an engagement
in Conquet Harbor, iii. 95. Invades the coast of Sussex, and loses an
eye, 95.
Prelates, obnoxious ones, how treated. by the court of Rome in the time of
Richard II., ii. 322.
Premunire, penalty of, imposed on the Papists in certain cases by Eliza-
beth, iv. 142.
Prerogative, regal, the notions entertained of, in the time of Elizabeth, iv
336. Inquiry into the ancient prerogatives of the crown, 346. Apology
for the arbitray exertions of, by James I., 414. The commons manifest an
intention of limiting it, 416. A review of the various articles of, claimed
until the time of Charles I., 498.
Presbytery is established in Scotland by parliament, and the Catholic re
ligion suppressed, iv. 29. Cruel insults shown to Q.ueen Mary for her
adherence to the Catholic religion, 37. The causes of the morose sever-
ity of the Presbyterian clergy traced, 42. The meaning of that term
explained, v. 104, n. Distinctions between Presbyterians and Independ-
ents, 281. Is established in England, 319. Is suppressed on the refor-
mation of Charles II., vi. 10; and by the act of uniformity, 20. The
Presbyterian clergy ejected, 27.
Press, liberty of the, its commencement, vi. 372.
Preston, battle of, between Cromwell and the Scots under Hamilton and
Langdale, v. 364.
Pride, Colonel, violently excludes and confines the Presbyterian members
of the long parliament, v. 368. Procures a petition to be signed by the
officers against the office of king, on the offer of that title to Cromwell,
476.
Priests and Jesuits, a severe law against them, iv. 199.
Primauget, a French admiral, engages Sir Thomas Knevet off the coast of
Brittany, and is blown up with him, iii. 89.
Prime minister, reflections on the nature of this office, hitherto unknown
in Europe, ii. 155.
Primogeniture, the advantages of adhering to, in the succession of princes,
ii. 394. Not uiderstood in the earlier ages of the English history, 394.
Printing, the art of, by whom first introduced into England, ii 4eS, n.
— — — — , the invention of, one of the causes of the quick prog-esn of th*
INDEX. 52
reformation, iii. 134. Restrictions laid on the press by Elizabeth and
James I., iv. 502.
Proclamations, royal, declared by parliament to have the force of laws, iii
255. Reflections on this statute, 255. Offences against them, by whoir
to be judged, 287. This law repealed, 339. Those of Queen Elizabeth
enfo.-ced more rigorously than laws by the star chamber, iv. 453. King
James's plea for the utility and necessity of issuing them, 417. Dift'et
from laws, 417.
Prophesying, among the Puritans, explained, iv. 387. King James's senti
ments concerning, 387.
Protectorate, the supreme government altered to this form, and Oliver
Cromwell chosen, v. 444. The outlines of this form of government ex-
plained, 444. Peace made with the Dutch, 447. The nation divided into
twelve military jurisdictions, under so many major-generals, 453. See
Cromwell, Oliver, and Richard.
P(otestants, how the German reformers acquired that name, iii. 1S1. See
Reformation
Provisions, reflections on legal restrictions laid on the prices of, ii. 172. The
prices of, in the reign of Edward II., 172.
Provisors, the statute of, when first enacted, ii. 271. Enacted anew, 321.
Prynne, the principles advanced in his Histrio-Mastyx, v. 76. His severe
sentence for it in the star-chamber, 77. A repetition of his cruel usage
for another offence, 83. His sentences reversed by the commons, 137.
Puffeudorf, the Swedish agent at Paris, informs De Wit of the schemes of the
English ministry, vi. 85.
Puns recommended to orators by Aristotle, iv. 521, it.
Vuritans, an account of their obstinate scruples in the infancy of the refor-
mation, iv. 115. Are depressed by Queen Elizabeth, but countenanced
by her ministers, 119, 171. The court of ecclesiastical commission insti-
tuted for the suppression of, 201. A severe law passed against recusants,
280. Petition King James for relief against the severities exercised
against them, 385. Conference at Hampton Court, 385, 386. Their pre-
tensions, 501. Their influence in promoting the dissatisfaction of the
first parliament of Charles I. with him and Buckingham, v. 4. Trans-
port themselves to America, until stopped by the king, 84. Under coun-
tenance of the parliament, begin to attack the professed religion, 143. See
Nonconform i s ts .
Purveyance, the hardships of,.i. 264. Frequently endeavored to be abolished
by parliament in the time of Edward III., ii. 269. The nature of that
prerogative of the crown explained, iv. 264. Parliamentary attempts to
regulate it checked by Queen Elizabeth, 265. Was made use of by her
to victual her navy, 352. Lord Bacon's speech against, 547. The com
mons attempt to free the nation from the burden of, 395. An ineffectual
treaty for the relinquishment of, 419.
Puzas, Hugh de, bishop of Durham. See Durham.
Pym, the subject of his speech at the opening of the fourth parliament of
Charles I., v. 115. His speech against the earl of Strafford in the long
parliament, 130. His conduct on Strafford's trial, 160. Is appointed
chairman of the committee of the lower house sitting during the recess,
172. Is impeached by the king, 206. His death, and the regard paid to
bim by the parliament, 272.
Pyrenees, treaty of, between France and Spain, v. 500.
Quakers, the origin of that sect, v. 520. Whence they derived their name,
521. Their riotous zeal occasions their prosecution, 521. Their sjigular
ities, 522. Their address to James II. on his accession, vi. 285, n.
Queen dowager of France takes refuge in the court of Charles I., v. 147.
Is insulted on account of her religion, 147. Is requested to depart by the
commons, 148.
Queens of England. See each under their respective names.
Quo warranto, a writ of, issued against the city of London, vi 258. Tha
522 INDEX.
pleadings in behalf of tho city, 258. Conditions on which the charter \»aj
restored, 259.
Rains, extraordinary, in tie time of Richard ILL, which defeat the purpotiei
of the duke of Buckingham against him, ii. 501.
Rainsborow, Admiral, is put ashore by his fleet, which declares for the
king, v. 356,
Raleigh, Walter, goes over to France, a volunteer in the service of the
Hugonots, iv. 144. His first expedition to Guiana, 288. Publishes a
lying account of that country, 288. Goes under Lord Ellingham in Uio
expedition against Cadiz, 2'JU. Attends Essex in another expedition,
and takes Fayal, 293. Falls sick while Essex is in disgrace, on the ap-
prehension of his coining into favor again, 314. His letter to Cecil, on
the queen's displeasure, 551. Is discountenanced by King James, 361.
Enters into a conspiracy against James, 383. Is sentenced to death, hut
reprieved, 384. Is grossly abused on trial by Sir Edward Coke, 384.
Writes his History of the World, during his long confinement in the
Tower, 448. Spreads reports of a gold mine in Guiana, 44$. Is released,
anil obtains permission for his expedition there, 448. His son killed by
the Spaniards on landing, 450. Is disappointed in the mine, and plunders
St. Thomas, 450. Is carried back prisoner by his men, 451. Is executed,
452. A character of his History of the World, 526. His conduct at Gui-
ana inquired into, 562.
Ralph de Guader, earl of Norfolk, reason of his conspiring against Wiiliam
the Conqueror, i. 202. Peace concluded between them, 205.
Randolf, the English ambassador in Scotland, his character of the Scots
reformers, iv. 41. Is sent by Elizabeth to interpose in favor of the ear]
of Morton, 179. Forms a party in opposition to the carl of Lenox, 1?!).
Ravaillac assassinates Henry IV. of France, iv. 420.
Ravenna, battle of, between the French under Gaston de Foix, and the
Spanish and papal armies, iii. 89.
Read, an alderman of London, enrolled by Henry VIII. as a foot soldier, for
refusing a benevolence to him, iii. 292.
Reading, a council summoned there, to oppose the tyranny of Longchamp.
bishop of Ely, i. 377. Is besieged and taken by the earl of Essex, v. 240
A garrison established in, by the king, 256.
Real presence, why the clergy were so much attached to the docrrine of,
in the infancy of the Reformation, iii. 351. The point of, debated in con-
vocation, 399. The debate renewed at Oxford, 400. Instance of Q,ueen
Elizabeth's attachment to that doctrine, iv. 118, n.
Recognition, act of, passed in the most ample terms, by the parliament in
favor of James I., iv. 560.
Records, judicial, how preserved among the Saxons, i. 165.
filecusants, a severe law enacted against them, iv. 280.
Redwald, king of the East Angles, protects young Edward against Adelfrid,
king of Northumberland, i. 32. Defeats and kills Adelfrid, 33. Conspired
against, and killed, 33.
Reformation, the first commencement of, in Germany, by Martin Luther,
iii. 132. His doctrines spread among the Lollards in England, 133,
Henry VIII. writes against Luther, aud receives the title of defender of
the faith, from the pope, 133. Luther answers Henry acrimoniously,
133. To what causes the quick progress of, may be ascribed, 133. The
pope declared to be Antichrist, and set at defiance by the reformers,
134. How the reformers favored the civil power in their tenets, 135
The first steps towards, in England, 178. Progress of; 188. How far
forwarded by the appeal to private judgment, 202. Tindal makes m
translation of the Scriptures, 205. A translation prepared by order of
convocation, 223. All authority of the bishop of Rome renounced, 231
Articles of faith prepared by the convocation, 232. How far Protestant
principles were favored in these articles, stated, 233. Suppression of
religions houses, 220, 241. The law of the six ai tides passed. 253
INDEX. 52*
Bible granted tc every family, 258. Hospitals, colleges, and othe; foun
dationa dissolved, and their revenues seized by the king, 274. The
chapter lands of Canterbury, York, and London extorted from those
sees, 274. The litany, a part of the public service, allowed to be cele-
brated in English, 299. The accession of Edward VI. favorable to, 325
The twelve homilies published, to be read to the people, 328. Penalties
on denying the king's supremacy, 339. A new communion service
framed, 341 Liturgy framed by a committee of bishops and divines,
350. Gardiner, and other bishops, deprived of their bishoprics, 308.
The general antipathy at this time to Popery, 369. The liturgy revised,
370. Articles of religion framed, 370. The liturgy authorized by par
liament, 375. The Catholic religion restored by Queen Mary, 392. All
Edward's statutes relating to religion repealed, 395. The reformers per-
secuted, 419. See Heresy. Cecil's arguments to induce Queen Eliza-
beth to restore it, iv. 4. The queen's prudent caution in performing it,
5. The newly-erected monasteries suppressed, 8. The queen declared
governess of the church, 8. All Edward's statutes concerning religion
confirmed, 9. A solemn disputation, 9. The mass abolished, 10. The
- English liturgy restored, 1 1. The bishops degraded for non-compliance,
11. Progress of, in Scotland, 16. Rise of the association called the
Congregation of the Lord, 17. Riot of Protestants at Edinburgh, on
the festival of St. Giles, 18. Riots of Knox's congregation at Perth, 20.
See Congregation of the Lord. The Catholic religion suppressed in
Scotland, and the Presbyterian discipline established, 29. Struggles in
favor of, in France, 31. Cruel insolence of the Scots reformers, to their
queen, Mary, 37. Civil wars of France, 52. SeeConde; Medicis, Catha-
rine de ; Husonots, etc. A character of the plan of, established in Eng
land, 115. Rcllections on the conduct of reformers, 146. Cruel severity
of the emperor Charles V. towards the Flemish Protestants, 147. The
Flemish Protestants revolt, 148. Massacre of the Hugonots at Paris.
157. The Catholic league formed in France against the Hugunots, 163
A review of Elizabeth's conduct in religious matters, 170. Severe laws
passed against Popery, 181. The exercise of the Catholic religion totally
suppressed by the strict laws against Jesuits and Popish priests, 199.
Regicides, trial and execution of, vi. 6, 24.
Reginald, sub-prior of Christ Church, Canterbury, his clandestine election
to that see on the death of Hubert, i. 407. Is sent privately to Rome for
confirmation, 408. His imprudent conduct, 403.
Rehearsal, a character of this satirical play, vi. 374.
Religious establishments, the foundation of, iii. 129.
houses, the number of, suppressed by Henry VIII., iii. 244. The
amount of their revenues, 244. See Monasteries.
Relics, the artifices of, exposed on the dissolution of monasteries, iii. 242.
Remonstrance, an account of that framed and passed by the commons in
the long parliament, v. 192. Reasoning of the people on both sides with
regard to it, 193. Is answered by the king, 198.
Renaud, a Frenchman, takes the earl of Suffolk prisoner, and is knighted
by him, ii. 394.
Representatives to parliament, the first steps towards choosing them for
counties, ii. 33. See Commons.
Requesen3, commendator of Castile, succeeds the duke of Alva in the com
mand of the Low Countries, iv. 166. His character, 166. Undertakes
the siege of Leyden, 166. Dies, and his troops mutiny, which ruins the
Spanish affairs in the Low Countries, 168.
Retainers, the term explained, iii. 70. This disorder repressed by Henry
VII., 70. Story told of Henry, relating to, 71. The practice of, how
destroyed, 71.
Revenue of the Anglo-Norman kings of England, in what it consisted, i.
460. Crown lands, 460. Tailliages, 461. Scutage, 461. Danegelt, and
moneyage, 462. Escheats, 462. Wardships, 463. Fines, amerciaments,
ff24 INDEX
and oblates, 4G4. State of, ordinary and extraordinary, at Cue tnm* ^j
Henry V., ii. 372. Amount of, in Queen Mary's time, iii. 436. oiate A
in the reign of James I., iv. 506. State of, in the protectorate of Rich
ard Cromwell, v. 525. State of, between the restoration and revolution,
vi. 306.
Revenues, ecclesiastical, the alienation of, prohibited, iv. 9.
Revolution, in 1688, compared with the deposition of Richard II., ii. 314.
Reynolds excites an insurrection in Northamptonshire, to destroy cnclo
sures, iv. 411.
Ribaumont, Eustace de, his encounter with Edward III. at Calais, ii. 234
Yields himself prisoner, and is generously treated, and set at liberty bj
him, 235.
Rhe, Isle of, attacked by the duke of Buckingham, v. 29.
Rheims, Charles VII., attended by Joan d'Arc, marches in there, and ia
crowned, ii. 396.
Rhodes, the knights of, choose Henry VII. of England protector of their
order, iii. CO.
Richard, second son of Honry II., invested by his father with the dnchy
of Guienne, and county of Poictou, i. 333. Instigated oy bis mother,
Eleanor, to revolt against his father, 337. Is reconciled to his father,
346. Refuses homage to his elder brother for his duchy, 301. The dif-
ference compromised by their father, 351. Becomes entitled to the
succession by his brother Henry's death, 352. Refuses his father's
assignment of Guienne to his brother John, 352. Resigns it to his
mother, Eleanor, 352. Is encouraged to rebel again by Philip of France,
355. Excommunicated by Albano, the pope's legate, 356. Peace con
eluded with his father, and he is contracted to Alice, sister of Philip of
France, 357. His remorse on seeing his father's body, 358. His acces
sion, 365.
I. discountenances his former evil advisers, and caresses his
father's ministers, i. 365. Releases his mother, and makes ber regent
until his arrival in England, 365. Prepares for a crusade to the Holy
Land, 366. Jews prohibited by an edict from appearing at his corona-
tion, 366. A massacre of, on that occasion, 367. His expedient to raise
money for the crusade, 363. Sells the vassalage of Scotland, 368. His
reply to Fulk, curate of Neuilly, 369. In whose hands he placed the
administration during his absence on the crusade, 369. Meets Philip
of France, with his army, at Vezelay, 370. Renews his engagements of
friendship with Philip, 370. Embarks his army at Marseilles, 370. Is
obliged to winter at Messina, 370. His character, and that of Philip,
compared, 370. The occasion of his attacking the Sicilians, and taking
Messina, 371. His disputes with Philip, 372. Sets aside his contract
with Alice, and proposes to marry Berengaria, daughter of Sanchez,
king of Navarre, 373. Is attended on his crusade by his bride, and his
Eister Joan, queen dowager of Sicily, 373. Some of his vessels wrecked
and pillaged on the coast of Cyprus, 373. Conquers and imprisons
Isaac, prince of Cyprus, 373. Espouses Berengaria there, 374. Arrives
in Palestine, and assists at the siege of Acre, 374. Engages to support
the pretensions of Guy de Lusignan to the kingdom of Jerusalem,
in opposition to Conrade, marquis of Montferrat, 375. Troubles in
England during his absence, 376. Confers the kingdom of Cyprus on
Lusignan, on condition of his quitting his pretensions to Jerusalem, 379
Defeats Saladin, 380. Is obliged to abandon the intention of hesiegina
Jerusalem, 380. Concludes a truce with Saladin for three years, three-
months, three weeks, three days, and three hours, 380. His cruel treat
meut of his prisoners, 381. Is arrested, on his return, by Leopold, duko
of Austria, 381. Is delivered up to the emperor, Henry VI., who im-
prisons him in irons, 382. Is earned to, and accused before, the diet a*.
Worms, 384. His spirited reply, 384. Ransoms himself, 385. Hi.»
ransom, how levied according to the feudal system, 386. Obtains! hi*
VXOES WS&
hberty, and escapes a second arrest by the emperor, 386. I>; ai:aiu
frowned at Winchester, 387. Goe3 over to Normandy to revenue hiii)
*»if oa Philip's perfidy, 387. Defeats Philip at Fretteval, 388. Con
eludes a truce with him, 388. His brother John submits to him, 389
Makes peace with Philip at Louviers, which is quickly broken, 389
Takes the bishop of Beauvais prisoner, and sends his coat of mail tu
the pope, 389. Concludes a truce with Philip for five years, 389. la
wounded in besieging- Vidomar, count of Limoges. 390. The gallant
reply of Gourdon, the archer, who shot him, 390. Ris sensibility of the
retort, 390. Dies, 390. His character, 390. Reflections on his reign,
391. Miscellaneous affairs, 391.
Richard II., his accession, ii. '279. State of pal ties at that juncture, 279
Form of government settled by parliament during his minority. 280.
Council appointed, 280. The administration, how conducted, 281. His
embarrassments at his accession, 281. War with France, 282. Popular
insurrections, 284. Has a conference with Wat Tyler, 285. His pru-
dent behavior at the death of Tjder, 285. Reflections on this affair, 286,
Heads the army against the Scots, 287. Burns Edinburgh, Perth, and
Dundee, 287. Returns to England prematurely, 287. His attachment
to Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford, 288. Awed by his parliament, 290.
Deprived of his regal power by a council of fourteen, appointed by his
uncle Gloucester, 291. Fails in the endeavor to influence the election
of the house of commons, 292. Consults the judges on the validity of
his commission to the council of fourteen, 292. Their opinion, 292.
Violent proceedings against his ministry by the duke of Gloucester, 294.
His and his queen Anne, their ineffectual concern at the execution
of Sir Simon Burley, 295. Exerts himself, and removes Archbishop
Fitz-Alau from his office of chancellor, 296. Removes Gloucester and
Warwick from the council, 296. Truce with France, and marriage of
Richard and Isabella of France, 298. Seizes the charter of London, ami
the character of his administration, 298. Declares Mortimer successor,
300. Hurries Gloucester over to Calais, and awes his faction, 301.
Proceedings against his party, 302. Procures Gloucester to be murdered
at Calais, 303. Creation of peers, 303. Removes the parliament to
Shrewsbury, 304. Their grants to him, 304. Prevents the duel between
the dukes of Hereford and Norfolk, and banishes them, 306. Opposes
the succession of Hereford to the dukedom of Lancaster, 307. Embarks
for Ireland, 308. Leaves the duke of York guardian of the realm, 308.
Returns to oppose the invasion of the duke of Lancaster, 309. Seized
by the duke of Northumberland, and confined in Flint Castle, 309.
Heads of accusation preferred against him in parliament, 310. Compar-
ison between this period of history and the revolution in 1688, 314.
Deposed by parliament, 314. Murdered in Pomfret Castle, 316. His
character, 316. Comparison between, and Edward III., 317. Miscel-
laneous transactions during this reign, 318. Comparison between his
situation and that of Charles VI. of France, 350.
— III., the first acts of his administration, ii. 496. Appoints the
duke of Buckingham constable, 497. Reflections on his seizure of the
crown, 497. Procures Buckingham's execution, for rebelling against
him, 502. Obtains a parliamentary sanction of his sovereignty, 502.
Supposed to poison his wife Anne, to make room for his marriage with
the princess Elizabeth, 503. Prepares to oppose the invasion of the earl
of Richmond, 504. His suspicions of his own party, 505. Battle of
Bosworth, 505. Killed, 506. His character, 506.
Richemont, Arthur, Count de, taken prisoner at the battle of Azincour,
ii. 358. Released on bis parole, 377. Evades his parole on the death
of Henry V., 377. Obtains the duke of Burgundy's sister by the regent's
interest, 377. Engaged in the English interest, 377. Attends the con-
gress at Arras, 403.
Richelieu, Cardinal, prime minister of France, his character, v 26, Rival*
520 INDEX.
the dul;e of Buckingham in his addresses to the queen of France, 28
Throws a mole across the harbor of Rochelle, to complete the blockade
50. Supplies the Covenanters in Scotland with money, 105. The con
elusion of his administration, and death, 456.
Richmond, Henry, earl of, carried into Brittany by the earl of Pembrcke,
on the establishment of the York family in Edward IV., ii. 47-2. His
pedigree, 498. Measures taken for his safe custody by Edward, 490.
Edward disappointed in a scheme for getting him into his power, 499.
Overtures for his marriage with the princess Elizabeth, 500. Makes an
unsuccessful attempt for a descent on England, 501. His party exhort
him to another speedy attempt, 504. Lands at Milford Haven, 504. Bat-
tle of Bosworth, 505. Richard III. killed, 506. See Henry VII.
, duke of, natural son of Henry VIII., made lord lieutenant of
Ireland, iii. 399.
Ridley, bishop of London, pleads with Edward VI. in behalf of the princess
Mary, iii. 370. Is imprisoned on the accession of dueen Mary, 392. Is
sent, under a strong guard, to Oxford, to debate on transubstantiation, 100.
Is burnt for heresy, together with Bishop Latimer, 422
Right. See Petition of Right.
Rinuccini is, by the pope, sent nuncio to the Irish Catholics, v. 391. Excites
the Irish to break the pacification concluded with Ormoud, 391. Is driven
out of Ireland, 392.
Riots, a severe statute passed against, iii. 364.
Rippon, treaty of, between Charles I. and the Scots Covenanters, v. 123
Is adjourned to London, 125.
Rivers, earl of, uncle to Edward V., intrusted with the care of his person,
ii. 485. His character, 486. The first who introduced the art of printing
into England. 486, n. Arrested by the duke of Gloucester, while con
ducting the young king to London, 437 Murdered in Pomfret Castle,
489.
Itizzio, David, some account of his introduction to the court of Mary, queen
of Scotland, iv. 72. His promotion and character, 73. Excites the jealousy
of Darnley, the queen's husband, 73. Incurs the hatred of the Piotestanr s,
74. A conspiracy formed against him by the chancellor Morton, 74. Is
assassinated in the queen's presence, 75.
Robbery, instances of the general practice of, at the time of Henry III.,
ii. 66.
Robert III., king of Scotland, his character, ii. 336. His son taken prisoner
by Henry IV. of England, 337. Dies of grief, 337.
, eldest son of William the Conqueror, his character, i. 209, 221. Re-
volts against his father, 211. Extraordinary rencounter between him
and his father, 211. Reconciled to him, 212. Returns to England, and
repulses the Scots, 212. Succeeds to the duchy of Normandy, 221.
Mortgages his dominions to his brother, and enters the crusade, 231.
His reputation on the crusade, 241. How he lost the kingdom of Eng-
land, 241. Returns, and invades England, 247. Enters into an accom-
modation with his brother Henry I., 248. Distressed by his remiss-
ness, 249.
Rocheford, Lord, brother to Queen Anne Boleyn, is accused by his wife of
intimacy with his sister, iii. 224. Is confined by the king's order, 225. I3
tried, together with the queen, 22G. Is condemned, 227.
, viscountess of, calumniates Oueen Anne Boleyn to Henry VIII
iii. 224. Conducts the secret amours of Q.ueen. Catharine Howard, 273
Is beheaded, together with the queen, 274.
Rochelle, Pennington ordered to assist in the reduction of, deserts, and
sails back to England, v. 8. A squadron sent by the Dutch against, 9
Buckingham brings a fleet and forces to assist the town, and is igno-
rantly refused admittance, 29. The blockade effected by throwing s
inolo across the harbor, 50. Is forced to surrender at discretion, 00.
INDEX. 521
Rochester, the castle of, taken from the barons by King John, aD«i tho
common men of the garrison hanged, i. 435.
, earl of, a character of his poems, vi. 375.
[lockiugham, a synod summoned there by William Rufufl, to depose An-
selm, archbishop of Canterbury, i. 834.
Rocroy, defeat of the Spaniards there, by the Prince of Conde, v. 458.
Rodoljihi, a Florentine merchant in London, is employed by the pope to
negotiate with the Catholics in England, iv. 150. Is engaged by tho
Spanish ambassador to disturb the government in favor of Maiy, queen
of Scots, 150. The duke of Norfolk enters into his scheme, 151. Goes to
Rome to mature his design, 151.
Roger, earl of Hereford, cause of his conspiring against William the Con-
queror, i. 202. His estate forfeited, and himself confined for life, 205.
, archbishop of York, crowns Prince Henry, when associated witK
his father, Henry II., i. 318. Suspended at Becket's instigation, 319
Complains to the king, and the consequences of this complaint, 321
Circumstances of a quarrel between liirn and Richard, archbishop of
Canterbury, 363.
Rogers, prebendary of St Paul's, burnt for heresy, iii. 4-0.
Rollo the Dane, his history, i. 105. Makes inroads into France, 106. Set-
tles in Neustria, and marries the daughter of Charles the Simple, 107.
His prudent government, 108. See Normandy.
Romans, their lirst arrival in Britain, i. 4. Subdue it all except Caledonia,
7. Abandon it, 9. Refuse assistance to the Britons, 10.
Rome, reflections on tho policy of the court of, i. 255. The venal princi-
ples of the court of, in the reign of Henry III., ii. 21. Church of, when
at the summit of its power, 67. A character of the decretals of Pope
Gregory IX., 68. Remarks on the new orders instituted by, 68. Our
literary obligations to the ancient clergy of, 507. The bad principles on
which the church of, is founded, iii. 129. Its eucroachments on civil
authority, 130. Favorable, however, to the restoration of the arts, 130.
Consequence of the sale of indulgences by Pope Leo X., 132. See Luther,
and Reformation. Its authority renounced by the English convocation
and parliament, 196. Reflections on this event, 198. See Reformation.
City of, taken and sacked by the imperial troops, 158.
Rood of Grace, a miraculous crucifix, the artifice of, exposed at Paul's
Cross, by Hilsey, bishop of Rochester, iii. 243.
Roper, Sir Anthony, is fined, by the star chamber, for converting arable land
to pasture, v. 80.
Rose, red and white, party distinctions of the houses of Lancaster and
York, ii. 445. Remarks. on the confused history of the wars between,
458.
Rosewel, a Presbyterian preacher, his prosecution for treasonable words,
vi. 274.
Rosni, marquis of, minister to Henry IV. of France, comes over to Dover,
to confer with Queen Elizabeth, iv. 331. Discovers Elizabeth to have
entertained the same views with Henry, of establishing a new system of
policy in Europe, 331 Is sent ambassador from Henry IV. of France, to
King James, on his accession, 381. Proposes to James a league againsi
the house of Austria, 382. Concludes a treaty with James, for the snp
port of the United Provences, 382.
Rouen, besieged and taken by Philip of France, i. 405. The king ol
Navarre mortally wounded at the siege of, iv. 54. Is taken by Mont
morency, and the garrison put to the sword, 54.
Roundheads, the appellation of, when and to whom given, v. 203.
Roundway Down, battle of, between Lord Wilmot and Sir William W atlifl
v. 216.
Routiers. See Brabancons.
Roxborougb, James TI. of Scotland lulled at the siege of, ii. 448.
lioj-al Society, t!i<j hist institution of, vi. 373
SSfH INDEX.
ttulus. See William Rufus
Rump parliament, the restoration of the long one so termed. Bee Pa>
liament.
Runnemede, the Great Charter of English liberties sig.ied there by King
John, i. 429. The principal heads of this charter, 429. Remarks upon it,
431. See Charter.
Rupert, Prince, son of the elector palatine, offer* his service to Charles I.,
and commands a body of horse for him, v. 235. Defeats a party of Es-
sex's army at Worcester, 235. Defeats the left wing of Essex's army at
Edge-hill, 236. Surprises Essex, and carries off booty and prisoners.
246. Is sent westward to join the Cornish troops, 248. Takes Bristol,
248. Obliges the parliamentary forces to retire from Newark, 273.
Marches to the relief of York, 275. Engages rashly in the battle of
Marston Moor, where he is defeated, 275. Urges the battle of Nasoby,
310. Retires to Bristol, 313. Capitulates, is dismissed by the king, ami
leaves England, 314. Commands the squadron which deserted to Charles
II., and is harassed by Admiral Blake, 423. Takes refuge in France,
423. Commands under the duke of York, against the Dutch, vi. 40.
Joins Albemarle during his engagement with Tromp and De Ruyter, 47.
Obtains the command of the English fleet, 118. Engages the Dutch on
their own coast, 118. Another action, 119. Another at the mouth of the
Texel, 120. Is appointed one of the privy council, 200, n. His death.
277, n. Was the inventor of etching, 370.
Russel, Lord, suppresses an insurrection in Devonshire, excited to oppose
the reformation, iii. 357. Is created earl of Bedford, 364. See Bedford.
, Lord, privately favors the French intrigues, but refuses to accept
any present from that court, vi. 156, n. Is made one of the privy council
to Charles II., 200, n. Resigns, 217. His character, 217. Enters into
the duke of Monmouth's conspiracy, 261. Is sent to the Tower, 265.
Tried, 266. Is condemned, 268. Is executed, 270.
Ruthven, Lord, assists with others in assassinating David Rizzio, iv. 74.
, governor of Plymouth for the parliament, is defeated by the
royalists on Bradoc Down, v. 244.
Rutland, earl of, created duke of Albemarle by Richard II., ii. 303. De-
graded, 316. Conspires against Henry IV., and betrays his associates,
327. Summary view of his treacherous behavior, 328. Killed at tho
battle of Azincour, being then duke of York, 358.
Ruyter. See De Ruyter.
Rye-house plot, history of, vi. 263.
Sa, Don Pantaleon, brother to the Portuguese ambassador, hanged by
Cromwell for assassination, v. 448.
Sadler, Sir Ralph, ambassador from Henry VIII. to the court of Scotland,
concludes a treaty of marriage between Prince Edward and Mary, the
infant queen of Scotland, iii. 283. His retinue insulted, at the instiga-
tion of Cardinal Beaton, 284. His demand of the stipulated hostages
evaded by Arran, the regent, 284. Orders the Scots prisoners on parole
to return to England, 284. Is made counsellor to the regency of Edward
VI., 320. Assists in restoring the advantage to the English, at the bat-
tle of Pinkey, 337. Is appointed one of the commissioners for deter-
mining the cause between Mary, queen of Scots, and Murray, the regent,
iv. 103.
Safety, committee of, elected, v. 498. General Monk's artfol behavior to,
505.
Saladin, king of Egypt, his character, i. 353. Recovers Palestine from tho
crusaders, 353. Acre taken from him by the Christians, 375. Is defeated
by the Christians under Richard 1. of England, 380. Concludes a truce
with Richard, 380. Review of his conduct in this war, 380. Dies, 381
Instance of his philosophj*, 381.
Galio law of succession to the crown of France, the foundation of, traced,
ii. 192. Attempted to be introduced into the Englisl government by
INDEX. ii'^J
Hsitv TV, 340. Revoked at the instance of the house of Commons
ti'J.
Salisbury, an insurrection of royalists there, under the protectorate, who
proclaim Charles II., v. 453.
— ■, earl of. natural brother to King John, commands the English
fleet against Philip of France, and destroys the ships in their harb;ir,
i. 421.
, countess of, mistress to Edward III , the dropping of her garter
supposed to be the occasion of instituting the order of the garter, ii.
330.
• , earl of, besieges Orleans, ii. 385. Killed before the town, 386.
earl, instance of generalship in, at the battle of Blore Heath
ii. 435. Taken by Q,ueen Margaret, at the battle of Wakefield, and be
headed, 440.
-, countess of, mother of Cardinal Pole, is attainted and condemned
by parliament, but reprieved, iii. 257. Executed, 268.
Secretary Cecil, created earl of, by James I., iv. 381. Causes
which procured his promotion, 381. Communicates to the king the hints
he received of the gunpowder plot, 403. Is made treasurer, 412. Expos-
tulates with the parliament on the king's necessities, 412. Invents the
title of baronet, to supply James with money by the sale of it, 432.
Sallee is destroyed by an English fleet, v. 83.
Sanchez, king of Navarre, instance of his confidence in the justice of
Henry II. of England, i. 361. His daughter Berengaria married, to Rich-
ard I., 373.
Sandilands, Sir James, is sent from the parliament to Queen Mary in
Prance, to obtain a ratification of their proceedings in reforming religion,
iv. 30.
Sandwich, earl of, fails in attempting to seize the Dutch East India fleet, in
the Danish harbors, vi. 43. Is killed at the battle of Solebay, 103.
Sanquhir, Lord, executed for assassination, iv. 424.
Santa Croce, marquis of, is appointed to command the Spanish armada, iv
254. Dies, 259.
Santa Cruz, a Spanish fleet burnt in the harbor of, by Admiral Blake, v.
463.
Savile, Sir John, a zealous commoner against the court, is promoted and
ennobled by King James I., iv. 466.
Savoy, a conference there, between twelve bishops and twelve Presbyterian
ministers, vi. 16.
Savoy, Philibert, duke of. See Philibert.
Sautre, William, rector of St. Osithes, the first person burnt in England fct
heresy, ii. 329.
Saxons, national character of, i. 13. Arrive in Britain, under Hengiot and
Horsa, 14. Subdue Britain and settle there, 16. Their conquests in
Britain very ruinous to the country, 21. Throw back all the British im
provements into ancient barbarity, 21. After subduing the Britons, war
against each other, 21. Difficulty of continuing their history, and why,
21. Brief view of their idolatrous religion, 23. Made but slow improve-
ment in arts in England, 46. Their bigotry and superstition, 47, 48.
Their gradual ecclesiastical subjection to the see of Rome, traced, 48.
Their theological disputes, 49. Reduced to despair by the ravages of the
Danes, 61. Admit the Danes to settle with them, after defeating them,
6i. Their monks characterized, 84. Their affected austerities, 84. Op
pcsed by the secular clergy, 87. Review of the Saxon government in
England, 152. The succession of their princes, how regulated, 153. Ac-
count of their wittenagemot, or national council, 154. Earl and alderman,
synonymous appellations among, 478. Their government aristocratical,
towards the time of the Norman conquest, 157. State of popular liberty
among, 160. Several orders of men among, 162. Their courts of justice.
164. State of legislation among, 165. Their criminal law, 166. Theii
VOL. VI Z
O'dQ INDEX.
military force, 174. Public revenues, 174. Value o! uiooey K'.ucn^, 174
Their manners inquired into, 177. Finally subdued by William iuk^ ol
Normandy, 150, 178. See Harold, and William. Their laws, compared
with the civil law, ii. 510.
Saxony, Maurice, elector of. See Maurice.
Scandal and reproach, instances of the severe punishment of, by the court
of star chamber, v. 80.
Scone, the famous stone there, on which the kings of Scotland were anoint-
ed, arried to London by Edward I., ii. 109. Robert Bruce crowned
there, 135. Edward Baliol crowned there, 189. Charles II. crcwued
there, v. 414.
Scotland, and Scots: the Scots and Picts invade Britain, i. 10. King Con-
stantine defeated by Athelstan, king of England, 80, 81. King Duncan
killed by Macbeth, 130. Macbeth killed, and Malcolm restored, 130
King William, taken prisoner by Henry II., does homage, with all his
nobility, for his ransom, 346. The vassalage of, sold by Richard I , to
raise money for his crusade, 368. Remarks on the ancient history of, ii.
80. Alexander HI., king of, marries the sister of Edward I., 80. Dies,
80. Is succeeded by Margaret of Norway, 80. Guardians appointed dur-
ing her infancy, 80. A treaty of marriage negotiated between her and
Prince Edward of England, 81. She dies ou her passage to Scotland, 82.
Competitors for the crown of, 82, 88. Their claims referred to the decis-
ion of Edward I. of Englaud, 83. An inquiry into the nature of the
homage done by the kings of, to those of England, 84. The parliament
of, and the competitors for the crown, attend the summons of Edward
to Norham, south of the Tweed, 86. Edward asserts his right to dis
pose of the crown, as liege of the kingdom, 86. The fortresses in, deliv-
ered up to Edward, 89. The barons and prelates swear fealty to him, 89.
Edward decides in favor of John Baliol's right to the crown, 90. Baliol
swears fealty to Edward, and is put in possession of the kingdom, 90.
The Scots, and their new king, provoked at Edward's acts of usurpation
over them, 91. Assign a council to carry on the administration, and
assemble an army to oppose the forces of Edward, 107. Berwick taken
by Edward, and the garrison put to the sword, 108. The Scots defeated
by Earl Warrenne, and the Castle of Dunbar surrendered to Edward, 108
lloxborough taken, 108. Edinburgh, and the whole country, subdued,
108. Baliol swears fealty to him, 108. Baliol carried prisoner to Lon
don, and committed to the Tower, 109. Earl Warrenne left governor of,
109. The Scots abandoned by Philip of France, in consequence of his
treaty with Edward, 121. Warrenne, returning to England, leaves the
administration in the hands of Ormesby and Cressingham, 121. Their
oppressions of the Scots, 121. The Scots rise against the English, un-
der William Wallace, 122. Gain a victory over Warrenne, 124. Wallace
made regent, 124. The regency given to the steward, and Cummins of
Badenoch, on Wallace's resignation, 125. The Scots army defeated by
Edward at Falkirk, 126. Apply to France for succor, but are refused,
128. Engage Pope Boniface in their interest, 128. John de Segrave
left guardian of, by Edward, who is defeated by the Scots, 129. Is again
subdued by Edward, 130. Young Robert Bruce arrives in Scotland, and
spirits up the nobility to a revolt, 133, 134. Bruce is crowned at Scone.
135. He reduces the English in Scotland, and is acknowledged by the
whole country, 151. Bruce defeats Edward at Bannockburo, 153. The
independency of, established by this victory, 154. He invades England
on the death of Edward II., 179. The nature of the war made by the
Scots, and their army, described, 179. Death of Robert Bruce, and
accession of his son David, 18ti. State of, at this period, 187. The earl
of Marre appointed regent on the death of Murray, 1S'7. Marre defeated
mid slain by Edward Baliol, 188. He is crowned at Scone, 189. Js
touted I v Sir Archibald Douslas, and flics to England, 189. Dooglai
■tr-i, x-;' y B"dwsrd 111 <f England, and Edward Baliol restored I ■*•
INDEX. O'H
He 13 acknowledged no longer than protected by the presence of the
English forces, 191. King Pavid defeated and taken prisoner by Queen
Philippa, 231. Is ransomed, 247. An express inquiry into the nature
of the homage paid by tlis kings of, to those of England, 515. The
Scots obtain assistance from France to invade England, and theij
conduct in these incursions, 287. Disoblige their allies, who return
home, 287. Invade England again, but are worsted, 331. Battle of
Homeldon, 331. Prince James taken prisoner by Henry IV., and edu-
cated in England, 337. Carried to France by Henry V., 367. The Scot*
army in France refuse to obey their young king while in captivity, 367
James I. restored, 378. Murdered, 378. Affairs of, during the reign of
Henry VI., and beginning of Edward IV., 447. State of, in the time oi
Henry VII., iii. 20. James IV. receives and assists Perkin Warbec, 49,
Marries Margaret, eldest daughter of Henry, 61. The Scots routed at the
battle of Flodden, and James killed, 101. His queen, Margaret, marries
Douglas, earl of Angus, 109. The duke of Albany called over to the
regency, 110. The state of, as it appeared to Albany on his arrival, 110.
Confusions in, on Albany's going over to France, 112. Reasons in favor
of alliances with France or England contrasted, 139. Extraordinary
case of Patrick Hamilton, burnt for heresy, 268. Friar Forrest burnt,
269. The reformation spreads in, 270. Henry declares war against, 279
Sir Robert Bowes defeated by the lords Hume and Huntley, 280. Battle
of Solway, 281. Death of James V., 281. The infant Queen Mary con-
tracted to Prince Edward of England, 283. Invaded by Henry VIII.,
and Edinburgh burnt, 292. The English defeated at Ancraiu, 295.
Is included in the peace of Campe, between Henry and Francis, 299.
History of Wishart, the reformer, 331. Cardinal Beaton assassinated,
333. Its misfortunes at this time, owing to a succession of minorities,
333. The duke of Somerset prepares to prosecute the war with, 334.
His manifesto, 334. The Scots prepare to repel Somerset, 3J5. Battlo
of Piukey, 336. The young Queen Mary sent to France, 343. The earl
of Arran resigns the regency to the queen dowager, 441. The young
queen Mary married to the dauphin, 442. English reformers protected
there from the persecutions ef Queen Mary, iv. 16. Account of the as
sociation called the Congregation of the Lord, 17. See Congregation, and
Guise, Mary of. Treaty of Edinburgh, 28. Settlement of tho adminis-
tration during the queen's absence by this treat}', 28. The Catholic
religion suppressed, and the Presbyterian discipline established, by
parliament, 29. Queen Mary arrives, on the death of her husband, 34
The queen exposed to insults for her adherence to the Catholic religion,
36. The poverty of the reformed clergy there, 41. The ecclesiastical
benefices, how assigned by the privy council, 42. Mary married to tho
lord Darnley, 68. A confederacy formed against Mary at Stirling, which
is encouraged by Elizabeth, 69. The rebels driven into England, 70
Murder of Damley, 82. Mary married to Bothwell, 88. Reflections of
the people on these events, 88. Mary imprisoned in Lochlevin Castle,
92. Mary forced to resign the crown, and her son James VI. crowned
95. Arrival of Murray, the regent, 95. The settlement of the crown and
administration confirmed by parliament, 96. Battle of Langside, 98.
Mary flies to England, 98. Her cause examined before English com-
missioners, 103, 110. Murray, the regent, assassinated, 129. The
earl of Leuox appointed regent, 129. He is put to death by Murray's
party, and the earl of Marre chosen, 155. Morton made regent on the
death of Marre, 155. Discontents and factions against Morton, 177
Morton tried and executed, 179. A conspiracy of nobles formed, who
seize the young King James, 190. James escapes from them, 195. Earl
of Arran degraded, 197. A defensive alliance entered into between
James and Elizabeth, 214. Queen Mary sentenced to death by English
commissioners, 229. And executed, 244. The hostile laws between,
ttlld Engl (Hid, abolished, 409. The natural consequences of thei' hiiii}
M2 iNDIiX.
succeeding to the crown of England, 440. View of the state of religion
there, 441. James ohtains the jurisdiction of bishops to be acknowl-
edged, 442. The establishment of Episcopal authority and ceremonies
apposed, 412. The nature of the excommunication pronounced by the
ecclesiastical courts in, 444. Behavior of Black, minister of St. An-
drews, 444. Seditious principles of the clergy there, 44.3. Some of the
refractory ministers punished on his accession to the crown of England,
445. The general assembly submit to regal and Episcopal authority,
445. A court of high commission erected, 445. Altercations between
James and the clergy, 446. Consequences of the influence of '.he nobility,
and the absence of the king, v. 91. Discontents of the inferior clergy
there, 95. Introduction of the canons and liturgy, 97. A tumult at
Edinburgh on occasion of the liturgy, 99. The covenant established,
101. Episcopacy abolished by the general assembly, 10.3. The Cove-
nanters assisted by Cardinal Richelieu, 105. The Covenanters raise
forces, and secure the whole country, 106. Their zeal inflamed by
Michelson, the prophetess, 107. Charles marches with a force to
Berwick, 108. A pacification concluded with the Covenanters, 110.
A letter from the malecoutents to the king of France intercepted, 113.
Another armament sent against them, 122. The Scots army rout Lord
Conway at Newburn, 122. They take possession of Newcastle, 122
Treaty'of Rippon, 123. Are attacked by Strafford, 124. The army dis-
banded by the English house of commons, 172. The lords of articles
abolished, on the arrival of Charles, 174. Reflections and views of the
Covenanters, on the breaking out of the civil war in England, 259. Send
commissioners to the king, at Oxford, to ofl'er a mediation, 260. Summon,
by their own authority, a convention of states, 261. The solemn league
and covenant framed with the English commissioners, 261. Raise an
army to assist the English parliament, 263. The king puts himself into
the hands of the Scots army before Newark, 323. Deliver up the king
to the parliament for the payment of the arrears of the army, 327. Their
commissioners affronted by the Independent faction in the long parlia
ment, 356. Their commissioners concert a treaty with the king, for
arming in his favor, 356. Parties distinguished there at this time, 356.
The royalists defeated by Cromwell, 364. Charles II. proclaimed after
his father's execution, 389. Commissioners sent to Breda, to propose
terms to Charles, 400. Cruel and insulting treatment and execution
of Montrose, 403. Treatment of Charles on his landing, 407. Numbers
burnt for witchcraft, 409. Battle of Dunbar, 412. Charles crowned at
Scone, 414. Charles marches into England, 416. Is routed by Cromwell
at Worcester, 417. Stirling Castle reduced by Monk, and the records
of the kingdom sent to London, 425. Dundee and other towns taken,
425. The kingdom submits to the commonwealth, 425. The civil
administration of, under the protectorate of Oliver Cromwell, 470. The
forts raised and troops disbanded by Charles II. on his restoration, vi
13. A parliament, 13. Prelacy tacitly restored, 13. Sharp made arch-
bishop of St. Andrews, 14. Trial and execution of Argyle and others,
14. Lord Lome condemned, but pardoned by the king, 67. Proceedings
of parliament, 67. Arbitrary imposition of tines under the act of in-
demnity, 68. Disorders occasioned by the reestablishment of Episcopacy,
69. And by violent measures to suppress conventicles, 70. Insurrec-
tion, and renewal of the covenant, 71. The insurgents routed by Dalziel,
71. Cruel execution of the Covenanters, 71. The attempts to recon-
cile the people to Episcopacy without effect, 161. A parliament, 1C2.
Severe law against conventicles, 1C3. The arbitrary administration
of Lauderdale, 164. Case of Mitchel, 165. Archbishop Sharp murdered,
209. A parliament held by the duke of York, 250. Condemnation
of the earl of Argyle, 251. Cruel persecution of the Covenanters,
253. Two women drowned for not abjuring the declaration, 254. A
declaration of indulgence published by James II. 317. Revolts agaiusl
INDEX 533
James, on the coining over with the prince of Orange, 348. The oonvon-
tion summoned by the prince makes a tender of tho crown to him and his
princess. 355.
Scriptures, a translation of, made by Tindal, the reformer, iii. 205. See
Bible.
Scutage, an explanation of that term, and on what occasions levied by tho
Anglo-Norman kings, i. 461. None levied by Edward I., ii. 140.
Sea fights. See under the names of the respective commanders.
Secretaries of State, a list of those during the reign of James I., iv. 495.
During that of Charles I., v. 384.
Sedgemoor, battle of, between the duke of Monmouth and the earl of
Feversham, vi. 295.
Sodley, Mrs., her influence over James II., vi. 288.
Segrave, John de, appointed guardian of Scotland by Edward I., ii. 129. la
defeated by the Scots, 130.
Self denying ordinance passed by the long parliament, v. 287.
Seneffe, battle of, between the prince of Orange and the prince of Condd,
vi. 131.
Severus, Emperor, completes Adrian's rampart, i. 8. This rampart erected
of stone, 10.
Seymour, Lady Jane, maid of honor to Oueen Anne Boleyn, attracts the
notice of Henry VUI., iii. 224. Is married to the king the next day
after Anno Boleyn's execution, 229. Is brought to bed of a son, (after-
wards Edward VI.,) and dies, 239.
, Sir Edward, brother to Queen Jane, made earl of Hertford, iii
240. Commands the forces of Henry VIII. in an invasion of Scotland,
p.nd burns Edinburgh, 292. Is sent with forces over to Calais, 298. Is
appointed one of the regency during the minority of Edward VI., 320.
Is chosen protector by the regency, 321. Is created duke of Somerset.
322. See Somerset.
, Lord, second son of the protector Somerset, commands a squad
ron stationed at Dunkirk, to prevent the duke of Parma from joining tho
Spanish armada, iv. 256.
, Sir Francis, his speech at the opening of the third parliament
of Charles I., v. 33.
, Sir Thomas, is nominated one of the council to the regency
daring the minority of Edward VI., iii. 320. Is created Lord Seymour
and high admiral, 322. His character, 345. Marries the queen dowager..
345. Cabals against his brother, the protector, during his absence in
Scotland, 345. Forms a party in parliament against the protector, 346.
Is intimidated, and desires a reconciliation with his brother, 346. Ad-
dresses the lady Elizabeth after the queen dowager's death, 346. Is
committed to the Tower, 348. Is examined by the council, 348. Is
attainted by parliament, 34D. Is executed, 349.
Sforsa, Francis, obtains the iuvestiture of Milan, iii. 180. See Milan.
Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, earl of, his hint of shutting up the
exchequer carried to the ki.ig by Sir Thomas Clifford, vi. 95. Is made
chancellor, 96. His speech to parliament on the Dutch war, 114. Issues
writs for supplying vacant seats in parliament, 115. Deserts the court,
and joii.s the country party, 117. Is dismisse 1 from being chancellor,
122. Is «ent to the Tower for disputing the legality of the parliament
after a twelvemonth's prorogation, K'4. Flatters the duke of Monmouth
with hopes of the succession, 196. Is made president of the council,
201. Is removed by the king, 217. F.-esents the duke of York, as o
Popish recusant, to the grand jury of Middlesex, 220. Is accused of
treason, but acquitted, 248. Instigates the duke of Monmouth's con-
spiracy, 261. Retires to Holland, and dies, 2CC. His character, 262.
Bhakspeare, scarcely any mention of civil liberty t6 be found in his histor
ical plays, iv. 358, n. A ctaracter of his d-amutic writings, 523. Com
pared with Jonson, 523.
63 i .NDEX.
Sharp, :i Sots Pi ,;sbytei'.an commissioner, abandons tlieir cause, and ti
made archbishop of St. Andrews, vi. 14. His cruelty towards the Cove-
nanters, 71. Is shot at by Mitch el, lfi">. Is murdered, 209.
, Dr., is suspended by the court Of high commission, iu the reign of
James II., for preaching against Popery, vi. 315.
Shaw, Dr., procured by the duke of Gloucester to declare his brother
Eilwa^l illegitimate, in a sermon at St. Paul's, ii. 492. Ill success of this
scheme, 433.
Sheep, the number of, restricted by statute, iii. 317. Sh Thomas More'*
censure of the excessive breeding of, 355.
Shertield, recorder of Salisbury, is prosecuted in the star chamber for break
ing a painted church window, v. 70.
Sheriffs, the primitive nature of their office, ii. 99.
8hip money, first levied in England, i. 110. Imposed on occasion of tho
Spanish invasion, iv. 351. First levied by Charles I., v. 21. Is extended
over the whole kingdom, 79. Trial of John Hambden for refusing to pay
it, 88. The sheriffs voted delinquents for assessing it, by the commons
138. Is declared illegal, 139.
Shipping, state of, in the reign of Edward III , ii. 274. Cause of its decay
at that time, 274. See Navy.
Shirley, Dr., and Fag, a member of the house of commons, gieat disputed
between the two houses, occasioned by, vi. 135.
Shore, Jane, accused by the duke of Gloucester in council, ii. 490. Remarks
oh the accounts given cf her, 526. Her history, 491.
Shrewsbury, battle of, between Henry IV. and young Piercy, ii. 333.
, countess of, her scandalous reports of Q_ueen Elizabeth, con.
municated to Elizabeth by Mary, queen of Scots, iv. 538.
, earl of, is added to the privy council for the consideration of
the case of Mary, queen of Scots, iv. 110. Mary committed to his custody
at Tutbury, 112. She is removed from his care on account of his indulg-
ence to her, 198. Is appointed to attend on her execution, 238.
-, earl of, renounces the Catholic religion, and joins the prince o.
Orange, vi. 336.
f? icily, transactions of Richard I. of England, and Philip of France, during
their wintering there, on their way to the crusade, i. 371. The pope's
contests with the emperor Frederic, concerning, ii. 23. Is offered by the
pope to Richard, earl of Cornwall, who refuses it, 23. Is accepted by
Henry III., for his second son, Edmond, 23. The heavy debt incurred by
Henry in asserting this grant, 23. A crusade published against, by the
pope, 24.
Sidney, Algernon, secretly negotiates with France, and receives bribes and
presents from that court, vi. 157, n. Enters into the duke of Monmouth's
conspiracy, 263. Review of his life and character, 271. Is tried, 271.
His defence, 271. Is executed, 272.
, Sir Henry, lord deputy of Irelaud, reduces Shan O'Neale, iv. 304.
His vigilant administration, 305.
, Sir Philip, writes to queen Elizabeth to dissuade her from marrying
the duke of Anjou, iv. 188. Is made governor of Flushing, 210. His
death and character, 212.
Sigebert, king of East Anglia, restores Christianity in his kingdom, and
said to found the university of Cambridge, i. 36.
, king of Wessex, deposed for his bad administration, i. 43. Hia
base ingratitude to his protector, 43. Revenged upon him, 43.
Biegefert, a Northumbrian pirate, routed by Alfred, i. 69.
►iilver. See Money.
Hhrder is sent over by the duke of Anjou, to prosecute his suit with Queen
Elizabeth, iv. 184. His art in rendering his conversation agreeable to
her, 184. Discovers Leicester's marriage to the queen, 184. Is taken
under the queen's immediate protection, on Leicester's attempting his
life, \85.
INDEX. 53f»
S'.nsnel, Lambert, a baker's son, becomes the instrument of Sim in, the
priest, to disturb the government of Henry VII., iii. 14. Opens bis pre-
tensions in Ireland, as earl of Warwick, which revolts under h.ui, 15.
Crowned at Dublin as Edward VI., 15. Receives forces from tie duchess
of Burgundy, 17. Invades England, 17. Defeated at the battle of
Stoke, 18. Becomes scullion to the king, and is promoted to be hi a
falconer. IS.
Simpn, Richard, a priest, concerts the pretensions of Lambert Simre;
against Henry VII., iii. 13. Carries his pupil to Ireland, which revo'ts
15. Why only confined, on Simnel's overthrow, 18.
Sinclair, Oliver, favorite of James V., appointed to the command of tl, »
Scots army, iii. 280. Is defeated by the English at Solway, 281.
Shideicome is condemned for attempting the life of Oliver Cromwell, v. 483
Poisons himself, 483.
Sithrie, a Danish nobleman, appointed king of Northumberland by Athel-
stan, i. 80. Fate of his sons, 80.
Sivvard, duke of Northumberland, his history, i. 130.
Six articles, law of. See Articles.
Skinner applies to the house of lords for redress against the East India
Company, and is taken into custody by the commons, vi. 78.
Slaves, or villains, how considered among the Anglo-Saxons, i. 163. Twa
kinds of, 1C3.
1m alcalde, a league of the Protestant princes of Germany formed there
iii. 18-1. Money remitted to the league by Henry VIII., 213.
Smyrna fleet, Dutch, attacked by Sir Robert Holmes, vi. 97.
Society, civil, more probity to be found in, than among rude and barbarous
nations, i. 171.
Sodalitum, or Saxon bond of compact, described, i. 159.
Soldiers, common, their pay in the time of Edward III., ii. 275, n. Whence
their chief emoluments arose, 275.
Solebay, battle oil between the English and French fleets, and De Ruyter.
the Dutch admiral, vi. 102.
Solway, battle of, between the English and Scots, iii. 281.
Solyman, Sultan, conquers Hungary and besieges Vienna, iii. 181.
Somerset, duke of, governor of Normandy, obliged to surrender Rouen,
and the rest of the province to Charles VII., ii. 415. Succeeds the duke
of Sutiblk in his influence with Henry VI. and his queen, 423. Sent to
the Tower, 432. Killed at the first battle of St. Albans, 433.
, the earl of Hertford, protector during the minority of Edward
VI., created duke of, iii. 322. Procures his authority to be confirmed
by patent, 324. Favors the establishment of the reformation, 325 Ap-
points a visitation of dioceses, 327/ Makes preparation for the war with
Scotland, 334. Publishes a manifesto, 334. Advances towards Edir.
burgh, 335. Defeats the Scots at the battle of Pinkey, 337. Leaves
Warwick to treat for an accommodation, and returns to England, 338
Calls a parliament, 339. Passes laws favorable to the reformation, 339
Suppresses some Popish ceremonies, 340. Orders Haddington to be
fortified and garrisoned, 342. Is informed of his brother's cabals against
him, 346. Commits him to the Tower, and orders a prosecution of him,
348. Signs the warrant for his execution, 349. Appoints a commission
to inquire concerning enclosures, 356. Insurrections of the people, 356
Endeavors at au alliance with the emperor, but is disappointed, 359. Is
opposed in his intention to conclude a peace with France and Scot-
land, 360. His haughty exertion of his authority excites cabals against
him, 360. Becomes obnoxious for courting popular favor, 361. Demol-
ishes churches to build a palace with the materials, 361. A conspiracy
formed against him at Ely House, 362. Removes the king to Windsor,
end prepares for his defence, 362. Is deserted by all but Paget and
Cranrner, and despairs, 362. Is sent to the Tower, 363. Confesses on
his knees, before >he council, the charges laid against hitr. ; is deprived
536 INDEX.
of his offices, ana fined, .364. Is readmitted to the council, 364. Mai
ries his daughter to the lord Eudley, son to Warwick, 364. The schemes
of Northumberland to ruin him, 373. Is arrested, together with his
duchess and friends, 373. The charges against him, 373. Is tried, 373
Executed, 374. His character, and reflections on his fate, 375.
Somerset, Carre, Viscount Rochester, created earl of, iv. 431. Is insti
gated by his lady to procure Sir Thomas Overbury to be poisoned, 431.
Is stung with remorse, and declines in the king's favor, 435. Is con-
victed of Overbury's death, 436. Is pardoned, and dies in obscurity, 437.
Southampton, Wriothesely, Chancellor, and one of the regency, during the
minority of Edward VI., created earl of, iii. 322. Puts the great seal in
commission, 323. Is deprived of the chancellorship, and removed from
he council, 323. Cabals with Warwick against the protector at Elv
House, 362. Retires from the council, and dies of vexation, 364.
, earl of, attends the earl of Essex to Ireland, who makes him
general of horse, iv. 310. Is displaced by the queen's orders, 310. Enters
into Essex's conspiracy at Drury House, 323. Is tried with Essex, and
condemned, 326. Is spared, but detained in prison, 330.
Spain, state of, at the time of Henry VII. of England, iii. 21. See Ferdi-
nand of Arragon. League with the Italian states against France, 47.
Obtains possession of the kingdom of Naples, 83. Death of Ferdinand,
and accession of his grandson Charles, 115. See Charles V. The king-
dom of, resigned by the emperor Charles V. to his son Philip, 430. Seo
Philip II. Charles retires to the monastery of St. Just, in Estremadura,
430. Victory of St. duintin, 437. Peace of Chateau Cambresis, iv. 12.
Philip vows to spend his life in the extirpation of heresy, 49. His cruel
persecution of heretics, 50. Its flourishing state and power at this time,
208. The Invincible Armada fitted out for the conquest of England,
254. This fleet destroyed, 263. Cadiz taken and plundered by the
English, 291. The harbor of Cerimbra attacked, and a rich carrack taken
there, 339. Peace concluded with England, 398. Acknowledges the
independency of the United Provinces, and concludes a truce with them
for twelve years, 411. Arrival of Prince Charles there, to prosecute his
marriage with the infanta, 478. The match broke oft' by Buckingham,
481. Acknowledges the republican government of England, v. 458.
English ambassador murdered there by banished royalists, 458. Revolt
of Portugal, and other ill successes, 458. Declares war against England,
on the seizure of Jamaica, 462. The galleons taken and destroyed at
Cadiz, 463. A fleet burnt in Santa Cruz harbor, 4G3. War with France,
vi. 61. Its situation at the time of the congress of Nimegueu, and
motives of hastening the treaty there, 141. The treaty of Nimeguen
concluded, 158. Declares war against France, 273.
Spalatro, archbishop of, comes to England, turns Protestant, escapes to
Italy, and dies in confinement, iv. 527.
Speaker of the house of commons, first appointment rf, it. 280.
Spenser, his character as a poet, iv. 376.
. See Despenser.
Sprague, Admiral, Sir Edward, perishes in the engagc.ro.ii with the Dutch
at the mouth of the Texel, vi. 120.
Spurs, battle of, between the troops of Henry VIII. %tid the duke of
Longueville, iii. 98.
St. Albans, the monastery of, by whom endowed, i. 38. Cbpervations on
the petition of the borough of, to parliament, in the reign o. f Edward II.,
ii. 519. Battle of, between Henry VI. and Richard, duke oH York, 433.
Between Queen Mai - garet and the earl of Warwick, 440.
St. Andrews, Wishart, the reformer, burnt there by Cardinal Beaton,
iii. 332. The cardinal assassinated there, 332. Curious resolution of a
scholastic debate there by the sub-prior's servant, 463. Walter MiL'
burnt there, iv. If. A meeting of bishops and clergy summoned ihert hv
Kiug James. 446
INDEX. 03?
St. Andrews, prior of, attends the queen regent of Scotland, in her endeavor
to suppress the riots of th i reformers, iv. 21. Joins the association termed
the Congrjgation of the Lord, 23. See Murray, Lord James.
St. Aubin, battle of, between the duke of Brittany and the French, iii. 2?.
St. Bartholomew, massacre of the Hugonots at Paris, on the eve of that day
iv. 157.
St. Denis, battle of, between the constable Montmorency and the prince of
Conde, iv. 143. Battle of, between the prince of Orange and Marescha.
Luxembourg, vi. 159.
St. Disier, taken by the emperor Charles V., iii. 294.
St. Edmondsbury, a confederacy of the barons formed there, by Cardina.
Langtou, to assert their privileges against the oppressions of King John,
i. 425.
St. Giles, tutelar saint of Edinburgh, riot of Protestants there on the festival
of, iv. 18.
St. John, his ineffectual negotiations with the states-general of the United
Provinces, v. 426. Excites a quarrel between the commonwealth and the
states, 427.
of Jerusalem, the knights of, refuse to surrender their revenues tc
Henry VIII., iii. 262. The order dissolved by parliament, 262.
St. Omers, the prince of Orange defeated there by Maresclal Luxembourg,
vi. 144.
St. Ouintin, battle of, between the constable Montrnorenr j; and the Spanish
army under Philibert, duke of Savoy, iii. 437.
Stafford, Lord Viscount, is tried for the Popish plot, vi. fj'.£». Is condemned.
231. Executed, 232.
Standard, battle of, i. 276.
Stanley. Lord, suspected by Richard III. of favoring the earl of Richmond,
ii. 505. His son retained by Richard as the pledge of his fidelity, 505.
His ambiguous conduct previous to the battle of Bosworth, 505. Declares
for Richmond soon after the commencement of the action, 506. Created
earl of Derby, iii. 7.
, William, governor of Deventer, betrays the place, and deserts with
his whole garrison to the Spaniards, iv. 251.
Sir William, presents the earl of Richmond with Richard III. 'a
crown, found in Bosworth field, iii. 1. Detected by Sir Robert Clifford in
abetting Perkin Warbec, 43. Tried and executed, 43.
Stannary courts, suppressed by the long parliament, v. 171.
Star chamber, the jurisdiction of, how founded, and when established, iii. 69.
The nature of that jurisdiction explained, iv. 345. Its antiquity, 498. Its
authority not limited by any precise law or statate, 498. Oppressive sen-
tences of this court, v. 74, 77, 80, 88. Its proceedings condemned by the
commons, 134. Its sentence on Prynne and others reversed, and satisfac-
tion ordered, 137. Is abolished by parliament, 170.
Stayner, Captain, takes and destroys the Spanish galleons at Cadiz, v. 463.
Stephen, king of England, his pretensions to the crown, how founded,
i. 271. Assumes the crown, 272. Grants a charter to his subjects, 273.
His title ratified by the pope, 273. His subjects swear a conditional
allegiance to him, 275. Summoned before a synod by his brother Henry,
bishop of Winchester, 277. Taken prise ner by the empress Matilda's
party, 279. Exchanged for Earl Robert, Matilda's brother, 282. Dis-
gusts his nobles by demanding their castles, 283. His party laid under
the papal interdiction, but relieved by his submissions, 283. The arch-
bishop of Canterbury refuses to anoint his son Eustace, 284. Enter3
into a compromise with Henry, son of the empress Matilda, 284. Dies,
285. His character, 285.
Brigand, archbishop of Canterbury, proclaims Edgar, and encourages the
English to resist the Normans, i. 179. Not permitted to officiate at the
coronation of King William, 181. Attends him tc Normandy, 184 ilia
character, 195. Degraded a. id imprisoned, 198.
Z*
3N "The
53fc INDEX.
SlU-yard, merchants of, when established into a company iii.
privileges of, annullad by the council of Edward VI., 371.
Stirling, a confederacy of malecontent Scots nobles formed there, agEinsJ
tlueen Mary, iv. C9. The rebels forced to retire into England, TO.
Stoke, battle of, between Henry VII. and the earl of Lincoln, Lambert Sim
nel's general, iii. 18.
Stowe, his acknowledgment of the advance of trade during the peaceable
reign of James I., iv. 572.
Stowel, an abhorrer, resists the order of the house of commons for hia com-
mitment, vi. 222.
Strafford, Wentworth, earl of, his preferment, and the motive of it, v. 65.
His character, 66. Is called from Ireland, and sent lieutenant-general
Against the Scots, 122. Obtains the chief command by the illness o(
Northumberland, 123. Advises the king to continue the war, 123
Gains an advantage over the Scots, 124. The army discontented, 124
His general unpopularity at the meeting of the long parliament, 128.
Is promised protection by the king, 130. Is impeached by the house of
commons, 130. Is taken into custody, 131. A commission appointed for
trying him, 152. Is accused by the Irish parliament, 153. Examination
of his case and conduct, 154. His defence, 156. Notes of his speech in
council produced against him by Vane and Pym, 160. His defence against
this paper, 161. Is attainted by the commons, 162. The populace ex-
cited against him, 162. Writes to the king to give him up, 165. His
attainder passed, 166. Is executed, 167. His character, 168.
Stratford, archbishop of Canterbury, is employed by Edward III. in collect-
ing the new levies, ii. 207. Enters into a combination against the king
on his return from Flanders, 208. His letter to the king, 208. Comes to
parliament unsummoned, in his pontifical robes, and demands admittance,
209. Is at length reconciled to the king, 209.
Stratton, battle of, between the earl of Stamford and the royalists, v. 244.
Straw, Jack, one of the heads of Tyler's insurrection. See Tyler.
Stricland, a member of the house of commons, introduces a bill lor the amend-
ment of the liturgy, iv. 133. Is summoned before the council, and prohib-
ited appearing in the house, 135: Is restored to his seat, 136.
Slrigul, earl of. See Strongbow.
Strode, his cruel treatment in Cornwall for bringing a bill into parliament
relating to tin, iii. 312.
, a member of the house of commons, impeached by Charles I..
v. 206.
Strongbow, Richard, earl of Strignl, engages to assist Dermot, king of Lein-
ster, i. 331. Applies to Henry II. for permission, 332. Marries the daugh-
ter of Dermot, and succeeds to his kingdom, 332. The Irish not able to
withstand him, 332. Receives from Henry the commission of seneschal
of Ireland, 332.
Slrozzi, the French admiral, makes an attempt on Jersey, but is engaged
by an English fleet, iii. 359.
Stuart, the causes of the unhappiness of the princes of that house in the
erovernment of England pointed out, v. 540. Reflections on the adminis-
tration of that family, while on the throne of England, vi. 363.
, James of Ochiltree, joins in the designs of the count d'Aubigney,
in detaching James VI. of Scotland from the interest of England, iv. 178.
Is made earl of Arran, 190. See Arran.
Subsidies and Fifteenths, the nature, amount, and method of levying these
taxes, iv. 509. Are altered into a land tax, 510. The last grant of sub-
sidies, vi. 32.
Suetonius, Paulinus, sent by Nero to Britain, I. 6. Subdues Anglesey, the
chief seat of the Diuids, 6. Defeats Boadicea, 7. Recalled, 7.
Suffolk, earl of, succeeds, at the death of the earl of Salisbury, to tho
command of the siege of Orleans, ii. 386. Disconcerted by Joan d'Arc,
«l Raises the siege, 39 1. Besieged himself at Jergean, 391. Take-
INDEX. 539
prisoner V>y one Rsnaud, whom he knighted, 394. Negotiates a truro
with Charles VII. of Frauce, 409. Concludes a treaty of marriage bo
tween Henry VI. and Margaret of Anjou, 410. Created a duke, 410. De
lends his conduct in the house of lords, 421. Impeached by the commons.
421. His justification of himself, 422. Banished by the king, 423. Mur-
dered, 423.
Suffolk, Edmorxl de la Pole, earl of, flies to Flanders, and why, iii. 65. Is
pardoned, but elopes again, 65. Political improvement of this incident by
Henry VII., 65. His secrets betrayed, by the treachery of Sir Robert
Curson, 65. Protected by Philip, archduke of Austria, 66. Deluded over
to England by Philip, and committed to the Tower, 66. Beheaded by
Henry V11I., 96. Motives to this action, 96.
■» , Charles Brandon, duke of, marries Mary, queen dowager of
France, sister to Henry VIII., privately, iii- 105. Henry reconciled to
him, 106. Retires disgusted, 109. Is sent by Henry to invade Picardy,
144. Penetrates almost to Paris, 145. Is sent by Henry to suppress
Dr. Mackrel's insurrection, 236. Dies, 299. The king's character of him,
300.
, the marquis of Dorset created duke of, iii. 381. For his daughters,
Jane and Catharine, see Gray. Is appointed to command the army, to
defend his daughter Jane's pretensions, 388. The command taken by
Northumberland, 388. Declares for dueen Mary, 389. Is apprehended,
but released, 390. Engages in a conspiracy against Mary, 402. Is taken
prisoner, 402. Is tried and executed, 406.
, Lord, and Lord Chamberlain, is ordered to search the vaults undei
the parliament house, and discovers the powder intended to blow up king
and parliament, iv. 404.
, earl of, his daughter married to the earl of Essex, iv. 428. See
Carre, and Essex. Succeeds Salisbury, as treasurer, 432.
Suits in forma pauperis, first given to the poor, iii. 70.
Sunday, sports and exercises allowed on, by proclamation of James I., iv.
447. The Puritans distinguish themselves by terming it the Sabbath, v.
10. An edict for sports on, renewed by Charles I., 77.
Sunderland, earl of, is made secretary of state, vi. 200. Remarks on his
conduct, 255. Is supposed to have entered into a correspondence with
the prince of Orange, 336.
Supplies, extraordinary, the amount of those granted to James I. by parlia
ment, iv. 507. See Revenue.
Surienne, Sir Francis, refuses obedience to Henry VI. 's order to surrender
Maine to the duke of Anjou, ii. 413. Reduced to capitulate by Dunois,
413. Retires into Normandy, 413.
Surnames, when introduced into England, i. 472.
Surrey, earl of, encourages Henry VIII. in his pleasures, iii. 79. Collects
an army, and marches to oppose James IV. of Scotland, 100. Defeats
James at the battle of Flodden, 101. Created duke of Norfolk, 102. See
Norfolk.
, Lord Howard, son to the duke of Norfolk, made earl of, iii. 102.
Is made admiral of England, and, by the emperor Charles V., admiral
of the imperial dominions, 136. Commands the Engusli incursions into
France, 137. Commands in the invasion of Scotland, 138. His charac-
ter, 305. Is made governor of Boulogne, but after displaced, 305. The
motives of Henry's aversion to him, 306. His accusation and execution,
306.
Sussex, history of the Saxon kingdom of, i. 40.
, earl of, is appointed one of the commissioners to bear thii
cause between Mary, queen of Scots, and Murray, the regent iv. 103.
Marches against the northern iusurgents, 126. Is sent with forces ta
Scotland, to check the progress of Mary's party, 129. Writes to Scot-
land, in order to frustrate the treaty entered into by Mary with Eliza
both. 131.
540 IHMK.
Swart, Martin, sent with forces by the duchess of Burgundy, to the aastaV
nnce of Lambert Simnel, iii. 17. Defeated and killed at the battle of
Stoke, 18.
Sweating sickness, first appearance of, iii. 6.
Sweden, accession of Charles X., by the resignation of Queen Christina,
and his successes in the north, v. 455. Peace concluded with Denmark,
by the mediation of the English and Dutch, 499. Joins in the triple
league, vi. 65. Is detached from it by France, 98.
Sweyn, king of Denmark, his invasion of England, in conjunction with
Olave, king of Norway, i. 103. Exacts tribute of Ethelred, and departs,
103, 104. Subsequent invasions by him, 104, 110. Dies at Gainsborough,
112.
Swiss league with Pope Julius II. against the French, iii. 84. Drive the
French out of Milan, and reinstate Maximilian Sforza in that duchy, 90.
Excel other nations in their infantry, 96. Invade Burgundy, 98. Deceived,
in a treaty, by Tremouille, the governor, 99. Are defeated by Francis I.
of France, at Marignan, 113. A body of, in the service of Francis, desert
in disgust, 146.
Synods held in England, i. 50, 93, 206, 209, 233, 234, 246, 258, 265, 277, 280,
302, 307, 377, 407, ii. 39, 111.
Talliages levied by the Anglo-Norman kings, i. 461.
Tancred, natural brother to Constantia, queen of Naples and Sicily, dispos-
sesses her of her dominions, i. 371. His apprehensions on the arrival
of the crusaders, Richard 1. of England and Philip of France, who are
obliged to winter at Messina, 371. His insidious behavior towards his
guests, 372.
Tangier, the fortress of, yielded to Charles II., as part of the dowry with
the princess Catharine of Portugal, vi. 23. Is demolished and abandon-
ed, 241.
Tanistry, in the Irish customs, explained, iv. 422. Is abolished, 423.
Taxes, how imposed in the reign of Edward I., ii. 140. Are arbitrarily
increased by Edward III., 270. Never imposed without consent of par
'.iament, by the house of Lancaster, 373. Oppressively raised by Henry
VIII., under the name of loans, iii. 140. Exorbitant levies of, in the
reign of Edward VI., 463. A review of those imposed during the time of
the commonwealth, v. 524.
Taylor, parson of Hadley, burnt for heresy, iii. 420.
, bishop of Lincoln, violently thrust out of the parliament house for
refusing to kneel at the celebration of mass, iii. 395.
Templars, knights, character of that order, ii. 170. Their cruel treatment by
Philip the Fair of France, 170, 171. The order abolished by Pope Clement
V., 172.
Temple, Sir William, resident at Brussels, is sent to the Hague, to concert
an opposition to the French conquests in the Netherlands, vi. 63. His
negotiations with De Wit, 63. Concludes the triple alliance with the
States and Sweden, 65. Is sent plenipotentiary to the treaty at Aix-la-
Chapelle, 66. Is visited by De Wit, and the information he brings to
him, 85. Is recalled from the Hague, 88. His remonstrance to the
king, on being appointed ambassador to the States, 129. Is sent to the
congress at Nimeguen, 140. His remonstrance to the king respecting
an alliance against France, 152. Concludes an alliance with the States,
to oblige Louis to comply with the treaty of Nimeguen, 156. Advises the
king to form a new council, 200. His character as a writer, 376. Hi*
death, 376.
Teuchebray, battle of, between King Henry I. and Duke Robert, i. 250
Tenures, feudal, the nature and principles of, explained, i. 442.
Terouaue, besieged by Henry VIII., iii. 97. Extraordinary relief brought
them, 97. Capitulates, >8.
Test act passed, vi. 117. A new one passed, with an exception in tht
duke of York's favr-, 187. Is dispensed with by James II. 302. Hi*
INDEX. 541
privilege of dispensing with it, confirmed in the esse of Sir Edward
hales. 306.
Tewkesbury, battle of, between Edward IV. and Q'jeen Margaret's array,
ii. 471.
Texel, engagement between Prince Rupert and Ee Ruyter, at the mouth
of, vi. 120.
Thanes, among the Saxons, import of that distinction, i. 160.
Theatres, cause of the licentiousness of, after the restoration, vi 374. How
corrected, 375.
Theft, when first made capital in England, i. 26S.
Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, made legate in England, 283
Refuses to anoint Eustace as King Stephen's heir, 284. Favored by
Henry II. on this account, 296.
Theodore, archbishop of Canterbury, calls a synod at Hatfield, against the
heresy of the Monothelites, i. 50.
Thomas a Becket, his history previous to his preferment, i. 296. Appointed
chancellor, 296. His magnificent way of life, 297. Goes ambassador to
France, 297. Instance of the king's familiarity with him, 298. Pro
moted to Canterbury, 298. His assumed sanctity on this occasion, 298.
His attacks on the earl of Clare, and William of Eynsford, 299, 300.
Opposes the king in a national synod, 302. Is prevailed on to subscribe
the constitutions of Clarendon, 305. His sorrow for his compliance, 306.
Sued for some lands, and his behavior thereupon, 306. Condemned for
contempt at the council of Northampton, 307. Consults with his suffra-
gans about a subsequent demand of money made on him by the king,
309. His extraordinary visit to the king, 310. Appeals to the pope,
and leaves the kingdom, 311. His reception in France, 312. His repre
sentations abroad, 313. Excommunicates Henry's ministers, 314. Ob-
tains a legatine commission, 315. Ineffectual treaties of pacification
between him and the king, 317. Is reconciled to him, 317. Opposes the
coronation of Prince Henry, when associated with his father, 319. Sus-
pends the archbishop of York, and excommunicates other bishops who
assist at the coronation, 319. Murdered at the altar, 322. His charac-
ter, and that of the age he lived in, 322. Canonized by Pope Alexander
325. Pilgrimages to his shrine, 326. King Henry does penance at it, 343
His murderers, how punished, 349. The extraordinary devotion paid to
his shrine, iii. 243. The shrine pillaged, and Becket's bones burnt by
Henry VIII., 244.
Thomond, earl of, attempts a rebellion in Connaught, iv. 305.
Throgmorton, Sir Nicholas, is tried at Guildhall, on account of Suffolk's
conspiracy, but acquitted, iii. 406. His jury cruelly treated, 406. His
brother, Sir John, convicted, 406. Is released from confinement by
Philip, 412. Is made ambassador to Paris, and sends over intelligence
of the hostile measures of the French court, iv. 26. Renews his applica-
tion to Mary, queen of Scots, to ratify the treaty of Edinburgh, 32.
Mary's spirited declaration to him on being denied a passage through
England to Scotland, 33. Is employed by Elizabeth to encourage an
insurrection in Scotland against Mary, 69. His prudent management
in this affair for his own security, 70. Is sent ambassador to Scotland,
on the captivity of Mary, 92. The tenor of his commission, 92 Is
ordered not to assist at the coronation of the young King James
VI., 95.
Tibetot, John, earl of Worcester. See Worcester.
Tillage. See Agriculture.
Time, how measured by King Alfred, i. 75.
Tindal, flies to Antwerp, from the power of Henry VIII., iii. 205. Makes
a translation of the Scriptures, 205. Is artfully supplied with money tc
perfect it, by Tonstal, bishop of London, 205.
lithes, the large pretensions the Suxon clergy formed under that name
i. 5C.
D42 INDEX.
Tithings, the subdivision of counties into, by Alfred, for the regular mlmia
is trillion of justice, i. 71.
Tobacco, when first introduced into England, iv. 211.
Toleration, not a priestly virtue, ii. 371. The popular arguments for and
against, occasioned by the debates between Cardinal Pole and Bishop
Gardiner on that subject, iii. 416. The chief cause and origin of it, iv. 501
Tomlinson, Colonel, the speech of Charles I. to, at his execution, v. 377.
Tongue, Dr., his character, and his intelligence concerning the Popish plot,
vi. 171. Is recommended, by the house of commons, for church prefer-
ment, 223
Tannage and poundage, granted by parliament to Henry V. for life, ii. 359.
Granted, in like manner, to Richard III., 502. To Henry VII., iii. 10.
The duties of, arbitrarily levied by Henry VIII., 313. Remarks on the
statute granting these duties to him, 313. The long possession of the
duties occasions them to be considered by the princes as their proper right
and inheritance, iv. 415. A short history of these grants, v. 53. Are
levied by Charles I., after the expiration of the grant of them, 54. The
speaker of the commons forcibly detained until the passing a remonstrance
against them, 59. A limited grant of, made by the commons, 148. Are
granted to Charles II. for life, vi. 5.
Tonstal, bishop of London, is sent by Henry VIII. to Madrid, ambassador
to the emperor Charles V., iii. 151. Buys up all Tindal's first incorrect
translation of the Scriptures, and burns them, 205. His scheme in so
doing, 205. Is appointed one of the regency during the minority of
Edward VI., 320. Is dismissed the council, for opposing the reforma
tion, 329. His character, 377. A bill of attainder passed against him by
the peers, but rejected by the commons, 378. Is restored to his see of
Durham by Queen Mary, 392.
Torture, arbitrarily inflicted by the officers of state during the reign ot
Queen Elizabeth, iv. 348.
Tory, the origin of that name, as a party distinction, vi. 219. The views ot
that party in opposing James II., and their plan for settling his govern-
ment on his abdication, 356.
Tosti, brother to Harold, duke of Northumberland, his subjects rebel against
him, i. 136. They justify themselves to Harold, who went to suppress
them, 136. Superseded "by Morcar, 136. Retires to Flanders, 137. Pre
pares to disturb Harold's government, 139. His depredations on the Eng
fish coasts, 145. Defeated and killed by Harold, 145.
Toulouse, count de, despoiled of his dominions, for protecting the Albi-
genses, i. 415.
Tournay, in Flanders, is besieged by Edward III , ii- 204. Taken by Henry
VIII., iii. 99. Wolsey put in possession of the bishopric, 99. Is delivered
up to France, 116.
Tournholt, battle of, between Prince Maurice and the Spaniards, iv. 287.
Tours, truce concluded there between England and Charles VII. of France
ii. 409.
Touton, battle of, between Edward TV. and the Lancastrians, ii. 446.
Trade, a board of, when erected, vi. 370. See Commerce.
Transtamare, Henry, count de, engages Charles, king of France, to invado
his brother Peter, king of Castile, ii. 257. Becomes possessed of Castile
by the flight of his brother, 258. His soldiers desert to Prince Edward,
259. Is defeated by Edward, and Peter restored, 259. Murders Peter,
and regains the kingdom, 260. See Castile.
Transubstantiation, the point of, debated in convocation, iii. 399. The
debate renewed, at Oxford, 400.
Traquaire, earl of, goes to London to inform Charles of the tumults in Scot-
land, in opposition to the canons and liturgy, v. 100. Intercepts a lettei
from the malecontents to the king of France, 113.
I'reason, high, the cases of, limited by law, in the reign of Edward III.
i' i;€7. The rigorous and contrary statutes against, enacted by Henrj
INDEX. 543
VIII. ana ins parliaments, iii. 310. A severe law against, passed by the
lords, but altered, by the commons, 376. The species Df, restricted l'j
parliament, 395. Statutes of Elizabeth concerning, iv. 141.
Treasurers, an account of those during the reign of James I., iv., 494. Dur
mg ihat of Charles I., v. 384.
Trent, the council of, assembled, iii. 329. Is transferred to Bologna, 330.
Tresilian, Sir Robert, gives his opinion against the validity of Richard ll.'r
commission to Gloucester's faction, ii. 292. Executed for it, 291.
Treves, taken from the French by the Imperialists, vi. 138.
Trials by battle allowed by Henry II. to be evaded by appeal to a jury, 1.
347.
Triple alliance, formed agaiust Louis XIV., vi. 65.
Trinity College, Cambridge, when and by whom founded, iii. 318.
Tromp, the Dutch admiral, quarrels with Blake in Dover Road, v. 428
Engages Blake, 429. He and De Ruvter defeat Blake, 431. Engages
Blake for three days, and is worsted, but secures the merchant ships
under his convoy, 431 . Engages Blake for two days, and is defeated, 466.
, Is killed in an engagement with Monk, 466.
, son of the former, sustains an engagement against the duke of
York, after the death of Opdam, vi. 40. He and De Ruyter engage the
duke of Albemarle four days, 46. Is defeated at the mouth of the Thames,
48. His commission taken from him, 49.
Troye, treaty at, between Henry V. aud Philip, duke of Burgundy, ii. 361
Articles of, specified, 364. Reflections on this treaty, 365.
Tudor, Sir Owen, marries Catharine, widow of Henry V., ii. 370. Taken
prisoner at the battle of Mortimer's Cross, and beheaded, 440. Remarks
on the administration of the princes of that house, iv. 566.
Tunis is bombarded by Admiral Blake, and the ships in the harbor burnt, v.
461.
Turenne, Marshal, his successes in Alsace, vi. 132. Prevents Montecuculi
from passing the Rhine, 137. Is killed, 137.
Turkey, commencement of the trade with, by a company established by
Q,ueen Elizabeth, iv. 366.
Turnpikes, the first law for the erecting of, when passed, vi. 370.
Tyler, Wat, and Jack Straw, heads of the insurrection in the reign of
Richard II., assemble their adherents on Blackheath, ii. 284. Tyler has
a conference with the king in Smithfield, 285. Is killed by Walworth,
mayor of London, 285.
Tyrconnel, earl of, his character, and violent oppression of the Protestants
in Ireland, vi. 312. Is made lord lieutenant, 312. Projects a reversal of
the act of settlement, 319.
Tyrone, earl of, his character, iv. 306. Enters into a correspondence with
Spain, and heads an insurrection of the native Irish against the English,
307. Defeats the English under Sir Henry Bagnal, 307. His conference
and treaty with the earl of Essex, 312. Breaks the truce on the return
of Essex to England, 315. Is driven into the morasses by Lord Mount-
joy, 316. Joins the Spaniards, who invade Ireland, 334. Is defeated
by Mountjoy, 334. Surrenders himself to Mountjoy, 339. Is pardoned,
340.
Tyrrel, Sir James, murders Edward V. aud the duke of York in the Tower,
by orders of Richard III., ii. 494. Proves the murders by order of Henry
VII., on account of Perkin Warbec's imposture, iii. 41. Executed for
another crime, 66.
, Walter, accidentally kills William Rufus with an arrow, i. 237
Joins the crusade for penance, 237.
CJdal, a Puritanical clergyman, his cruel persecution for writing against
Episcopacy, iv. 356.
rjlster, a company formed in London for planting colonies in, on its falling
to the crown by attainders, iv. 423. An insurrection of the Irish, am!
massacre of the English there, v. 182, 184. See Ireland.
Uniformity, the act of, passed, vi. 20. The penalties of, increased, 3. r >.
&44 INDEX.
Union of England and Scotland attempted bj King James I. t 3»*
Commissioners appointed to treat of it, 396.
United Provinces of th-j Low Countries, commencement of their associa
tion against the domination of Spain, iv. 163. Pacification of Ghent,
168. Conclude a treaty with Queen Elizabeth, 169. Again implore the
protection of Elizabeth, 206. Conditions of her league with them, 20*.
Are reproved by Elizabeth for the extraordinary honors bestowed on
Leicester, commander of the English forces, 210. Are displeased with
Leicester, 212. And .jealous of the intentions of Elizabeth, 251. The
earl of Leicester recalled, 252. The government of, conferred on Priuco
Maurice, 252. Conclude a new treaty with Elizabeth, 287. Another,
300. A treaty, between James I. and Henry IV., for the support of, 382.
Their freedom acknowledged by Spain, and a truce of twelve years con-
cluded, 411. Banish Vorstius, an Arminian, to gratify James, 421.
Obtain of James a resignation of the cautionary towns, 439. Acquire
their full freedom by this restitution, 440. Renew the war with Spain,
and receive forces from England, 490. Cruelties exercised by the Dutch
on the English factors at Amboyna, 517. Their herring-busses attacked
by the English, and a fine paid for the license of fishing, v. 83. Are
obliged to remove Charles II., after the murder of Dorislaus, 399.
Decline the proposed coalition with the English coirmonwealth, 426
Their ships taken by the English, 428. Engagement between Tromp
and Blake, 428. Their apology rejected by the English commonwealth,
429. See Tromp, De Ruyter, etc. Make peace with Cromwell, 447.
Review of their conduct towards the English, vi. 36. Nova Belpia
taken from them, 38. Order De Ruyter to attack the English settle-
ments, 38. Their ships seized by the English, 39. War declared
against them by the English, 40. Treaty of Breda, 53. Triple alliance,
65. Charles determines to quarrel with them, in virtue of his league
with France, 93. Their Smyrna fleet attacked by the English, 97. War
declared by England, 98. War declared by France, 98. Their defence-
less state at this time, 99. Sea fight at Solebay, 102. Rapid progress
of Lewis XIV. in their territories, 104. General consternation of the
states, 105. Send deputies to beg for peace, 106. The prince of Orange
made stadtholder, 109. Sea fight at Schonvelt, 118. Another at the
mouth of the Texel, 120. Ineffectual congress at Cologne, 121. Peace
with England, 123. Their motives of hastening the treaty of Nimeguen,
41. Conclude an alliance with Charles to oblige France to peace, 153.
Peace of Nimeguen, 160. Join with Germany in a league against Lewis
XIV., 332. Concur with the prince of Orange in his intention of assist
ing the English nation against James II., 337.
Universities, their revenues granted to Henry VIII. by parlia-uent, but de
cliued by him, iii. 297.
Urban disputes the papacy with Clement, i. 234. His kind reception oi
Archbishop Anselm, 234.
III. dies of grief at the taking of Palestine by Saladin, i. 354.
— — — VI. Pope, how elected, ii. 322.
Urbanists and Clementines, source of those distinctions, ii. 323.
Urrey, Colonel, deserts from the parliament army to the king, v. 24tJ
Essex's army surprised by his intelligence, and Hambden killed, 247
Is defeated by Montrose, near Inverness, 306. Is executed in Scotland
407.
Urswic, almoner to Henry VII., sent by him to mediate between Franco
and Brittany, iii. 26. The duke of Brittany's answer to his proposals.
26. Sent a second time with new proposals, 27.
Usury, how looked on at the commencement of the reign of Richard I ,
i. 336. Is worse practiced after the expulsion of the Jews by Edward I.,
than by them before, ii. 74. Ill-judged laws against, by Heixry VII.,
iii. 72 Another statute passed against, 375. The meaning of thai
word limited to the taking exorbitant interest and eondemnetf by law
iv. 369.
INDEX. 54 f»
Utrec it is taken by Lewis XIV., vi. 105.
IJxbridge, negotiations entered into there for the treaty between Charles 1
and the long parliament, v. 291.
Vacarius reads public lectures iu civil law at Oxford, under the protectioi
of Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 509.
Vagrants, are punished by Queen Elizabeth by martial law, iv. 347.
Valence, bishop of, maternal uncle to Queen Eleanor, made chief ministei
to Henry III., ii. 17.
Valentine forcibly detains the speaker of the house of commons in his chaii,
until the passing a remonstrance against tonnage and poundage, v. 59.
His sentence by the court of king's bench, 59.
Van Ghent, the Dutch admiral, is purposely insulted by an English yacht,
vi. 93. Is killed by the earl of Sandwich at the battle of Solebay, 102.
Vane, Sir Harry, secretary, his imprudent manner of urging the king!s
demands in the house of commons, v. 118. Notes of Strafford's speech
in council, found among his papers by his son, and made use of to con-
demn Strafford, 160. His doubtful depositions concerning this paper
161.
■ , Sir Henry, the younger, how he procured the condemnation of the
earl of Strafford, v. 160. Is sent by the parliament with offers to
negotiate a confederacy with the Scots, 261. His character, 261. Pro-
cures the solemn league and covenant to be framed, 261. Becomes a
leader of the Independents, 283. His speech in parliament preparatory
to the self denying ordinance, 28fi. Is sent with other commissioners
to the Isle of Wight, to treat with the king, 360. His remarks on the
king's abilities, 361. Is named one of the council of state after the
king's death, 388, n. Is sent with other commissioners to settle the
affairs of Scotland, now reduced by Monk, 425. Encourages discontents
against the protector, 452. Is confined by the long parliament on its
restoration, 506. His general conduct and behavior, 506. Is excepted
from the act of indemnity on the restoration, vi. 4. Is tried, 25. Is
executed, 26. His character, 26.
Varenne, seneschal of Normandy, sent by Lewis XI. of Prance, with some
forces, to the assistance of Edward IV. of England, ii. 450. Gets pos
session of Alnwic Castle, in Northumberland, 450.
Vassalage, the origin and nature of, explained, i. 442. Their condition
under their respective lords, 447.
Vassals, under feudal tenure, obliged to ransom their superior lord, if in
captivity, i. 386. The ransom of Richard I. of England, how levied, 386.
Vaughan, an outlaw for debt, motives for confirming his election to the
house of commons, iv. 390.
Velvet, the price of, in Queen Elizabeth's reign, iv. 511.
Venables, commands the forces on board Pen's fleet, sent to the West
Indies, v. 461. Is routed at St. Domingo, 461. Takes Jamaica, and is
sent to the Tower, 462.
Venner, an account of his insurrection, vi. 11.
Vere, Sir Francis, is made governor of Flushing, iv. 287. Commands the
English auxiliaries at the battle of Tournholt, 287. Defends Ostend
against the Spaniards, 339, n.
, Robert de, earl of Oxford, his ascendency over Richard II., ii. 288.
His preferment and licentious conduct, 288. Defeated by the duke of
Gloucester, 29.3.
Verneuil, battle of, between the duke of Bedford and the earl of Buchan,
ii. 380.
Vervins, peace of, between Henry IV. of France, and Philip II. of Spain,
iv. 297.
Vezelay, the armies of Richard I. of England, and Philip of France, ir*
tended for the crusade, rendezvous there, i. 370.
Victor IV., Pope. See Alexander III.
Vidomar, viscount of Limoges, how he incurred the resentms>V of Rinb-
54G INDEX.
ard I., i. 369 Is b :sieged by liira, and all his garrison hanged, 3W
Richard receives his death wound at the assault, 31)0.
Vienne, John de, admiral of Prance, sent by the regency of Charles VI. U
assist the Scots in invading England, ii. 287. Returns home disgusted
287.
Vigo taken and burnt by Sir Fraucis Drake, iv. 268.
Villains, among the Anglo-Saxons, what, i. 163.
Villenage, the gradual decay of, deduced from the revival of the arts, ii. 512
No remains of, left at the time of Queen Elizabeth, 512.
Villiers, George, is introduced to the notice of James I., iv. 435. Is made
cup-bearer to him, 436. Is made duke of Buckingham, 438. See Buck-
ingham.
Virgil, Polydore, cause of his antipathy to Cardinal Wolsey, iii. 117.
Virginia, the first settlers, planted there by Sir Walter Raleigh, desert it,
iv. 210. The settlements there resumed and effected, 519.
Vorstius, a disciple of Arminius, banished from the United Provinces ta
gratify King James I., iv. 421.
Vortigern, prince of Dumnonium, his character, i. 12, 15. Deposed, 15.
Vortimer succeeds his father, Vortigern, i. 15.
Wager of law, the source of, i. 172.
Wages of laborers, regulated by a law of Henry VII., iii. 73. Remarks oc
the rates at that time, compared with the pre'sent, 73.
Wakefield, battle of, between Margaret and the duke of York, ii. 439
Action there between Sir Thomas Fairfax and Goring, v. 257.
Wakeman, Sir George, the queen's physician, is accused of an intention to
poison the king, vi. 171. Is acquitted, 208.
Walcot, Lieutenant-Colonel, is tried and executed for the duke of Mon
mouth's conspiracy, vi. 265.
Waleran de Ties, his disputes with Richard, earl of Cornwall, sou of King
John, concerning a manor in that county, ii. 12.
Wales, the state of, and the restless disposition of its princes, previous to
the time of Henry HI., ii. 42. Prince Lewellyn applies to Henry for
protection against his rebellious son Griffin, 42. Griffin delivered up to
Henry by his elder brother David, who does homage to Henry, 42.
Griffin loses his life in attempting an escape from the Tower of London,
42. His son Lewellyn succeeds, and renews the homage to Henry. 42.
He confederates with Leicester, and invades England, 43. Is reduced
by Edward I. for not renewing his homage, 77. Lewellyn defeated and
killed by Mortimer, 78. His brother and successor, David, tried as a
traitor, and executed, 78. The Welsh bards all put to death, 78. The
traditional account of its annexation to the crown of England, and giving
title to the king's eldest son, 78. The motto of the princes of, whence
derived, 228. Insurrection there by Owen Glendour, 330. United to the
English government by parliament, iii. 198. Further regulations made
to complete the union, 220.
vVallace, William, his character, ii. 121. Becomes a leader of the discon-
tented Scots, 122. His first exploits against the English, 122. Chases
Ormesby, the English justiciary, to England, 122. Is countenanced by
Robert Bruce, 123. Gains a victory over Earl Warrenne, 124. Is made
regent of Scotland, 124. Makes an incursion into England, 124. Re-
signs his regency to avoid giving umbrage to the Scots nobles, 125. Is
routed at Falkirk by Edward, 126. His prudent retreat, 126. His con
ference with young Robert Bruce, on the banks of the Carron, 126.
Gains Brace over to the Scots interest, 127. Is betrayed into the hands
ol Edward, 131. Is executed on Tower Hill, 131.
Walle?, Edmond, the poet, his anecdote of James I., iv. 435. His character
as a writer, and as a member of parliament, v. 251. Forms a party with-
out doors against the violent counsels within, 252. Is discovered, and,
with two others, condemned by a court-martial, 252. Is pardoned, oi:
paying a fine, 253. His character a3 a poet, 530. His death, 530.
INDEX. 547
Waller, Sir Willian, a parliament general, bis rapid exploits, v. 242. Joins
the earl of Essex, 2 12. Is sent into the west, and is defeated by Lord
Wilmot on Roundway Down, 246. Is routed by the king at Cropredy
bridge, 278.
Wallingford House, cabal of, against Richard Cromwell, v. 492.
Walpole, Mr., a particular examination of Perkiu Warbec's imposture, in
reference to his historical doubts, iii. 449.
vValsingham, minister to Queen Elizabeth, countenances the Puritans, iv.
1 19. When ambassador at Paris, is deceived by the plausible conduct of
Charles, 157. Is sent ambassador to France, on occasion of the intended
marriage between Elizabeth and the duke of Anjou, 186. The strange
contrariety of instructions received by him, 186. Is averse to the French
marriage, 188. Is sent ambassador to Scotland, to discover the real
character of James, 196. Sends a favorable account of him, 196. His
vigilance and artifices to detect conspiracies, 197. Discovers Babington's
conspiracy, 219. His schemes to acquire full insight into it, 220. Seizes
the conspirators, 221. Justifies his conduct towards Mary, queen of Scots,
on her trial, 228. His letter to Thirlstone, the Scots secretary, relating to
■the execution of Mary, queen of Scots, 248. His death and character.
548.
Walter, archbishop of Itouen, is, with others, appointed by Richard I., coun-
sellor to Longchamp, i. 377. Is made chief justiciary, 377. Forces Prince
John to an accommodation, 384. Attends tLueeu Eleanor to Germany to
ransom the king, 386.
Waltheof, Earl, enters into a conspiracy against William the Conqueror, i
203. Betrayed by his wife, 204. Confesses it to Lanfranc, archbishop of
Canterbury, and after to the king, 204. Executed, 205.
Walworth, mayor of Londou, kills Wat Tyler at the head of his adherents
ii. 285.
Wapentake, what, i. 72.
War, reflections on the state of, and manner of carrying on, in the carl_,»
times of the English history, ii. 359, 406. Civil, favorable to eloquence, v.
528.
Warbec, Perkin, his parentage, iii. 38. For what purpose sent for by the
duchess of Burgundy, 38. Secreted in Portugal, 38. Sent to Ireland,
and assumes the character of the duke of York, 39. Invited to Paris
by Charles VIII., 39. Magnificent reception and appointments, 39.
Retires to the duchess of Burgundy, on the peace between England and
France, 39. His interest gains ground in England, 40. His secrets be-
trayed by Sir Robert Clifford, 41. His private history published by Henry
VII., 42. Puts to sea with a band of refugees, and escapes the snares of
the Kentish men, 45. Makes an ineffectual attempt upon Ireland, 49.
Received by James TV. of Scotland, and married to Lady Catharine
Gordon, 49. Attends James in an invasion of England, and publishes a
manifesto, 50. Desired by James to leave Scotland, on his concluding a
truce with England, 55. Excluded Flanders, he retires to Ireland, 55.
Makes a descent on Cornwall, 55. Besieges Exeter, 56. Raises the
siege, and his followers disperse, 56. His wife taken prisoner, and
generously treated, 56. Flies to a sanctuary, 57. Persuaded to surrender,
57. Conducted to London in mock triumph, 57. Makes a confession,
which is published, 57. Escapes, 57. Taken, and put in the stocks,
58. Concerts an escape with the earl of Warwick, 58. Executed, 58.
His imposture established by an express examination of circumstances,
449.
Vardships, a branch of the revenue of the Anglo-Norman kings, the vast
advantages made thereby, i. 463. The oppressive nature of the pre-
rogative, iv. 352. The commons attsmpt to free the nation from the
burden of, 335. Enter into a treaty with the king for resigning, which
fails, 419.
flf arlxim, archbishop of Canterbury, and chancellor, chosen to the privy
04 S SOftfe.
council by Henry VIII., iii. 79. Resigns his places, and reti cs, 108. Bil
observation on Cardinal Wulscy, IIS. Informs Henry of Wolsey'g ar-
bitrary conduct, 119. Declares against the king's completing bis marriage
with Catharine of Arragon, 16 3. Dies, 191. How imposed on by the story
of the holy maid jf Kent, 208.
Warrenne, Earl, the last baron who submitted to the provisions of Oxford,
ii. 35. Joins Prince Edward in support of the royal cause against the eat)
of Leicester, and the turbulent barons, 45. Commands the van at the battle
of Lewes, in conjunction with Edward, 48. Flies beyond sea on the loss
of the battle, 49. His reply, when required to show his title to his estate,
75. Defeats the Scots, and takes the Castle of Dunbar, 108. Is left gov-
ernor of Scotland, 109. Returns to England on account of his health, 12).
Collects an army to suppress Wallace, 123. Is defeated by him, 124.
Retreats to England, 124. Joins the confederacy of the earl of Lancaster
against Piers Gavaston, 149.
Warsaw, the battle of, gained by Charles X. of Sweden, v. 455.
Warwick, Guy, earl of, confederates with the earl of Lancaster against Piers
Gavaston, ii. 149. Seizes- Gavaston, who is put to death at Warwick
Castle, 150.
, earl of, left by Henry V. guardian of his infant son, Henry VI., ii.
369. This charge transferred, by parliament, to the bishop of Winchester,
374. Besieges Montargis, 384. Obliged to raise the siege by the count
of Duuois, 385. Becomes regent of Prance, by the resignation of the duko
of York, 407. Dies, 407.
-, earl of, distinguished by the appellation of King-maker, his char-
acter, ii. 419. Made governor of Calais, 434. Brings over abody of soldiers
from thence to the duke of York, who desert to the king, 436. Lands again,
and is received at London, 436. Defeats and takes Henry at Northamp-
ton, 436. Defeated by Q,uecn Margaret at St. Albans, 440. His behavior
previous to the battle of Teuton, 446. Sent by Edward IV. to Paris, to
negotiate a marriage with the queen of France's sister, 454. Returns
disgusted with Edward's secret marriage with the lady Elizabeth Gray,
454. Makes a party against the king, 455. Gains Edward's brother, the
duke of Clarence, over, by giving him his daughter, 456. Confused accounts
of their subsequent operations, 458. Raises men, in conjunction with the
dukeof Clarence, but despairing of success, returns to Calais, 460. Refused
admittance by the deputy governor, 460. Received by the king of France,
461. Enters into a league with Q.ueen Margaret, 462. Marries his
daughter to her son Edward, 462. Gains over his brother Montague.
463. Lauds at Dartmouth, 463. Amazing increase of his army, 4t"4
The king expelled by the treachery of Montague, 464. Reflections on
his temporary administration, 469. Defeated and killed at the battle of
Barnet, 470.
Warwick, Edward Plantagenet, earl of, imprisoned in the Tower by Henry
VII., iii. 5. Carried openly through London, to discountenance the pre-
tensions of Lambert Simnel, 16. Executed, 59.
, Dudley, Viscount Lisle, created earl of, iii. 322. Attends the duke
of Somerset in his expedition against Scotland, 334. Restores the advan-
tage to the English at the battle of Pinkey, 337. Endeavors to foment
the differences between Somerset and the admiral, 347. His history and
character, 347. Defeats the insurgents in Norfolk, 358. Cabals with
Southampton against Somerset, 360. Enters into a conspiracy against
him at Ely House, 362. Procures Somerset to be sent to the Tower, 363
Becomes "the chief of the council, and drives Southampton away disgusted,
363. Marries his son, Lord Dudley, to the lady Jane Seymour, daughter
of Somerset, 364 . Gardiner and other bishops deprived of their bishoprics,
368. The libraries of Westminster and Oxford purged of Romish
books, 368. Is created duke of Northumberland, 372. See Northumber-
land.
. , earl of, eldest son of Dudley, duke of Northumber'and, takes th«i
index. 54.9
command of Havre de Grace, for Queen Elizabeth, iv. 55. Prepares to
lefend it by order from the queen, 60. Is besieged, 60. The garrison
infected with the plague, 61. Capitulates, 61.
Watches, pocket, when first introduced into England, iv. 370.
Welles, Sir Robert, heads an insurrection in Lincolnshire against Edward
IV., ii. 460. Defeated and executed by the king, 460.
Wentworth, Peter, his spirited speech in the house of commons, in replj
to assertions of the regal prerogative, iv. 138. His speech in favor of
liberty, 172. Is summoned before a committee of the house in the star
chamber, 174. His firm behavior before them, 17 1. Is released by the
queen's favor, 174. Otfends the queen again, by resuming the subject
of the succession, 278. Is sent to the Tower, 276. Proposes queries to
the house of commons, for determining the extent of their privileges,
543.
— — — , Sir Thomas, his speech in the third parliament of Charles I,
v. 35. Is created earl of Strafford, 65. See Strafford.
Weregild, among our Saxon ancestors, what, i. 169.
vVessex, the Saxon kingdom in Britain, by whom founded, i. 19. History
of, 41.
West, Dr., dean of Windsor, sent by Henry VIII. ambassador to James IV.
of Scotland, to accommodate differences, iii. 91. Advises Henry to pre-
pare for a war with James, 92.
West Indies, the effects resulting from the discovery of, to the English
crown and people, iv. 413. The effects on the spirit of the people, 414.
Westminster, a synod held there, on the marriage of priests, and wearing
long hair, i. 258. Another summoned by Henry, bishop of Winchester,
against King Stephen, 277. Is erected into a bishopric by Henry
VIII., iii. 245. An assembly of divines called there, for the regulation of
religion, v. 291.
Westmoreland, earl of, suppresses the rebellion of the earl of Nottingham,
and archbishop of York, and takes them prisoners, ii. 335.
, earl of, joins the earl of Northumberland in raising an
insurrection in the north, iv. 125. Takes shelter in Scotland, 126.
Westphalia, the peace of the Germanic body settled by the treaty of, v.
455.
Wheat, observations on the price of, in the reign of Henry III., ii. 63.
Whig, the origin of that name as a party distinction, vi. 219. The plan of
that party for settling the government, on the abdication of James II.,
357*
Whitgift prevails on Queen Elizabeth to establish a court of ecclesiastical
commission to prosecute the Puritans, iv. 201..
Whitlocke, his remarks on the case of Lord Strafford, v. 159. His account
of the conduct of Charles I., in the negotiation at Oxford, 544. His
speech in parliament relative to the self-denying ordinance, 287.
Wiat, Sir Thomas, engages in a conspiracy against Queen Mary, on ac
count of the Spanish match, iii. 402. A body of Norfolk's troops desert to
him, 403. Is suppressed, taken, and executed, 403.
VVickham, William of, bishop of Winchester, made chancellor by Richard
II., ii. 296.
Wickliffe, John, a secular priest, his character, ii. 319. His doctrines, 319.
A bull issued by Pope Gregory XL, for taking him into custody, 320.
Cited before Courtnay, bishop of London, and protected by the duke of
Lancaster, 320. A new bull issued against him, but is pre tected by the
people, 320. His address in explaining away his tenets, to avoid convic-
tion of heresy, 321. His opinions spread, both at home and in Germany
321. Dies of a pa'sy, 321. See Lollards.
Widrrsd, king of Kent, history of his posterity, i. 31.
Wilfrid, bishop of Lindisferne, in Northumbiia, by appealing to Rome
against the decision of <iu English synod, confirms the pope's supremacy,
i. 48
000 INDKX.
Wilkhis, Bishop, the first promoter of the Royal Society, vi. 372.
William I., successor to Rollo, duke of Normandy, improvement of 1 if a
country in his time, i. 108.
, natural son of Robert, duke of Normandy, declared his successor
by his father, i. 132. Makes good his pretensions at his father's death,
132. Visits Edward the Confessor, who entertains favorable intentions
of leaving him the succession, 133. Gets Harold in his possession, and
engages him to swear a renunciation of his own pretensions, and to assist
William in his, 135. Sends ambassadors to expostulate with Harold on
his breach of faith, 139. Projects an invasion, 140. Situation of Europe
at that period, 141. His successful levies, 142. His address in raising
supplies, 144. Review of his forces, 144. Embarks, 14G. Lands in
Sussex, 146. Waits for Harold at Hastings, 148. His address to his
chieftains, the morning of action, 148. Order of battle, 149. Battle of
Hastings, 149. Losses in the action, 151. Consequences of the battle,
178. Seizes Dover, 179. Receives the submission of the Londoners,
180.
the Conqueror, crowned at Westminster Abbey, i. 181. Gratifies
his troops out of the treasure of Harold, and the gifts of his new sub-
jects, 182. His kind treatment of Edgar Atheliug, 183. Confirms the
liberties of London, 183. Disarms them, and places all the power in the
hands of Normans, 184. Takes the English nobility with him to Nor-
mandy, 184. Conjectures as to the motives of his journey there, 18ti.
Returns on account of insurrections during his absence, 187. Reduces
Exeter, 188. Builds a citadel there, 1S8. Reduces Edwin and Morcar
in the north, 189. His rigorous government, 190. This the occasion of
several insurrections, 191. Reduces them, 193. His cruel policy, and
tyrannical government, 193. Introduces the feudal law, 195. Subjects
the church to it, 196. Receives Ermenfroy, the pope's legate, 197. De-
grades and imprisons Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury, 198. Promotes
Lanfranc to Canterbury, 198. Attempts to suppress the English lan-
guage, 200. Repels Malcolm, king of Scotland, and receives homage
from him, 201. Reduces a rebellion in the province of Maine, 202. The
Norman barons rebel against him, 202. Suppreased, 204. His resolute
answer to the claims of Pope Gregory VII., 208. His eldest son, Rob
crt, rebels against him, 211. Extraordinary rencounter between them,
211. Is reconciled to him, 212. Causes a survey of ail England to be
made, 212. Account of Domesday Book, 212. Computation of his rev-
enue, 213. Wastes Hampshire, to make the new forest, 214. Imprisous
his brother, Bishop Odo, 215. Makes war against France, 215. Occasion
of his death, and his remorse, 216. Predicts the future grandeur of his
son Henry, 216. His character, 216. His title of Conqueror defended,
217. His family, 219. Inquiry into his supposed revenues and treasure,
331. His vast grants to his chieftains in England, 450.
Rufus, his accession to the crown of England, 220. His tyranni
cal disposition, 221. Quells an insurrection raised against him, 221.
His arbitrary administration, 222. Invades Normaudy, 223. Makes
peace with his brother, 223. Assists him to reduce their brother Henry,
224. Invades Normandy again, 225. Obtains a mortgage on it from hia
brother Robert, 231. Anecdotes showing his indift'erency about reli-
gion, 231. Appoints Anselm to the archbishopric of Canterbury, 232.
Opposes Urban in his pretensions to the papacy, 234. Confiscates An
eelm's temporalities, 234. Embarks for Normandy to rescue Mans, 236
Accidentally killed by Walter Tyrrel, 237. His character, 237. A fam-
ine caused by the neglect of tillage on account of his oppressive taxes,
«62.
son of Robert, duke of Normandy, committed by Henry I. to the
tutorage of Helie de St. Saen, i. 239. Protected by Full;, count of
Aujou, 259. Marries his daughter, 263. Put in possession of Flaudara
2<il Killed, 261.
INDEX. 6t>l
W illiarn, eldest sor of King Henry I., contracted with the daughter of
Fulk, count oi Anjou, i. -259. Recognized his successor, 261. DrowueJ
in his passage from Normandy to England, 261. His sentiments regard-
ing the English, 262.
, king of Scotland, joins the confederacy of Prince Henry against his
father, Henry II., i. 339. Repulsed by Richard de Lucy, guardian of the
kingdom, 342. Commits depredations again in the northern provinces,
343. Taken prisoner by Ralph de Granville, 344. Does homage to Henry,
with all his nobility, for his ransom and crown, 346.
II., king of Naples and Sicily, how he bequeathed his dominions,
i. 371.
de Eynsford, excommunicated by Thomas a Becket, i. 300. Ab-
solved by the king's order, 300.
, of Poictiers, his character of the English nobility who attended
William the Conqueror to Normandy, i. 184.
Williams, bishop of Lincoln, his severe prosecution in the star chamber by
Archbishop Laud, v. 85. Is insulted by the populace when archbishop of
York, 204. Calls a meeting of his brethren, and presents a protestation
to the king and his peers, 204.
Willis, Sir Richard, betrays the designs of the royalists, during the pro
tectorate, to Oliver Cromwell, v. 468. Discovers a conspiracy to the pro-
tector, 482. Betrays to the long parliament a design formed to restore
Charles II., 496.
Willoughby, Lord, governor of Paris, unable to maintain it, retires to the
Bastile, ii., 405. Capitulates, 405.
, of Broke, Lord, sent by Henry VII. to the assistance of the
duchess of Brittany, iii. 30. Finds the court in a distracted state, 30
Returns home without effecting any thing, 30.
Wiltshire, Sir Thomas Boleyn created earl of, and sent by Henry VIII. to
the pope, whose loot he refuses to kiss, iii. 184.
Winchelsey, Robert de, archbishop of Canterbury, procures Pope Bonifaca
to publish a bull exempting the clergy from paying taxes to princes with-
out the papal consent, ii. 111. His reply to Edward I., on a demand of
supply from the clergy, 111. His treatment, on the clergy being excluded
from all protection of the laws, 112. The king appoints him and Reginald
de Gray tutors to Prince Edward, 115. Joins the confederacy of the earl
of Lancaster against Piers Gavaston, 149.
Winchester, a synod summoned there, concerning the celibacy of the clergy,
i. 209.
, Henry, bishop of, brother to King Stephen, calls a synod, and
cites Stephen before it, i. 277. Encourages the pretensions of the em-
press Matilda, 278. Declares openly in her favor, 280. His speech at
her coronatiou, 280. Instigates the Londoners against Stephen, 281
Besieges Matilda in Winchester, 282. His legatine commission with
drawn, 283. Pronounces sentence against Becket, at the council a
Northampton, 308.
, Henry Beaufort, bishop of, the legitimated son of John of Gaun
intrusted by parliament with the tutorage of the young king Henry V)
ii. 374. His character, 383. His disputes with the duke of Gloucestt
compromised by the duke of Bedford, regent of Erance, 383. Created
cardinal, and sent with men into Bohemia against the Hussites, which h .
lends to the duke of Bedford, 397. Attends the congress at Arras, 403.
His disputes with the duke of Gloucester, throws the English affairs into
confusion, 404. His arguments in favor of releasing the duke of Orleans,
408. Advises a truce with France, 408. Contrives the rain of the duke
of (ilou-:ester, 411. Dies, 412.
, Peter des Roches, bishop of, is chosen joint protector with
Hubert de Burgh, chief justiciary, on the death of the earl of Pembroke,
ii. 8. His character, and anecdotes of him, 15. Suo::eed? Hubert ds
Burgh in his offices, and influence over the king, 15. r xl.t barons con*
bft£ 1JMDEX.
bine Against him, 15. His insolent speech with regard to them, 16 Hu
dismission procured by Edmond, the primate, 16.
Wiudebank, Sir Francis, secretary, flies to France, to avoid irapeacl.mect
by the long parliament, v. 133.
Windham, Colonel, secretes Charles II., after the battle of Worcester, v.
419.
Windsor Castle, by whom built, ii. 2f 3.
Winter, is sent by Queen Elizabeth with a fleet to the assistance of the
Protestant malecontents in Scotland, iv. 27.
Winwood, Sir Ralph, secretary of state to James I., discovers t<. the
king that Sir Thomas Overbury was poisoned by Somerset and his .ady,
iv. 436.
Wishart, the Scots reformer, an account of, iii. 331. Is condemned and
burnt for heresy, 332. His prophetic denunciation against Cardiual Bea
ton, 332. His prophecj', how accomplished, 333.
Witchcraft, and conjuration, a law against, iv. 58.
Witches, numbers burnt under that accusation in Scotland, v. 409. The
discovery of, studied as a science, 409.
Wittenagemot, the ancient Saxon council of parliament, particulars relat-
ing to, and conjectures concerning, i. 154. The commons no part of
L55.
Woden, the Saxon god of war, some account of, i. 23.
Wolfhere, king of Mercia, his history, i. 37.
Wolsey, Thomas, his birth, iii. 92. How introduced to the notice of Henry
VII., 92. His address in executing a commission from that king ta
Maximilian,. 92. Introduced to Henry VIII. by Fox, bishop of Win-
chester, 93. Encourages Henry in his pleasures, 93. The maxims of
government he instils into him, 93. Admitted of the privy council, 94
His character, 94. Put in possession of the bishopric of Toumay, 99
Created bishop of Lincoln, 102. Reconciles Henry with the duke of
Suffolk, who had married his sister, the queen dowager of France, pri
vately, 106. Is promoted to the see of York, 107. Shares the revenues
of the Italian non-resident bishops, 107. His magnificence, 108. Is
made chancellor, 108. His disgusts against Francis I. of France, 114.
His confidence courted by Bonnivet, the French ambassador, 115. Is
induced to persuade Henry to deliver up Toumay, 116. Is believed to
have intended the delivery of Calais to the French, 117. Is appointed
legate in England, 117. His ostentation, 117. His arbitrary exertions
of power, 118. Character of John Allen, judge of the legatine court,
118. His power restrained by the king, 119 Is inspired with the hopes
of the papacy by the emperor, Charles V., when in England, 122. Reg-
ulates the ceremonial of the interview between Henry and Francis, to
which he had persuaded Henry, 122. The emperor's grants to him at
his second interview with Henry at Grravelines, 125. His enormous rev-
enues, 125. His negotiations for peace between the emperor and Fi'an
cis ineffectual, 125. Goes to Bruges, and concludes an alliance between
Henry, the emperor, and the pope, against Francis, 125, 120. Procures
the condemnation of the duke of Buckingham, 126. Intimidates the
convocation into the grant of a moiety of ecclesiastical revenues, 14 L .
His endeavors to procure the required grants from the commons, 141.
His arbitrary behavior to the citizens of London, 456. Obtains of Clem-
ent VII. the legacine commission for life, 142. His resentment against
the emperor, on missing the papacy, 142. Erects two colleges, with
other ecclesiastical regulations, 142. Receives a present covertly from
Louise, regent of France, on the conclusion of her treaty with Herry,
152. Advises the king to exert his prerogative in levying taxes, a52.
Becomes odious for his bad counsels and oppressive conduct, 154. Buildi
the palace of Hampton Court, and presents it to the king, 154. Goet
over to France, and makes a treaty with Francis, 160. Is appointed by
the pope to try the Vmg's marriage, jointly with Cardinal Cbmorggici
INDEX. 55'J
170. The trial opened, 172. Abruptly prorogued l>y Campeggio, 174.
The great seal taken from him, 176. Is ordered to depart from York
Palace, and his movables there confiscated by the king, 176. His want
of fortitude on bis disgrace, 176. Is prosecuted in the star chamber,
177. The peers exhibit a long charge against him, 177. Is warmly
defended by Thomas Cromwell in the house of commons, 177. Is prose
cuted on the statute of provisors, 177. Is pardoned by the king, 178.
Is arrested by the earl of Northumberland for high treason, 185. His
dying request to the constable of the Tower, 183. His death, and a
review of his conduct, 186. Used no severities against the reformers, 2or>
Wolves, how exterminated from England, i. 97.
Woodville, Lord, applies unsuccessfully to Henry VII., for liberty to raise
men to assist the duke of Brittany, iii. 27. Raises a few privately, 27.
Routed and slain by the French, 27.
Wool, a duty granted to Edward I., on the exportation of, ii. 74. Oppress-
ive extortions practised by him on the traders in, 113. Duties laid on,
by parliament, 201. The great trade in, at the time of Edward HI., 273.
The staple of, where fixed in this reign, 275. The price of, during the
reign of James I., iv. 510. Laws relating to. in this reign, 515.
Woollen manufacture, taxed by parliament, iii. 463.
clothes, state of the English manufactures of, in the reign ol
James I., iv. 515. The art of dyeing, when introduced into England, vi
370.
Women, a body of, petition the long parliament, v. 212. A mob of, rout a
synod at Perth, 555.
Worcester, burnt by order of Hardicannte, i. 122. Charles II. routed thera
by Cromwell, v. 417.
, John Tibetot, earl of, his character, ii. 466. Taken and exe-
cuted by the Lancastrians, 466.
Wotton, Dr., is one of Queen Elizabeth's ambassadors at the treaty of
Chateau Cambresis, iv. 13. Signs the treaty of Edinburgh with Cecil, on
the part of Elizabeth, 28. Is sent ambassador again to Scotland, 212
His character, 213. Is forced to fly from Scotland on account of his politi-
cal schemes, 214.
Wounds, the legal composition for. among our Saxon ancestors, i. 170.
Wrecks, law made by Heury II. to secure the property of, i. 361.
Wriotheseley is made chance'lor of England, iii. 301. His cruelty in tor-
turing Anne Ascue for heresy, 302. Persuades Henry to impeach Queen
Catharine Par for heresy, 303. Comes to convey the queen to the Tower,
and is abused by Henry, 304. Is appointed one of the regency during
the minority of Edward VI., 320. Is created earl of Southampton, 322.
See Southampton.
Writers, English, a review of those during the reign of Charles I., and the
succeeding commonwealth, v. 529. During the reign of Charles II., vi.
373.
Writs to parliament, the ancient establishment of summoning barons by,
ii. 98.
WychM'ley, a character of his dramatic writings, vi. 376.
Velvcrtjn, his free speech in the house of commons, on Elizabeth's inva-
sion of their privileges, iv. 135.
, a lawyer, his speech on being chosen speaker of the house of
commons, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, iv. 549.
Veoman of the guard, first institution of, iii. 7.
lock, city of, its size at the time of the Norman conquest, i. 162. Burnt
192. The Norman garrison put to tlio swerd, 192. A court of justice
erected there by Henry VIII., iii. 239. The chapter lands cf that se«i
seized by Henry VIII., 274. A great council of peers summoned the-^
by Charles I., v. 123. Is besieged by the parliamentary army, but r->
lieved by prince Rupert, 27 r <. Is obliged to surrender after the battle ii*
Marston Moor, 277.
VOL. VI. — A a
f>?A LNDiiX.
fork aud Lancaster, the parties of. how distinguished, ii. 435
, New. See New York.
■— , archbishop of, executed for rebellion by Henry IV., ii 336.
, duke of, uncle to Richard II., left pruardian of the realm during
Richard's absence in Ireland, ii. 308. Raises forces against Henry, duke
of Lancaster, but espouses his party, 308.
, Richard, duke of, son to the earl of Cambridge, appointed successor
to the duke of Bedford as regent of France, ii. 404. Finds the English
affairs in France in a declining way, 405. Resigns his government to the
earl of Warwick, 407. Resumes it on the earl's death, 407. Concludes
a truce with the duke of Burgundy, 407. His pretensions to the crown
of England, 417. His character, 417. His pretensions, how regarded,
419. Driven to the assertion of his claim, 42C. Motives which retarded
his having recourse to arms, 429. Raises an army, demanding a refor-
mation of government, 430. Is followed into Kent by the king, and
retires, after a parley, 430. Created lieutenant of the kingdom, with a
power to hold parliaments, 432. Made protector by the parliament
during pleasure, 432. His moderation, and in wtiat respect hurtful, 432.
Levies arms against the king, and battle of St. Albans, 433. A formal
reconciliation among the partisans of York and Lancaster, 435. Re-
treats to Ireland, 436. Returns and opens his pretensions to parliament,
437. His right of succession and present administration acknowledged,
438. Defeated and killed by Queen Margaret at Wakefield, 440. His
son, the earl of Rutland, murdered by Lord Clifford, 410.
, Edward, duke of, defeats the earl of Pembroke at Mortimer's Cross,
ii. 440. Enters London, and procures a popular election to the crown
442. See Edward IV.
, James, duke of, second eon of Charles 1., serves in the Freudi ami
Austrian armies during his brother's exile, v. 480. A present voted him
by parliament on his brother's restoration, 517. Takes command of the
fleet which carried his brother over to England, as lord high admiral, 518.
Seduces the daughter of Lord Clarendon, vi. 10. Marries her, 10. Be-
comes a zealous Catholic, 31. His motives for desiring a Dutch war, 37.
Commands a fleet, and defeats Opdam, the Dutch admiral, 40. His be-
havior on this engagement justified, 41. His duchess d5es a Catholic, and
he now openly professes the same religion, 92. Is, with the French fleet,
attacked by De Ruyter at Solebay, 102. Is set aside by the test act, 118
Maintains an intimate correspondence with the king of France, 129. His
daughter, the lady Mary, married to the prince of Orange, 150. Obtains
an exception from the new test act, 187. Retires to Brussels, 19C. Bill
of exclusion passed against him by the commons, 203. Returns, and re-
tires to Scotland, 216. The earl of Shaftesbury presents him to the grand
jury of Middlesex as a Popish recusant, 220. The exclusion bill resumed,
. 225. Arguments urged for and against his exclusion from the succession,
225. Holds a parliament in Scotland, 250. His cruel administration there,
C53. Sues Pilkington, sheriff' of London, for defamation, 257. His daughter,
the lady Anne, married to Prince George of Denmark, 277. Is restored to
the office of lord high admiral, 277. His accession to the crown, 285. See
James II.
" orkshire, insurrection there, in Edward IV. 's time, ii. 457. Checked by the
lord Montague, 458. Joined bv leaders of distinction, 458. Defeated at
Banbury, 458. Mutual executions, 458. No particulars to bo found how
it was quelled, 459.
\ pres taken by Lewis XIV., vi. 154.
I Tree, battle of, between Henry IV. of France, ani the generals of the
Catholic league, iv. 275.
/x/lestein, his commission to England, and the Tonsequcnccs of it, vi. 335
It lent by the prince of Orange !n forbid King J it. ies returninc; to London,
151.
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